Abstract
Objective: Changes were made in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system according to cavernosum invasion for penile squamous cell carcinoma. This study aimed to determine the difference of prognostic validity between corpora cavernosa (CC) invasion and corpus spongiosum (CS) invasion.
Methods: In this study, we searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase to select English-language articles until July 15, 2020. Pooled analyses of hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were performed.
Results: Eleven studies including 3692 cases were included in the final ananlysis (1431 cases with CC and 1360 cases with CS). According to the anatomical structure, the pooled results demonstrated that patients with CC invasion had a similar rate of LNM to those with CS invasion (OR 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.86; P=0.076). However, patients with CC invasion had a higher rate of lymph node metastasis (LNM) than those with CS invasion according to the 8th edition tumor stage (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.14-2.21; P<0.001). Regarding survival, patients with CS invasion obtained a significantly better cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; P=0.030), but not in overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.30; 95% CI, 0.52-3.20; P=0.585) than those with CC invasion. No a significant publication bias was observed by Begg's and Egger's tests.
Conclusions: The systematic comparison suggests that patients with CS invasion had better CSS than those with CC invasion. CC invasion was associated with a high risk of LNM. The conclusions should be validated by large-scale studies.
Keywords: penile cancer, prognosis, meta-analysis, lymph node metastasis, stage
Introduction
The tumor stage of penile carcinoma is defined according to anatomy which has few changes 1-5. In 2008, Lejet et al. defined tumor involvement of the spongious and/or cavernous bodies as T2 or T3 which provides good prognostic stratification with a significant difference in survival 6. This classification has been proven to be a good way to distinguish the survival of penile patients in some studies and was accepted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system until 2018 5.
According to the latest TNM staging of penile carcinoma, the invasion of the corpus cavernosa (CC) and corpus spongiosum (CS) were classified as T3 and T2. Because of the incidence rate of penile cancer, there are few clinical data to verify the superiority of the 8th edition staging system 7-9. However, some studies confirmed that there is room for improvement in the 8th edition of T staging to predict the prognosis of patients more accurately 7-9.
A meta-analysis in 2019 showed that CC invasion and CS invasion were also significant predictors of inguinal lymph node metastasis (LNM) 10. However, this study failed to distinguish different anatomies and repeated statistics in the methods, so the results need further research.
To verify the prognostic value of the latest T stage, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the survival and LNM of CC invasion and CS invasion.
Materials and methods
Literature-search strategy
We searched the primary sources (PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) before July 2020. The following MeSH term was searched in [Title/Abstract]: penile cancer, penile tumor, penile neoplasm, penile squamous cell carcinoma, corpora cavernosa, corpora spongiosa, metastases, staging (eTable 1 in the Supplement).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria used were as follows: 1) determined the precise pathologically confirmed stage; 2) discriminated CC invasion and CS invasion; 3) reported the results of prognosis or LNM; and 4) written in English. Larger publications were included in the case of overlapping patient data from the same institution. If CC invasion and CS invasion were taken as a whole, the study was excluded.
Data extraction and quality of data assessment
The reviewers (Zaishang Li and Xueying Li) independently extracted and summarized the information using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Study design) principle. A consensus meeting including a senior author (Hui Han) will be held to resolve any disagreements. The following information was extracted: year of publication, first author, country, recruitment period, sample size, age, follow-up time and outcome of the study. The quality assessment was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration handbook 11. Any disagreements regarding the studies were resolved via discussion among all authors.
The quality of studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. A score of 0-9 (allocated as stars), except randomized controlled trials.
Statistical analysis
The survival rate of the patients affected was expressed as the hazard ratio (HR), and the presence of LNM was expressed as the odds ratio (OR). Engauge software was used to calculate the necessary data when survival data were not directly reported. For the rare cancer, T4 (number: Hölters S:2 and Wang: 2) was grouped together with T3, and these studies were also included in the final analysis 9, 12. One study was excluded from the survival analysis due to the limited number of patients (only 41 patients) 13. If I2 <40%, the fixed effects model was used; otherwise, the random-effects model was used. Stata version 12 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) and R 2.14.1 (http://www.r-proje ct.org) were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed for high-quality studies. Funnel plots were used to screen for potential publication bias. The significance level was set at 5% or a P-value<0.05.
Results
Summary of analyzed studies
Eleven studies incorporating 3692 cases met the final analysis criteria. The selection process is shown in Figure 1. Among these studies, LNM was investigated in 7 studies 8, 13-18, and survival was investigated in 4 studies 6, 7, 9, 12 (Table 1). Four studies classified LNM on the basis of the anatomical structure (CC invasion or CS invasion) 14-17, and 3 studies classified LNM on the basis of tumor stage (T2: tumor invading into CS or T3: tumor invading into CC) 8, 12, 13. The evaluation of publication bias was performed by Funnel plots, Begg's test and Egger's test (Figure 2, eTable 1 in the Supplement). The results of the sensitivity analysis are shown in eTable 2 in the Supplement.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of study selection.
Table 1.
Main characteristics of the studies
| Group | First author | Year | Country | Recruitment period | Number | Age (median) |
Follow-up (mean/median) | No. CC invasion (%) | No. CS invasion (%) | Outcomes measured | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Ficarra V | 2005 | Italy | 1980-2002 | 175 | 62.0±12.2 | 26 (2-292) | 79 (45.1) | 61 (34.9) | LNM | 9 |
| Ornellas AA | 2008 | Brazil | 1996-2007 | 196 | 57 (25-98) | 74 (1-93) | 88 (44.9) | 69 (35.2) | LNM | 8 | |
| Graafland NM | 2010 | Netherland | 2001-2008 | 342 | 65 (26-96) | 31 (3-91) | 63 (18.4) | 217 (63.4) | LNM | 9 | |
| Termini1 L | 2015 | Brazil | 1953-2000 | 125 | NA | NA | 60 (48.0) | 88 (70.4) | LNM | 6 | |
| b | Amr Al-Najar | 2011 | Germany | 1996-2008 | 89 | 31-91 | 1-142 | 18 (20.2) | 23 (25.8) | LNM | 8 |
| Kearns JT | 2019 | NCDB | 2010-2012 | 912 | NA | NA | 524 (57.5) | 378 (41.4) | LNM | 6 | |
| Akash P. | 2020 | India | 2007- 2012 | 142 | NA | 21 (1-96) | 45 (31.7) | 97 (68.3) | LNM | 7 | |
| c | Leijte JA | 2008 | Netherland | 1956-2006 | 513 | 65 (21-94) | 58.7 (3-303) | 90 (17.5) | 162 (31.6) | Survival | 9 |
| Li ZS1 | 2018 | Global | 2000-2015 | 411 | 53 (24-94) | 18 (1-207) | 119 (29.0) | 115 (28.0) | Survival | 7 | |
| Li ZS2 | 2018 | Global | 2000-2015 | 436 | 56 (18-93) | 35.4 (1-349.7) | 142 (32.6) | 142 (32.6) | Survival | 7 | |
| Hölters S | 2019 | Germany | 1992-2015 | 121 | 61.6 (25-88) | 46.8 (1-176) | 23 (19.0) | 30 (24.8) | Survival | 6 | |
| Wang BH | 2020 | China | 1998-2015 | 230 | 57 (47-64) | 48.9 (28.1-84.7) | 110 (47.8) | 30 (13.0) | Survival | 6 |
a: LNM on the basis of the anatomical structure; b: LNM on the basis of tumor stage; c: survival on the basis of tumor stage. 1: training cohort; 2: external cohort; NCDB: National Cancer Database.
Figure 2.
Funnel plots to detect the publication bias of eligible studies. A: according to the anatomical structure. B: according to the 8th edition tumor stage. C: cancer-specific survival. D: overall survival.
Association between LNM and cavernosum invasion in penile cancer patients
There were significant differences in anatomical structure and tumor stage. According to the anatomical structure, there was a partial intersection between CS invasion and CC invasion. However, there was no intersection between T2 and T3 according to the 8th edition tumor stage. The associations between LNM and cavernosum invasion are presented separately in Table 2.
Table 2.
Pooled nodal metastasis prevalence in penile cancer by stratification studies
| Group | First author | CC invasion n (%) | CS invasion n (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nodal Metastasis (absent) | Nodal Metastasis (present) | Nodal Metastasis (absent) | Nodal Metastasis (present) | ||
| a | Ficarra V | 38 (48.1) | 41 (51.9) | 28 (45.9) | 33 (54.1) |
| Ornellas AA | 45 (51.4) | 43 (48.7) | 42 (60.9) | 27 (39.1) | |
| Graafland NM | 42 (66.7) | 21 (33.3) | 165 (76.0) | 52 (24.0) | |
| Termini L | 28 (50.9) | 27 (49.1) | 50 (60.2) | 33 (39.8) | |
| b | Amr Al-Najar | 10 (55.6) | 8 (44.4) | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) |
| Kearns JT | 159 (54.6) | 132 (45.4) | 136 (66.0) | 70 (34.0) | |
| Akash P. | 7 (15.5) | 38 (84.4) | 24 (24.7) | 73 (75.3) | |
a: LNM on the basis of the anatomical structure; b: LNM on the basis of tumor stage.
The pooled results demonstrated that patients with CS invasion had a similar rate of LNM to those with CC invasion according to the anatomical structure (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97-1.86; P=0.076, Figure 3A). The results show a growing trend towards LNM in patients with CS invasion according to the anatomical structure without statistical significance.
Figure 3.
Meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios of association between LNM and cavernosum invasion in penile cancer. A: according to the anatomical structure. B: according to the 8th edition tumor stage.
However, patients with CC invasion had a higher rate of LNM than those with CS invasion according to the 8th edition tumor stage (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.14-2.21; P<0.001) (Figure 3B).
Association between survival and cavernosum invasion in penile cancer patient
Studies on survival analysis were allocated according to tumor stage. There was one study that contained two independent cohorts. Therefore, four cohorts reported the relationship between cavernosum invasion and cancer-specific survival (CSS), and two studies reported the relationship between cavernosum invasion and overall survival (OS).
Overall, patients with CS invasion obtained a significantly better CSS (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; P=0.030, Figure 4A), but not OS (HR: 1.30; 95% CI, 0.52-3.20; P=0.585) than CC invasion (Figure 4B).
Figure 4.
Meta-analysis of pooled hazard ratios of survival outcomes of cavernosum invasion in penile cancer patient. A: cancer-specific survival. B: overall survival.
Preplanned subgroup analysis revealed the results of CC invasion compared with CC invasion (Table 3).
Table 3.
Main characteristics of the studies
| Analysis | No. of studies | HR/OR (95% CI) | Model | P Value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P Value | |||||
| Subgroup 1 (CSS): follow-up time | ||||||
| <36 months | 2 | 0.76 (0.54-1.06) | Fixed | 0.104 | 13.4 | 0.283 |
| ≥36 months | 2 | 0.50 (0.30-0.83) | Fixed | 0.007 | 37.2 | 0.207 |
| Subgroup 2 (CSS): age | ||||||
| < 60 | 2 | 0.50 (0.30-0.83) | Fixed | 0.007 | 37.2 | 0.207 |
| ≥ 60 | 2 | 0.76 (0.54-1.06) | Fixed | 0.104 | 13.4 | 0.283 |
| Subgroup 3 (CSS): sample size | ||||||
| ≥ 400 | 3 | 0.64 (0.43-0.95) | Random | 0.028 | 48.8 | 0.142 |
Discussion
This study is the first systematic review to assess the difference between CS invasion and CC invasion in penile cancer. This study confirmed that patients with CS invasion have significantly higher CSS rates. However, no significant difference was found for OS between them. Interestingly, patients with CC invasion had a higher rate of LNM than those with CS invasion according to the 8th edition tumor stage (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.14-2.21; P<0.001). Simultaneously, there is a growing trend towards LNM in patients with CC invasion according to the anatomical structure (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97-1.86; P=0.076). These results reflected that the 8th edition AJCC staging system, especially the tumor stage, needs to be verified in the more clinical researches.
The 8th edition AJCC staging system also has room for improvement to better predict prognosis 7, 8, 12, 19, 20. In 2008, Leije et al found that patients with cavernosal involvement had a more aggressive histology with nodal involvement and worse survival 6. Given these findings, they proposed a modified stage of spongiosal involvement or cavernosal involvement as different pT stages. Consistent with these findings, some studies have also found that spongiosal and cavernosal involvement have significant prognostic differences 18. This classification was accepted by the AJCC TNM staging system until 2018. However, the 8th edition AJCC staging system also has controversy 7, 8, 12. To resolve disputes, we performed a meta-analysis to verify the prognostic value of the 8th edition T stage. The results suggested that patients with CS invasion obtained a significantly better CSS than those with CC invasion but not OS.
A meta-analysis showed that CC invasion and CS invasion were significant predictors of inguinal LNM 10. This meta-analysis including one study reported that CC and CS infiltration combined were able to predict LNM. However, this meta-analysis failed to distinguish different anatomies (Figure 7 in Hu J et. al. study), and subgroup analyses were only included one or two studies (Figure 4 in Hu J et. al. study), so the results need further research. In our study, anatomical structure (CC invasion or CS invasion) and tumor stage (T2: tumor invading into CS or T3: tumor invading into CC) were calculated separately.
It is well established that clinicopathological features can predict LNM 21, 22. Some studies have shown that CS invasion or CC invasion differs from nodal involvement 23. Studies suggested that patients with CS invasion had a higher rate of LNM than those with CS invasion 6, 10, 16, 21-23. Contrary to the above points, however, spongiosal and cavernosal involvement did not show a significant correlation with nodal metastasis 8, 13, 16. The risk-adapted stratification of the European Association of Urology (EAU), which included primary tumor stage and histologic grade, was recommended to estimate the incidence rate of LNM 21. Solsona E et al. suggested that 83% of patients with pT2/3-G2/3 tumors had LNM; in contrast, pT1G1 tumors were not found to have LNM. However, occult nodal involvement will overestimate adherence to risk-adapted stratification, which would have led to 77% of patients not undergoing bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection (LND) 24.
There are some limitations to this study. 1) The number of studies was small. The analysis of OS included only two studies, which may not provide sufficient power to draw reliable conclusions. 2) The HRs were extracted from indirect comparisons. We used Engauge software to extract Kaplan-Meier curve data, which also contributed to heterogeneity. 3) Factors might impact survival, for example surgical treatments, adjuvant/or neoadjuvant therapy, nodal status, size of tumors, local vascular invasion or lymphatic invasion etc. Due to the limited number of included studies and lacked of article information, we did not perform subgroup analysis. 4) This study only involved the CSS and OS. Other outcomes will be important in future validation studies of larger and multicentre data sets. Considering these drawbacks, we firmly believe that the persuasive power of the results will greatly increase with further research.
Conclusion
In summary, patients with CS invasion had better CSS than those with CC invasion but not OS. Our data also show that patients with CC invasion are associated with a high risk of LNM. However, due to the limited number of included studies, a larger sample size is needed for validation, which may provide a useful guide for clinicians.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all the patients and their families.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81772755, No. 81902610).
Author contributions
H. H. had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study conception and design: ZS Li, XY Li, FJ Zhou and H Han;
Acquisition of data: ZS Li, XY Li;
Analysis and interpretation of data: ZS Li, XY Li, Wayne Lam, FJ Zhou and H Han;
Drafting of the manuscript: ZS Li, XY Li and Wayne Lam;
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: PH Lin, JH Geng, AA Ornellas, FJ Zhou and H Han;
Statistical analysis: ZS Li, XY Li, Wayne Lam, FJ Zhou and H Han;
Obtaining funding: ZS Li and H Han;
Administrative, technical, or material support: FJ Zhou and H Han;
Supervision: FJ Zhou and H Han;
Other (specify): None.
Data availability statement
The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- AJCC
American Joint Committee on Cancer
- CC
corpora cavernosa
- CI
confidence interval
- CS
corpus spongiosum
- CSS
cancer-specific survival
- HR
hazard ratio
- LNM
lymph node metastasis
- OR
odds ratio
- OS
overall survival
- TNM
tumor-node-metastasis
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.