Synergic use of botulinum toxin injection and radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in Multiple Sclerosis spasticity

Abstract

Background and aim:

In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) spasticity worsens the patient’s quality of life. Botulinum NeuroToxin TypeA (BoNT-A) is extensively used in focal spasticity, frequently combined with physical therapies. Radial extracorporeal shock waves (rESW) were already used in association with BoNT-A. Considering that loss of efficacy and adverse events are determinants of BoNT-A treatment interruption, this study aimed to evaluate the possibility to prolong BoNT-A’s effect by using rESW in MS focal spasticity.

Methods:

Sixteen MS patients with spasticity of triceps surae muscles were first subjected to BoNT-A therapy and, four months later, to 4 sections of rESWT. Patients were evaluated before, 30, 90 days after the end of the treatments, by using Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS), and kinematic analysis of passive and active ankle ROM.

Results:

BoNT-A determined a significant reduction of spasticity evaluated by MAS with a reduction of positive effects after 4months (p<0.05); MTS highlighted the efficacy only 90 days after injection (p<0.05). rESWT decreased MAS values at the end and 30 days later the treatment (p<0.01); MTS values showed instead a prolonged effect (p<0.01). BoNT-A determined a gain of passive and active ankle ROM, persisting along with treatment and peaking the maximum value after rESWT (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

rESWT can prolong BoNT-A effect inducing a significant reduction of spasticity and improvement in passive and active ankle ROM in MS patients. The use of rESWT following BoNT-A injection is useful to avoid some limitations and to prolong the therapeutic effects of BoNT-A therapy. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by fatigue, poor balance, muscle weakness and spasticity. The term “spasticity” indicates involuntary muscle hyperactivity triggered by rapid passive joint movements, frequently responsible for worsening of the life’s quality in MS. Spasticity management involves different approaches including spasmolytic drugs, surgery, physiotherapy and Botulinum Neuro Toxin Type A (BoNT-A) (1).

BoNT-A is a neurotoxin that paralyzes muscles by inhibiting presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. BoNT-A is the reference treatment in focal spasticity offering highly effective and well tolerated common indications; its main limitation is the relatively short duration with an average reinjection interval between three and six months (2,3). Besides, about 44% of patients non-responders to botulinum toxin develop antibodies to neurotoxin, requiring increased dosing to achieve paralysis (4). Prolonging BoNT-A’s clinical efficacy should decrease the number of injections needed for patient hypertonic muscle relief, decreasing the risk of negative side effects and changes in drug effectiveness that often occurs over a lifetime of neurotoxin exposure. Several studies have supported the possibility of increasing the effect of BoNT-A by using physical therapies, such as electrical stimulation or radial extracorporeal shock waves treatment (rESWT), although there remains no general agreement (5–9).

The employment of rESWT alone to treat spasticity was investigated in Stroke, Cerebral Palsy (CP) and MS, with good results (10–13). rESWs are a pneumatically actuated pressure with direct mechanical stimulation, developing maximum energy at the skin surface and diffusing radiantly into the tissues. rESWT in spastic muscle determined improvements of rheological and trophic characteristics of the muscle with reduced muscle extensibility able to modify muscle spindles excitability and production of biological mediators (14–16).

In literature rESWs were first used soon after BoNT-A injection to obtain a combinatory effect on post-stroke spasticity, no data were produced on the efficacy of rESWT when previous treatment effects are decreasing (6). Considering that loss of efficacy and adverse events are determinants of interruption in BoNT-A treatment between MS patient (17), the goal of our study is to evaluate rESWT as a treatment able to prolong the duration of BoNT-A effects in MS patients, potentially decreasing the number of “lifetime” injections needed by patients.

Materials and Methods

Study design

This is a prospective non-randomized study conducted in outpatient regimen, approved by the Regional Ethics Committee. All participants provided informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki before study enrollment.

Patients were first inoculated with BoNT-A and both clinical and instrumental examinations were performed, by a trained PMR specialist, just before (T0-BoNT-A), thirty days (T1- BoNT-A) and ninety days after BoNT-A therapy (T2- BoNT-A). Four months after BoNT-A injection, the same spastic muscles were subjected to rESWT and examined just before the first session (T0-rESWT), after the fourth session (T1’- rESWT), thirty days (T1 - rESWT) and ninety days after the end of rESWT (T2 - rESWT) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Experimental timeline.

Participants

MS patients with spasticity of triceps surae muscles and MAS values range 1–4, an EDSS=5-7.5, plantar flexed and inverted foot were recruited. Patients involved in ongoing physiotherapy treatments or treatment for focal spasticity in the last year, severe cognitive impairment (MMSE<24), neuromuscular junction disease, malignant tumor in the treatment area, coagulopathy or pregnancy were excluded. Of 27 subjects examined for study eligibility, 16 patients met the inclusion criteria and joined the study (Tab. 1). They were evaluated using Ashworth Modified Scale (MAS) and Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical features of MS patients before treatment.

Age in years, mean ±SD	45±8,17
Gender, n M/F	10/6
EDSS, mean±SD	5,93±0,75
MAS score, mean±SD	2,56±0,81

No changes in pharmacological therapy or signs of disease progression were detected during the study.

Interventions

BoNT-A and rESWT treatments were conducted in outpatient regimen and treated only on one side; when both sides met the inclusion criteria, treatment was performed on the most hypertonic side.

BoNT-A (onabotulinumtoxinA - BOTOX^®, Allergan Inc., USA), according to guidelines and clinical assessment, was injected into the muscle belly of medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in a range between 50-300 IU divided into 3 sites/muscle, diluted to 3% in physiological saline solution (18,19). For greater accuracy, the procedure was performed by using ultrasound guidance (ESAOTE MyLab50 ultrasound).

rESWT was conducted using Swiss Dolorclast^® device (EMS – Switzerland) one session weekly, for a total of 4 sessions. During each session, 500 shots were administered to each muscle belly by using an energy density flux of 1.8 bars at a frequency of 4 Hz.

After each treatment (BoNT-A and rESWT), patients were not subjected to physiotherapy or other additional procedures.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was the reduction of the muscle tone of triceps surae, measured by MAS and MTS. For minimal intra-rater and inter-rater variability, a PMR specialist assessed the MAS and MTS scores at the initial and follow-up visits. During measurements, the patient lay in the supine position and had to move their ankle from a position of maximal plantar flexion to maximal dorsal flexion.

The MAS measures resistance during passive muscle stretching with scores ranging from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates no increase in muscle tone and 4 indicates that the affected limb is rigid during flexion or extension (20).

The MTS assesses muscle response to stretch applied at specified velocities. Practically, the joint was turned by using different velocities (V1, V2, V3) and the respective angle of muscle reaction was recorded (R2, R1). The quality of muscle reaction, rated at V3, has been quantified by using 5 different levels, where 0 corresponds to no resistance to passive movement and 5 to no joint movement (21). The secondary outcome was an increase of the active and passive ROM measured with kinematic analysis. An optoelectronic acquisition system with two infrared cameras (BTS SMART-DX 100^®, BTS Bioengineering Corp.) was used, allowing the creation of a 2D-model of the bone segment and the reconstruction of its movement in space. Markers were positioned on the head of the fibula, external malleolus, head of the fifth metatarsal bone and the angle was registered. The procedure involved three repetitions of both ankles passive dorsal flexion for passive ROM and ankle active plantar flexion for active ROM measurements.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests, shown as mean ± standard error and statistical significance level settled at p <0.05. Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS Ver.25.0, IBM USA) was used.

Results

Twenty-seven patients have been screened; 16 subjects met the inclusion criteria, joined and completed the study (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Study Flowchart

At baseline patients had MAS mean score of 2,56±0,81 and an EDSS mean value of 5,93±0,75 (Tab. 1).

After BoNT-A injection, muscle tone assessed by MAS significantly decreased at all post-BoNT-A follow up, with a maximal effect 90 days post-injection (T2- BoNT-A) when the main decreased from 2,56±0,81 to 1,90±0,84. After the last session of rESWT (T1’- rESWT), patients showed a significant reduction of hypertonia, with a statistically significant decrease of MAS values compared to T0- BoNT-A. Values registered at T1’- rESWT were not maintained one month (T1- rESWT) and three months later (T2- rESWT).

MTS showed a significant decrease only 90 days post-injection (T2-BoNT-A). A further significant reduction of MTS value was observed after rESWT.

At the beginning of the study, passive dorsiflexion angle was 17,5°±8,75, reaching the value of 26,87°±7,71 one month after BoNT-A (T1- BoNT-A) but worsening until to a value of 24,06±6,11 three months later (T2- BoNT-A). After rESWT last session (T1’- rESWT) passive dorsiflexion angle reached the value of 30,62°±4,42, with a gain of about 13° compared to T0- BoNT-A. A decrease of this value was observed at T2- rESWT, but with an average gain of 5° compared to T0-BoNT-A. All angle variations at every time points were statistically significant compared to T0- BoNT-A.

During active plantar flexion post BoNT-A injection, the ROM angle value increased starting from 6,43°±7,50 at T0 and reaching 10,31°±8,45 at first follow up (T1- BoNT-A). Before rESWT, active ROM angle value remains stable, increasing to 12,5°±9,48 soon after rESWT (T1’- rESWT) and going back to initial values at T2- rESWT (Tab. 2).

Table 2.

Outcome measures at different time points. Statistical values are referred to T0-BoNT-A.

	MAS (mean ± SD)	MTS (mean ± SD)	PASSIVE ROM (mean ± SD)	ACTIVE ROM (mean ± SD)
Subjects treated with BoNT-A
T0- BoNT-A	2,56±0,81	2,87±0,80	17,5±8,75	6,43±7,50
T1- BoNT-A	1,96±0,95 P=0,011	2,43±0,96	26,87±7,71 P=0,001	10,31±8,45 P=0,010
T2- BoNT-A	1,90±0,84 P=0,013	2,18±0,98 P=0,013	24,06±6,11 P=0,019	9,62±5,96
Subjects treated with rESW
T0- rESWT	2,09±0,95	2,37±0,95	24,06±6,11 P=0,019	10,25±6,50
T1’- rESWT	1,43±0,77 P=0,002	2±1,09 P=0,011	30,62±4,42 P=0,001	12,5±9,48 P=0,012
T1- rESWT	2,09±0,87	2,06±0,85 P=0,004	28,75±6,95 P=0,006	11,87±7,93 P=0,012
T2- rESWT	2,25±0,65	2,43±0,89	22,81±6,57 P=0,015	9,37±6,80

During treatment and follow-up no side effects were recorded.

Discussion

In the study presented BoNT-A was considered the gold standard treatment and rESWT a synergistic therapy finalized to extend BoNT-A efficacy on ankle extensor spasticity in MS. The main findings were that both BoNT-A and rESWT can yield significant reduction of spasticity and improvement in passive and active ankle ROM in MS patients with consequent walking improvement. BoNT-A injection induced a persistent effect for 3 months, an additive effect was obtained treating patients with rESWT four months later the BoNT-A injection, extending the therapeutic effect for at least two months.

MS patients present severe quality of life alterations determined by spasticity (22). Among therapeutic approaches, BoNT-A, widely used for post-stroke spasticity, has recently gained widespread confirmation of its efficacy in MS (23). This therapy was proved to be safe and efficient until 90 days (24). Nevertheless, it is invasive and painful at the injection site (25). In order to avoid its erroneous diffusion in adjacent tissues and for better accuracy, echo-guidance is required (3). Furthermore, commercially available BoNT-A preparations contain human and non-human proteins that may behave as antigens and elicit an immune response, generally dose-dependent and positively correlated with the cumulative dose (4). Indeed, shorter injection intervals (i.e., 2 months apart) may increase the risk for neutralizing antibody formation and treatment non-response, suggesting longer injection intervals in standard clinical practice (26). For these reasons, BoNT-A has a limit of presenting a maximum dose of injection requiring a long interval between two injections (>4months).

The long-term persistence of BoNT-A treatment in MS is limited by loss of efficacy, adverse events and lack of regular rehabilitation (17). Currently, different adjuvant treatments have been proposed to be combined with BoNT-A to potentiate its effect, as boosting “neurological” effect, and to reduce soft-tissue contracture, as non-neurological effect. For physical modalities to be combined with BoNT-A for the treatment of limb spasticity in stroke, rESWT was considered to be better than electrical stimulation for some post-injection results, including MAS, spasm frequency and pain (8,27,28). The rESWT has the advantage of being a simple and non-invasive therapy, repeatable over time without limits of safety doses with effect in focal treatment of spasticity in stroke, infantile CP and MS (10,29,30).

In this study MS patients with spasticity of triceps surae muscles were first treated with BoNT-A and the effect on muscle hypertonia, assessed by MAS, was clinically evident at every time point of the therapeutic window. Nevertheless, follow-up evaluation 4 months later BoNT-A treatment registered the loss of therapeutic effect with an increase of spasticity (Tab. 2). It is already described that patients should be re-treated when the clinical effect of the previous injection has diminished but no sooner than 3 months from the prior injection (31). Considering the described limits of BoNT-A injection, participants underwent four sessions of rESWT, a non-invasive and less expensive therapy, achieving a reduction in muscle tone, assessed by MAS, already evident at the end of the treatment (T1’- rESWT) and until to one month after the last session. MTS evaluation highlights a more lasting effect of rESWT that persists up to 1 month after treatment (Fig. 3a-b). This discrepancy could lie in the different meanings that the two scales assume in the evaluation of spasticity. The Tardieu scale is often considered better than MAS because it uses slow and fast speeds based on the definition of spasticity, and it can differentiate between neural and biomechanical contributions to passive motion resistance (32,33). In Stroke and CP, Tardieu Scale can differentiate elements of movement restriction caused by non-neural phenomena, such as contractures (34,35). We can therefore hypothesize that the prolonged effect of rESWT, highlighted by MTS, may derive from a direct effect on muscle stiffness and, therefore, also on contractures. Joint contractures involving ankle joint are widespread among MS patients implying that their prevention is essential to enable rehabilitation (36,37).

Figure 3.

Clinical outcome measures at different time points in subjects treated first with BoNT-A following by rESWT. Statistical analysis was performed between different timepoints with reference to T0- BoNT-A. * indicates the statistical significance with p<0.05; ** indicates the statistical significance with p<0.01.

The short duration of the effect of rESWT, although in disagreement with the literature on Stroke and CP, are perfectly in line with data in MS (10) and could be explained by intrinsic characteristics of the pathology coupled to the mechanism of action of rESWT. Furthermore, the more limited effect of rESWT over time could not be attributed to a small number of treatment sessions considering that efficacy on spasticity seemed to grow exponentially with the number of sessions, reaching the maximum effect at 4 sessions (38).

In our study rESWT was delivered to muscle belly and not to tendon structures considering that there was no consensus on what type of structure must be included in this kind of treatment (39–41).

rESWT could increase ankle passive range of motion in Stroke, effect never investigated in MS (40). Our study shows a significant gain in passive movement, already present 30 days after the BoNT-A injection, decreasing 90 days later. The synergistic use of rESWT, when BonT-A efficacy decrease, enhances the passive movement up to 90 days from the last treatment (Fig. 3c).

As known passive ROM, due to its execution characteristics, highlights the presence of contractures and rigidity. The IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group of Movement Disorder consensus suggests that BoNT-A has no effect on mechanical alterations of hypertonia (1). On the other hand, shock wave therapy plays a role in passive ROM by breaking the functional link between actin and myosin, reducing the intrinsic rigidity of connective tissue and increasing the extensibility of the gastrocnemius muscle (42,43). Therefore, our results could derive from an overlap between the effect on the neurological component obtained by BoNT-A and the effect on the biomechanical component induced by rESWT; hence the importance of synergistic use of the two types of treatment.

Instrumental evaluation of active plantar flexion showed BoNT-A effect only after 1 month, with a doubling of ROM values soon after rESWT. This increase, although limited, is also observed 1 month after the treatment with rESWT (Fig. 3d). Considering that ankle plantar flexors spasticity implies motor performance reduction associated with a higher energy cost of walking, the improvement of active movement means the improvement of the patient autonomy and therefore modification of the degree of disability (44).

BoNT-A injection in rabbit’s eyelids demonstrated that terminal sprouting and formation of new neuromuscular junctions explain the return of function after muscle paralysis (45). On the other hand, the experimental application of the shock wave therapy determined the damage to endplates inducing a transient dysfunction of nerve conduction at neuromuscular junctions (46,47). We hypothesized that during the transition between treatments, rESWT induced neuromuscular plaque destruction occurs on newly formed neuromuscular junctions gradually regenerated following the loss of BoNT-A effectiveness. This result might explain the major effect observed 1 month after rESWT followed by a loss of efficacy in the following months.

Limitations

The present study has some limitations and the results should be interpreted in light of these:

• The design of the study lacked a control group because it was based on observations made on a series of individuals receiving the same treatment;

• Patients were not subjected to physiotherapy in order to obtain results derived exclusively from BoNT-A and rESWT treatments.

It is already known that, to obtain functional results, any physical treatment should be integrated as part of a rehabilitation program. In the future, this study could be conducted introducing physiotherapy, a control group with an adequate sample power and neurophysiological evaluation such as electromyography.

Conclusion

The study highlights the possibility to prolong the therapeutic efficacy of BoNT-A treatment of focal spasticity in a cohort of MS patients by using rESWT. The use of rESWT after BoNT-A is useful to avoid some limitations of this therapy (pain, high dose, loss of effectiveness, immunogenicity, etc.) and to prolong the time span between injections, favoring patient compliance to therapy and improving the quality of walking.

Clinical message: rESWT is a non-pharmacological, non-invasive and less painful treatment of spasticity in MS. It is able to prolong the duration of BoNT-A effects in MS patients and it could be used to potentially decrease the number of “lifetime” injections needed by patients.

Conflicts of interest:

Each author declares that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g. consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangement etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article.