Frequency of anemia and micronutrient deficiency among children with cleft lip and palate: a single-center cross-sectional study from Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

Background

Children with cleft lip and/or palate can be undernourished due to feeding difficulties after birth. A vicious cycle ensues where malnutrition and low body weight precludes the child from having the corrective surgery, in the absence of which the child fails to gain weight. This study aimed to identify the proportion of malnutrition, including the deficiency of major micronutrients, namely iron, folate and vitamin B₁₂, in children with cleft lip and/or palate and thus help in finding out what nutritional interventions can improve the scenario for these children.

Methods

All children less than 5 years with cleft lip and/or cleft palate attending our institute were included. On their first visit, following were recorded: demographic data, assessment of malnutrition, investigations: complete blood count and peripheral blood film examination; serum albumin, ferritin, iron, folate, and vitamin B₁₂ levels.

Results

Eighty-one children with cleft lip and/or palate were included. Mean age was 25.37± 21.49 months (range, 3–60 months). In 53% of children suffered from moderate to severe wasting, according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Iron deficiency state was found in 91.6% of children. In 35.80% of children had vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and 23.45% had folate deficiency. No correlation was found between iron deficiency and the type of deformity.

Conclusion

Iron deficiency state is almost universally present in children with cleft lip and palate. Thus, iron and folic acid supplementation should be given at first contact to improve iron reserve and hematological parameters for optimum and safe surgery.

INTRODUCTION

Cleft lip and/or palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies throughout the world. The worldwide incidence of cleft lip and/or palate is 1:600 [1]. Although the Birth Defects Registry of India was established in 2001, sufficient data is still lacking, and the incidence of clefts in the Indian population is not precisely known [2]. However, between 28,000 to 35,000 children are born with clefts in India each year. It implies about 1 out of every 500 to 800 live births is a patient with cleft lip and/or palate [3]. These are complex anomalies that involve the nose, lips, alveolus, or palate and cause problems in breathing, appearance, dentition, dental occlusion, facial growth, speech, and hearing.

These children can be undernourished due to feeding difficulties after birth. The feeding difficulties result from the inability to consume enough nutrients during the first months of life due to inadequate oral competence and infectious processes in the upper airways or middle ear.

These children are thus highly susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies. The vicious cycle of malnutrition and low body weight precludes the child from having the corrective surgery, in the absence of which the child fails to gain weight. The present study was conducted in our institute to identify the proportion of malnutrition, including the deficiency of major micronutrients, in children with cleft lip and/or palate. The purpose is to suggest additional nutritional interventions over existing national recommendations to improve the well-being of these children.

The study aimed to assess the proportion of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency in children with primary cleft lip and/or palate below 5 years attending our institute. Specific objectives of the study were: (1) to assess the status of malnutrition by anthropometry; (2) to assess the status of iron, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B₁₂, and magnitude of iron deficiency anemia in children with cleft lip and/or palate; or (3)correlate the presence of nutritional deficiency with the type of deformity.

METHODS

This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh which is a tertiary care center in Uttarakhand, India between March 2017 to September 2019. It was a cross-sectional study approved by the institutional ethics committee. All children with primary cleft lip and/or palate less than 5 years of age were included in the study. Children with syndromes or with secondary deformities were excluded. At the first visit, demographic data like age, sex, weight, length, breast-feeding history, and socioeconomic status were recorded. Height/length and weight were plotted on the World Health Organization (WHO) Z score charts. Investigations performed were complete hemogram, peripheral smear, serum albumin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum folate, and vitamin B₁₂ levels.

Corrective surgery for the patients was scheduled at 3 months to 6 months for cleft lip, and 6 months to 9 months for cleft palate. For patients who presented late, corrective surgery was performed as soon as possible. Complete data could be recorded in 81 patients.

Complete hemogram was done by an automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XN-1000; Kobe, Japan). Serum ferritin, vitamin B₁₂, and folate levels were done by Chemiluminescence assay. Anemia was classified as mild (10.0–10.9 g/dL), moderate (7.0–9.9 g/dL) and severe (<7.0 g/dL) [4]. Serum ferritin levels below 12 ng/ml were labelled as low ferritin levels [5].

The data collected was then tabulated and analyzed. Ninety patients who presented for some reconstructive surgery belonging to the same age group were taken as controls. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Demographic data like age, sex, etc., were represented as mean±standard deviation. A Student t-test was done to compare the hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin, vitamin B₁₂, and folate levels.

RESULTS

A total of 81 patients with cleft lip and/or palate were included in the present study. Gender distribution showed that 42 patients (51.85%) were females and 39 patients (48.15%) were males. The mean age of the study group was 25.37±21.49 months. Age categorization of the study group showed that 42 patients (51.8%) were infants (<1 year), 13 (16%) were between 1–3 years, and 26 (32.2%) were between 3–5 years of age. Out of these, 37 patients had isolated cleft lip, 32 patients had isolated cleft palate, and the remaining 12 had combined cleft lip and palate. None of the patients were breastfed, but all of them received expressed breast milk through paladai or spoon. All of them also received supplementary formula feeds. The control group had 90 children, of which 46 were females, and 44 were males. The mean age of the control group was 22.94±15.69 months (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographics of patients in study and control groups

Patient	Cleft group	Control group
No. of patients	81	90
Sex
Male	39	44
Female	42	46
Age (mo)	25.37 ± 21.49	22.94 ± 15.69

Values are presented as number or mean±SD.

A comparison of the weight between cleft and control groups at different ages were made. In all the age groups, i.e., less than 1 year, 1–3 years, and 3–5 years, the children in the cleft group had lower mean body weights compared to that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.005, p=0.008, and p=0.004, respectively) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Comparison of weight between cleft and control group in different age groups

Age	Group	No.	Mean weight (kg)	p-value
< 1 Year	Cleft	42	5.943	0.005
	Control	45	7.818
1 to < 3 Years	Cleft	13	9.138	0.008
	Control	16	12.354
3 to 5 Years	Cleft	26	13.829	0.004
	Control	29	18.446

Malnutrition was assessed using WHO standards, and the Z score was calculated. Out of the 81 patients, 41 (50.61%) had moderate wasting, and three (3.7%) had severe wasting (Table 3). On the other hand, in the control group, only 23.3% (21) had moderate wasting, and none had severe wasting.

Table 3.

Comparison of Z score

Weight for height (Z score)	Frequency in boys (n = 39)	Frequency in girls (n = 42)	Total (n = 81)
No wasting (> –2 SD)	23	14	37
Moderate wasting (–2 SD to ≤ –3 SD)	15	26	41
Severe wasting (> –3 SD)	1	2	3

SD, standard deviation.

In the study group, 21 patients (25.92%) had hemoglobin levels >11 g/dL. Thirty-five patients (43.20%) had mild anemia,18 patients (22.22%) had moderate anemia, and seven patients (8.64%) had severe anemia. Overall, 74.06% of patients were anemic. In the control group, only 60% of the patients had hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL. The difference between the mean hemoglobin levels of the study group and the control group was not statistically significant (p=0.83). Out of 42 females in the study group, 38 (90.4%) had iron deficiency (serum iron <60 μg/dL), and out of 39 males in the study group, 36 (92.3%) had iron deficiency. Overall, 91.6% of the patients in the study population had low serum iron levels. Whereas in the control group, only 63.3% of the patients had low serum iron levels. Mean serum iron levels in the control group were 57.73±14.7 μg/dL, whereas mean serum iron levels in the study group were 42.28±12.64 μg/dL, and this difference in serum iron levels were statistically significant (p=0.001). Seventy-one patients (88.89%) in the study group had serum ferritin levels <12 μg/L. Mean serum ferritin levels in the study group were 10.84±1.64 μg/L, and the control group was 13.06±3.07 μg/L. This difference was also statistically significant (p=0.001). Hence iron deficiency state with/without anemia was almost universally present in all the children with cleft lip and/or palate. The iron deficiency state was significantly higher compared to that of age-matched controls of the same population. The iron deficiency state had no relation to the type of deformity present.

Nineteen patients (23.45%) in the study group had folate deficiency. Mean serum folate levels in the study group were 15.96±8.64 ng/mL and in the control group was 12.39±7.22 ng/mL. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.009). Twenty-nine patients (35.80%) had vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the study group. Mean serum vitamin B₁₂ level in the study group was 197.7±49.41 ng/mL and in the control group was 202.97±28.25 ng/mL. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.04). Out of the 81 patients in this study, 12 patients had combined cleft lip and palate. All 12 of these patients had vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (100%). Ten out of 12 patients had folate deficiency (83.33%) (Table 4).

Table 4.

Comparison of hemoglobin and micronutrient levels between the study and the control groups

Variable	Mean±SD		p-value
	Cleft group	Control group
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	10.83 ± 6.01	10.66 ± 1.91	0.83
Serum iron (µg/dL)	42.80 ± 11.67	53.67 ± 10.02	0.001
Serum ferritin (µg/dL)	10.84 ± 1.64	13.06 ± 3.07	0.001
Serum folate (ng/mL)	15.96 ± 8.64	12.39 ± 7.22	0.009
Serum vitamin B12 (ng/mL)	197.7 ± 49.41	202.97 ± 28.25	0.04

The micronutrient deficiencies were also compared across the different age groups in the study. Comparison of the hemoglobin levels in different age groups showed that the children in the older age group had the highest mean hemoglobin level of 11.47±2.14 g/dL, and children in the age group of less than 1 year had the lowest mean hemoglobin level of 10.15±1.40 g/dL. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.006). The serum iron and ferritin levels also showed the same pattern, with children in the age group of 3–5 years having the higher serum levels of iron and ferritin, and with children in the age group of less than 1 year having the lowest serum iron and ferritin levels. These differences in serum levels of iron and ferritin were statistically significant (p=0.044 and p=0.033, respectively) (Table 5).

Table 5.

Comparison of hemoglobin and micronutrient levels across different age groups in the study population

Variable	Age, mean±SD			p-value
	<1 Year	1 to <3 Years	3 to 5 Years
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	10.15 ± 1.40	10.22 ± 1.18	11.47 ± 2.14	0.006
Iron (µg/dL)	40.13 ± 11.39	42.31 ± 11.89	47.35 ± 11.02	0.044
Ferritin (µg/dL)	10.35 ± 0.55	10.78 ± 1.01	11.62 ± 2.55	0.033
Folic acid (ng/mL)	14.24 ± 8.17	17.46 ± 8.36	17.92 ± 9.26	0.189
Vitamin B12 (ng/mL)	187.61 ± 47.99	191.06 ± 40.43	216.94 ± 51.70	0.051

DISCUSSION

Cleft lip and/or palate is one of the most common but significantly disfiguring congenital anomalies affecting children [6]. Children with cleft lip and/or palate are more prone to malnutrition compared to other children of their own age. Such malnutrition results from the feeding difficulties after birth, which occur due to the deformity itself that precludes the child from generating sufficient intraoral suction pressure or from frequent respiratory and ear infections [7]. The prevalence of malnutrition among infants with cleft lip and/or palate in the literature varies between 30% and 50% [8,9]. However, information on the prevalence of malnutrition among such infants in India is rare.

In our study, 53.08% of patients had moderate to severe wasting, according to WHO classification [10]. The prevalence of wasting in the present study is much higher than the national average of 21% and Uttarakhand state’s average of 34% according to NFHS-4 [11]. Another study conducted in 723 districts of India showed that wasting ranged from 5.5% to 30% with a prevalence of 15.7% [12]. This data strengthens the general observation that children with cleft lip and/or palate suffer from malnutrition.

Anemia, in turn, is a condition that impacts development. Iron deficiency with or without anemia in the first 6 months of life can lead to a deficiency in a child’s physical and cognitive development. The afflicted child is likely to remain vulnerable to infection and has lower immunity [13]. Anemia also adversely affects wound healing.

The prevalence of anemia in our study (74.6%) is higher than the national average of 58.6%, tabulated by NFHS 4 [11]. The majority of the data on anemia comes from studies on young school-going children. Minimal data is available on children with cleft lip and/or palate already in a compromised state because of poor feeding. The study of Dvivedi et al. (2012) in the hilly Himalayan region showed the prevalence of anemia as 83.16% in patients with cleft lip and/or palate [14]. The prevalence is higher in comparison to our study as patients from all age groups were included, and only 59.6% of patients were less than 5 years old. Similarly, the incidence of anemia was reported to be 89.9% in a study by Singhal et al. [15] in the year 2014.

This improvement over the last 6 years may have been because of the improved awareness about this condition among the general population and various measures are taken through the state-sponsored and NGO (non-governmental organization) programs.

What is more concerning is, that iron deficiency state was found in more than 90% of the children with cleft lip and/or palate, irrespective of the type of deformity. Iron deficiency state was significantly more than in age-matched controls. Iron deficiency state may be present despite normal hemoglobin and blood count. It signifies a low amount of stored iron in the body.

Persistent infection or blood loss can lead to the development of overt anemia in such patients [16]. This explained our previous clinical findings that when the children with apparently normal hemoglobin during cleft lip surgery returned 6 months later for palatoplasty, hemoglobin levels were invariably low. This resulted in a delay in palatoplasty and increased transfusion requirements.

Hemoglobin level is not a reliable indicator of iron deficiency state; serum ferritin is considered the indicator of choice to evaluate the same [17]. In our study, reduced ferritin level was seen in 88.7% of patients. This is an alarming concern as they might progress to overt iron deficiency anemia in the future. Since no data on ferritin levels in cleft patients are present in published literature, our study remains first of its kind.

The National Nutritional Anemia Control Program (1991) in India provides iron supplements to children older than 12 months [13]. It is long recognized that infants with low birth weight need additional iron from about 2 months of age to build iron stores and meet their rapid growth requirements. Infants not on exclusive breastfeeding may also need small amounts of additional iron to compensate for the iron they do not receive through breast milk [18]. Children with cleft lip and/or palate fall in either of these categories as they usually have low birth weight, failure to thrive, and poor breastfeeding rates. However, since there is no standard policy for iron supplementation for younger children, they do not receive such from the health centers where health care professionals first see them.

In the above circumstances, we suggest that iron supplementation be started in children with cleft lip and/or palate at first contact by health workers. This simple step can go a long way in improving micronutrient deficiency, control of infections, and optimizing hematological parameters for the face changing and life-changing surgery in these children.

In conclusion, anemia is commonly seen in children with cleft lip and/or palate. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in children with cleft lip and/or palate. Folate and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency are more common in children with both cleft lip and palate, compared to children having only one of the two deformities. Hence iron and folic acid supplementation should be given at first contact to improve iron reserve and hematological parameters for optimum and safe surgery.