a) Anti-IFN-α2 index (y-axis) in four APS-1 patients, 156 moderate C19+ cases, 102 severe C19+ cases, and 26 critical C19+ cases separated by disease severity and colored by hospitalization status. Positive samples were tested for neutralization against IFN-α2, with arrows indicating those samples with partial or full neutralization ability. Dotted line indicates 6 standard deviations above healthy control mean. b) Distribution of the anti-IFN-α2 index across 4,041 subjects in a community cohort from the San Francisco Mission District. c) Anti-IFN-α2 index (y-axis) in five additional APS-1 patients and 175 convalescent plasma donors from the Vitalant Blood Center. d) COVID-19 Multi-Phenotyping for Effective Therapies (COMET) cohort disease status, severity and gender breakdown. e) Anti-IFN-α2 index over days since first hospitalization for 53 hospitalized COVID-19+ and 14 COVID-19- COMET samples. For 2/69 COMET samples anti-IFN-α2 titers were not assessed.