Association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst with mastitis in dairy cows

Abstract

The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components, but not a viable bacterium. This study aimed to determine the association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst (OFC) with mastitis in dairy cows. Ninety-eight Holstein dairy cows were clinically examined for endometritis and OFC approximately 30–50 days after calving. Blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of milk somatic cell count (SCC); milk interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations; and plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Of the 98 dairy cows included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with endometritis and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive, whereas the remaining 49 cows were healthy (without endometritis or OFC). The average and maximum SCCs and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were not significantly different between the healthy cows and those with endometritis or OFC. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower in the endometritis and OFC-positive groups than in the healthy group. These results suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC during the postpartum period exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components can be transferred between organs.

Reproduction is the key process supporting dairy production, as poor reproductive performance can lead to involuntary culling of dairy cows, resulting in substantial economic losses [16]. Low reproductive performance appears to be influenced by high disease incidence during the transition or periparturient period, which encompasses the period from 3 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum [13]. The transition period is considered to be the most critical period for dairy cows, as the endocrine and physiological changes occurring during parturition negatively affect the immune function [11].

Bacterial occurrence is common in the uterus of dairy cows during the early postpartum period; however, most cows eliminate these bacteria within the first 2 weeks after calving [15]. Persistent bacterial colonization in the uterus can lead to subsequent infections, with puerperal metritis, clinical endometritis, pyometra, and subclinical endometritis being the most common infections [6]. Clinical endometritis is the most common periparturient disease, accounting for approximately 15% of the total disease prevalence [26]. This disease is characterized by the presence of purulent (>50% pus) or mucopurulent (50% pus and 50% mucus) uterine exudate in the vagina, 21 days or more after parturition, and it is not accompanied by any systemic signs [15].

Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Prevotella melaninogenica are the most frequently isolated bacteria from bovine uterine lumen and endometritis-affected cows and are often associated with endometrial lesions [32]. In addition to bacteria, the vaginal discharge of cows was reported to contain high concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria, 1–2 days after calving [5]. LPS derived from uterine inflammation, both during natural and induced endometritis, can increase the LPS concentration in the peripheral blood, leading to systemic inflammation [9]. Furthermore, LPS have been reported to translocate from the uterus to the mammary gland via the bloodstream [23, 24].

Several studies have reported the relationship between mastitis and reproductive performance in dairy cows, including longer intervals to conception, higher probability of embryonic loss and abortion, and failure to conceive after the first service [27, 28, 34]. However, little is known about the relationship between mastitis and other reproductive diseases. In a previous study, subclinical endometritis was found to be directly associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows both 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. This association might be attributed to the translocation of bacteria or bacterial products [1]. Furthermore, the incidence of mastitis was reported to be associated with follicular dynamics in the ovary [25, 34], but not with the presence of ovarian follicular cyst (OFC).

Abnormal reproductive occurrences during the periparturient period have also been associated with higher incidence of ovarian cysts [3, 7]. An OFC develops when one or more follicles that have failed to ovulate continue to grow and maintain steroidogenesis instead of regressing [14]. OFC may be defined as follicles with a diameter of at least 2 cm, present in one or both ovaries in the absence of the corpus luteum, and interfere with normal ovarian cyclicity [31].

The development of OFC in bovines has been linked to altered hypothalamus-pituitary function. Cysts can form if the pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is absent or of insufficient magnitude, or if it does not occur at the appropriate time during dominant follicle maturation [8, 22]. LPS is known to be involved in the pathology of cystic follicle disease [29]. LPS infusion in the uterine lumen weakened the pre-ovulatory LH surge in heifers, leading to failed ovulation and formation of OFC [21]. Furthermore, the accumulation of LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria has been reported in the follicular fluid of animals with metritis [12]. Thus, translocation of LPS from the uterus and mammary gland to the follicle may lead to the formation of OFC due to the disruption of ovarian function [4, 17, 33].

Based on the evidence that LPS can translocate from the mammary gland and other organs via circulation, we hypothesized that LPS can also translocate from the uterus to the mammary gland and from the mammary gland to the follicle. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association of endometritis and OFC with high somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals

A total of 98 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (bodyweight 600–750 kg, parity 1–6, 30–50 days postpartum) were included in this study. The experimental cows were housed at the experimental farm of Hiroshima University (n=78) or at private farms around the Hiroshima Prefecture (n=20), in Japan. Cows were milked twice per day at 08:00 and 15:00. This study was approved and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Hiroshima University Animal Research Committee.

Identification of cows with endometritis and OFC

Endometritis and OFC were clinically evaluated. Endometritis was diagnosed by inspecting the cows for vulval discharge around the perineum and tail and vaginal inspection using a sterilized stainless-steel speculum (40 × 5 cm), 30–50 days after calving. Visible discharge in the vagina was classified on a scale of 0 to 3, following the criteria set by Williams et al. [32]. A score of 0 indicated clear or translucent mucus as in healthy cows, a score of 1 indicated mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus, a score of 2 indicated discharge containing less than 50% white or off-white mucopurulent material, and a score of 3 was assigned if the discharge was sanguineous or contained more than 50% white or yellow pus.

OFC were identified by rectal palpation of the cows with a gloved hand. Cows with ovarian follicles greater than 2 cm in diameter and without the luteal structure were identified as OFC-positive [31].

Blood and milk sampling

Blood and milk samples were collected once from each cow during the clinical examination. Blood (5 ml) was collected from the coccygeal vein into heparin-containing vacuum tubes. Then, blood samples were centrifuged at 1,900 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and plasma was stored at −20°C for enzyme immunoassay. Milk samples were collected aseptically from the active quarters of the mammary gland by hand-milking. Milk SCC was determined using DeLaval cell counter (DeLaval International AB, Tumba, Sweden). Milk samples were then centrifuged at 1,900 × g for 5 min at 4°C. Milk fat was discarded, and skim milk was stored at −20°C for enzyme immunoassay.

Enzyme immunoassay

Competitive enzyme immunoassays were used to determine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations in milk, as previously described [18, 23].

Haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations in the plasma were determined using the sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Goat anti-bovine Hp IgG (GeneTex, CA, USA; 16 ng/ml) and rabbit anti-bovine Hp IgG (20 ng/ml) were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG was used to produce an enzymatic reaction. The LBP concentration was measured using a streptavidin-biotin detection system. Mouse anti-human LBP antibody (Hycult Biotech Inc., Wayne, PA, USA, 50 ng/ml) and biotinylated rabbit anti-bovine LBP antibody (Cloud Clone Corp., Katy, TX, USA, 50 ng/ml) were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. Streptavidin-HRP (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to bind biotin and produce the enzymatic activity required for substrate detection.

Samples were diluted 1,000 times for IL-1β and TNFα, 50 times for IL-8 and LBP, and 30 times for Hp determination and optical density was measured using a microplate reader (Multiskan FC Microplate type 357, Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used to compare milk SCC (average and maximum values); milk IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-8 concentrations; and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations of cows with either endometritis or OFC and healthy cows (neither endometritis nor OFC). The chi-squared (χ²) test was used to compare the number of cows (percentage) with different SCC levels (low, moderate, high) among the three tested groups (endometritis, OFC-positive, and healthy).

RESULTS

Of the 98 cows included in this study, endometritis was detected in 12 cows and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive. The remaining cows (n=49) were healthy, i.e., with neither endometritis nor OFC. The SCC parameters included average and maximum SCCs for all quarters of each cow. OFC-positive cows tended to have higher average and maximum SCCs, although no significant difference could be detected among the groups (P=0.311 and P=0.385, respectively, Fig. 1A).

Fig. 1.

Average and maximum (A) milk somatic cell count (SCC) of post-partum dairy cows and percentage of cows with different levels of average (B) and maximum (C) SCC (<300, 300–1,000, >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml) in the three groups (healthy, n=49; endometritis, n=12; ovarian follicular cyst (OFC)-positive, n=37). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with different letters (a, b) in the bars are significantly different (P<0.05).

For a more detailed examination of the association between the health condition and SCC, the SCCs were categorized as low (<300 × 10³ cells/ml), moderate (300–1,000 × 10³ cells/ml), or high (>1,000 × 10³ cells/ml). The percentage of cows in each group (healthy, OFC-positive, and endometritis) was analyzed based on the SCC category. Based on the average SCC values, the percentage of cows within each SCC category (low, moderate, and high) was not remarkably different among the healthy, endometritis, and OFC-positive groups (Fig. 1B). However, based on the maximum SCC values, the percentages of cows with endometritis and OFC-positive cows were significantly higher than that of healthy cows in the low-SCC category (Fig. 1C).

The concentration of IL-1β in milk was significantly lower in OFC-positive cows than in healthy cows (P=0.034, Fig. 2A), whereas the milk TNFα concentration was significantly lower in OFC-positive cows than in healthy cows or those with endometritis (P<0.001, Fig. 2B). Furthermore, the concentration of IL-8 in milk was significantly lower in cows with endometritis than in healthy cows (P=0.035, Fig. 2C). Conversely, cows with endometritis presented the highest LBP and lowest Hp concentrations, whereas no significant difference was detected among the tested groups (P=0.768 and P=0.832, respectively, Fig. 3).

Fig. 2.

Milk interleukin-1 β (IL-1β; A), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα; B), and interleukin- 8 (IL-8; C) concentrations of postpartum dairy cows in the three groups (healthy, n=49; endometritis, n=12; OFC-positive, n=37). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with different letters (a, b) over the bars are significantly different (Fig. A and C; P<0.05, Fig. B; P<0.001).

Fig. 3.

Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations of postpartum dairy cows in the three groups (healthy, n=49; endometritis, n=12; ovarian follicular cyst (OFC), n=37). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, 12 of the 98 cows were diagnosed with endometritis. Following the criteria proposed by Williams et al. [32] based on the characteristics of vaginal discharge, 9 cows were assigned a score of 1 and 3 cows were assigned a score of 2. Furthermore, 39 cows were identified as OFC-positive. The prevalence of clinical endometritis in Japanese dairy herds has previously been reported. Two previous studies reported a clinical endometritis prevalence of 23.6% and 32.6%, within 60 days postpartum [9, 10], whereas another study reported a prevalence of 26.6% from 21 to 60 days postpartum [19]. The prevalence of endometritis in the present study was recorded as 15.4%, which is lower than the previously reported values. The prevalence of OFC in dairy cows was reported to be between 5.6 and 18.8% [8]. The prevalence of OFC in the present study was 37.8% (37/98), which is higher than that reported in the previous study.

The average and maximum SCC of cows with endometritis were not significantly different from those of healthy and OFC-positive cows. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of cows with endometritis with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower than that of healthy cows. This result indicated that cows with endometritis had higher SCCs than healthy cows. However, the percentage of cows with endometritis with average SCCs <300 × 10³ cells/ml was not significantly different from that of healthy cows. Mastitis generally occurs in only one udder; therefore, the average SCC of the 4 udders does not reflect the occurrence of mastitis in any one udder. This explains why only the maximum SCC values in the low-SCC category were significantly different between the groups. Collectively, these results suggest a link between endometritis and mastitis; however, the causal relationship remains unknown. Purba et al. [24] reported an increase in SCC after an intrauterine infusion of LPS, indicating that LPS can translocate from the uterus to the mammary gland. However, translocation of LPS from the mammary gland to the uterus has not been reported.

Milk IL-8 concentration of cows with endometritis was significantly lower than that of healthy cows. IL-8 is a chemokine that recruits leukocytes to the mammary gland. Numerous leukocytes are recruited to the udder in cows with endometritis. The reason for the low IL-8 concentration in the milk of cows with endometritis is not clear, although other chemokines, such as members of the C-C motif ligand (CCL) family, may be involved.

On the other hand, there was no association observed between endometritis and OFC in this study. Several research have demonstrated the effects of uterine inflammation on ovarian function in ruminants. LPS infusion into the uterus weakened the pre-ovulatory LH surge in heifers, leading to failed ovulation and formation of OFC [21]. The accumulation of LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria has also been found in the follicular fluid in animals with metritis [12]. Considering these previous reports, that uterine inflammation affected ovarian function, it seems that the results of this study indicate that the mammary gland is more susceptible to LPS from endometritis than the ovaries.

The average and maximum SCC values of OFC-positive cows were not significantly different from those of healthy cows. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of OFC-positive cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower than that of healthy cows. This result indicated that the milk SCC of OFC-positive cows was higher than that of healthy cows. However, the percentage of cows with average SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was not significantly different from that of healthy cows. As stated previously, mastitis generally occurs in only one udder; therefore, the average SCC does not reflect the occurrence of mastitis. Thus, only the maximum SCC values in the low-SCC category were significantly different between the groups. LPS translocation from the uterus to the follicle has been reported earlier [17]. LPS was also reported to be involved in the pathology of cystic follicle disease [29]. However, LPS from the mammary gland or mastitis has not been reported in association with OFC, since the occurrence of OFC is mainly caused by hormonal changes. The hormonal concentration has not been evaluated in this study, thus the association between mastitis and OFC remains undetermined.

Milk concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNFα of OFC-positive cows were lower than those of healthy cows. A previous study employing a model of persistent follicles revealed that IL-8 and TNFα levels were higher only during the initial 5 days of follicular persistence [30]. Furthermore, in another study characterizing pro-inflammatory cytokines in cows with spontaneous OFC, no difference was reported in the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 between the cystic and dominant follicles, as indicated by the results of RT-PCR analyses [2]. Thus, as OFC were formed spontaneously in the present study, a possible explanation for the observed result is that OFC persisted for a long time even after the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines had decreased.

Plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were higher in OFC-positive cows and those with endometritis than in healthy cows, albeit the difference was not significant. Acute-phase proteins (APP), such as Hp, are produced in the liver and act as systemic markers during infection and inflammation in some organs. LBP is a soluble APP that binds to bacterial LPS to elicit an immune response by presenting the LPS to important cell surface pattern recognition receptors, i.e., cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [20]. These observations evidence that endometritis and OFC induced no or only mild systemic inflammation in the present study.

In conclusion, although the association between mastitis and OFC could not be drawn, the results of this study suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components are transferred between organs.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.