Abstract
Objectives:
To investigate the fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) of pregnant women with abortus imminens (AI) and its prognostic value for predicting spontaneous abortion.
Methods:
A total 102 early pregnancies, 52 had been diagnosed with AI and 50 ages and body mass index matched healthy control pregnant women were included in this prospective observational study conducted in the Research and Training Hospital, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey between September 2019 and August 2020. Fibrinogen/albumin values were compared between AI and control group.
Results:
The rate of spontaneous abortion in AI pregnancies was 26.9% in our study population. Fibrinogen/albumin ratio levels were higher in AI pregnancies than in controls (p=0.0088). The regression analysis have shown that the increased FAR value (odds ratio [OR]: 7.3116 [95% CI: 1.3119 to 40.7507]; p=0.0232) was an independent marker for spontaneous abortion prediction in AI pregnancies.
Conclusion:
Pregnancies with AI have increased levels of FAR compared to healthy pregnancies. Fibrinogen/albumin ratio is an independent marker for predicting spontaneous abortion.
Keywords: fibrinogen to albumin ratio, abortus imminens, inflammation, spontaneous abortion
Abortus imminens (AI) is defined as the presence of vaginal spotting or bleeding without cervical dilatation and/or effacement before the 20th week of pregnancy. It frequently occurs during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Abortus imminens affects approximately 20-50% of all pregnancies 1 and it may cause abdominal cramps or pelvic pain. Recent studies clearly demonstrated that there is an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery, low birth weight, and perinatal death in AI pregnancies. 2 Abortus imminens is also associated with spontaneous abortion in subsequent gestational weeks. 3 Despite its clinical importance, the pathophysiology of AI is still not known. Previous studies have suggested that adequate invasion of cytotrophoblasts into the endometrial and myometrial layer and their sufficient transformation into the spiral arteries in the first trimester of the gestation are main stone for healthy embryonic development. Actually, failure of trophoblast invasion into the endometrium and spiral arteries may decrease placental blood flow at subsequent gestational weeks. This condition eventually lead to placental insufficiency and oxidative stress. 4 Placental ischemia and oxidative stress cause inflammatory responses and cell activation in vascular endothelium, which lead the development of pregnancy complications including spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). 3,5
Fibrinogen (factor 1) is a glycoprotein synthesized by liver cells and is one of the 13 coagulation factors responsible for normal blood clotting. It is also a positive acute phase response protein produced in response to proinflammatory cytokines. 6 Circulating levels of fibrinogen is characterized by elevation in systemic inflammatory condition. Fibrinogen also increases during pregnancy. 7 Physiologically, procoagulant levels, including that of fibrinogen increase and anti-coagulant levels decrease in the blood during pregnancy; the coagulation system is, overall, strong in pregnant women. 7 However, excessive increases in fibrinogen levels heighten the risk of thromboembolism, which causes placental infarction and may lead to miscarriage.
Albumin, produced by the liver, is a member of blood transport protein family. It is also considered a negative acute phase protein. 8 Reduced albumin levels in the presence of inflammation are likely associated with the effects of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that serum albumin levels have protective properties, such as preventing apoptosis and maintaining physiological homeostasis, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory effects. 9
Previous studies have also demonstrated that the fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) is higher in many different diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovasculary diseases, myocardial infarction, contrast induced nephropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, and various cancers, which is related to inflammatory conditions in the body. 10-14 The FAR is an inflammatory-based prognostic index which offers information on disease severity, prognosis or patient survival. 11-14 Based on these observations, the purpose of present study was to investigate the alteration of FAR in pregnant women with AI and its prognostic value for predicting spontaneous abortion.
Methods
A prospective observational study was conducted in Research and Training Hospital, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey between September 2019 and August 2020. The investigation protocol of the study was in accordance with the Helsinki committee requirement. The study protocol was approved by Balikesir University Institutional Ethical Committee (Date: 28/08/2019, No: 2019/111). Pregnant women who have vaginal bleeding and the ages and body mass indexes (BMIs) matched controls were participated in the study population. All subjects gave written informed consent. A total of 102 pregnant women, 52 of AI, 50 of age and BMI matched healthy control were included in the study population during the first antenatal visit. The loss of pregnancy before the 20 weeks of gestation was defined as spontaneous abortion. All pregnancies without spontaneous abortion followed until 20th week of gestation. The demographic characteristic, ultrasonography measurements, and laboratory parameters were obtained prospectively from all participants and their electronic records. Pregnant women who had fetal anomaly, recurrent pregnancy loss, intrauterine infections, serious systemic diseases, multiple pregnancies, and in vitro fertilization were excluded. All participants were non smokers, in the same socioeconomic status and non-obese (<30 kg/m 2 ). In addition, all participants did not use vitamin and mineral supplementation other than folic acid.
Obstetric and physical examinations of all participants were performed in our antenatal outpatient clinics. The demographic characteristics such as maternal age, BMI, and previous obstetric and medical histories were recorded in the first prenatal visit. The gestational weeks were determined according to biometric measurement (croved-rumb-length) which performed with an ultrasound machine (GE, Voluson 730 expert, CA, USA) equipped with a transvaginal probe.
A 5 ml antecubital venous blood samples were obtained at the time of diagnosis in the AI group and routine antenatal visit in the control group. Blood samples were divided into the 2 and approximately half of them put into light blue tube buffered sodium citrate 0.109M (3.2%) for the fibrinogen (mg/dL) measurement and remaining half of the put into gold tube including clot activator and gel for serum separation for the measurement albumin levels (g/dL). All collected sample were centrifugate at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes and were storage in deep freeze at -80ºC until analysis.
Abortus imminens was defined as presence of any degree of vaginal bleeding confirmed with vaginal speculum examination and close internal and external cervical ostium confirmed with transvaginal ultrasound. During the followed period, there was no detected maternal comorbities, fetal anomaly, and coagulation abnormality in all of AI and control pregnancies. Pregnant women with AI were prescribe with 200 mg natural micronized progesterone orally or intravaginally twice a day to eliminate the risk of progesterone insufficiency following collection of blood samples.
Biochemical evaluation
Blood levels of fibrinogen were measured using the fibrinogen clotting time on Clauss method as described elsewhere. 15 In this method, plasma samples was dilued 1/10 and thrombin solution was added, the clotting time of samples was recorded and plasma fibrinogen concentrations of all samples were calculated using standard charts. Plasma fibrinogen levels was considered normal ranges at 200-400 mg/dL. 7 Serum levels of albumin were measured via a bromocresol green dye-binding analyzer (Roche Modular DP, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). Serum albumin level was considered normal range at 3.2-5.5 g/dL. FAR was calculated by dividing the plasma fibrinogen concentration by the serum albumin concentration. To avoid assay variability, all collected blood samples were analyzed together. Complete blood counts of participants were measured via a blood count analyser (Sysmex XE-2100, Kobe, Japan).
A power analysis was performed by using the data of previous studies that provide information of fibrinogen levels in pregnancy 16 and necessary sample size in AI and control group were found as 46 of AI and 46 controls in ratio of 1:1 when the desired significance level was set at 0.05 (alpha) and power was set at 0.8 (1-Beta). Therefore, it was calculated that 46 control patients were required for at least 46 patients in the AI group in order to test whether there was a significant difference in the FAR levels between AI and the control group.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analysis was made using MedCalc Statistical Software version 19.2.1 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2020). The Kolmogrov-Smirnov test was used for the evaluation the distribution of variables in the groups. Levene test or F test was used for the evaluation of the variances between the groups. All variables was evaluate by describing the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (min-max), where applicable. The student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test were applied for comparisons for independent measurements of mean or median values. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate he differences between categorical data. The univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate associated factors that effect FAR value. For the purpose determining the cut-off value of FAR, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used. Data were evaluated in the 95% confidence interval (CI). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the independent groups more than 2. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 102 pregnant women, 52 with AI and 50 healthy controls, participated in the study population. The mean age of pregnant women was 30.1 ± 5.8 in the AI group and 29.6±6.1 in the control group. The mean BMI of pregnant women was 23.2±2.5 in the AI group, and 23.6±2.9 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age and BMI between the groups (p=0.6743 and p=0.4667, respectively). Demographic variables of participants were summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
- Demographic characteristic of abortus imminens (AI) and control patients.
| Characteristics | AI group (n=52) | Control group (n=50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), mean±SD (min-max) | 30.1±5.8 (20-41) | 29.6±6.1 (21-41) | 0.6743* |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean±SD (min-max) | 23.2±2.5 (19.2-28.9) | 23.6±2.9 (18.5-29.3) | 0.4667* |
| Gestational Age (weeks), mean±SD | 9.1±1.5 | 8.3±1.5 | 0.1404* |
| Gravidity (n), mean±SD | 2.2±1.1 | 2.3±1.1 | 0.7554* |
| Parity (n), mean±SD | 0.6 ±0.9 | 0.7±0.8 | 0.7038* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean±SD | 109.4±13.6 | 107.6±10.9 | 0.4585* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean±SD | 71.9±7.7 | 70.6±7.5 | 0.3821* |
| Plasma glucose levels (mg/dL), mean±SD | 79.1±7.2 | 77.9±8.4 | 0.4562* |
| Type of vaginal bleeding (n) | |||
| Spotting | 19 | ||
| Pink | 8 | ||
| Red | 17 | - | - |
| Like a menstruation | 8 | ||
| Presence of pelvic pain (n) | |||
| Yes | 15 | 0 | < 0.0001 † |
| No | 37 | 50 | |
| Presence of abdominal cramp (n) | |||
| Yes | 21 | 0 | < 0.0001 † |
| No | 31 | 50 | |
| Spontanous abortion (n) | |||
| Yes | 14 | 0 | 0.0001 † |
| No | 38 | 50 | |
Student t-test,
Chi-squared test, BMI: body mass index
The spontaneous abortion rate was 14/52 (26.9%) in AI group and 0/50 (0%) in control group. Compared the control pregnancies, the rate of spontaneous abortion rate was significantly higher in AI group (p=0.0001). Also in the AI group, 15/52 (28.8%) experienced pelvic pain and 21/52 (40.4%) experienced abdominal cramps and there was a statistical significant differences between in pregnancies with AI (p<0.0001) and controls (p<0.0001).
Regarding the alteration of inflammatory parameters in pregnancies with and without AI, plasma fibrinogen concentration were significantly higher, and serum albumin concentration significantly lower, in AI pregnancies compared to the controls (p=0.0374 and p=0.0150, respectively). As expected, calculated FAR values were significantly higher in AI pregnancies than in the control group (p=0.0088) (Table 2). Our subgroup analysis demonstrated that plasma fibrinogen (Figure 2), and FAR levels (Figure 4) were significantly higher and serum albumin levels (Figure 3) was significantly lower in AI pregnancies with spontaneous abortion than in AI pregnancies without spontaneous abortion and control pregnancies (p=0.001, p=0.002, and p<0.001, respectively).
Table 2.
- Inflammatory parameters of patients with and without abortus imminens (AI).
| Parameters | AI group (n = 52) | Control group (n = 50) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| White blood cell count | 9217.3 ± 1955.9 | 9040.0 ± 1607.5 | 0.6188 |
| Neutrophil count | 6284.6 ± 1963.9 | 6214.1 ± 2089.6 | 0.8609 |
| Lymphocytes count | 2155.8 ± 573.1 | 2126.1 ± 421.3 | 0.7664 |
| Fibrinogen level | 369.1 ± 72.2 | 339.8 ± 67.7 | 0.0374 |
| Albumin level | 3.73 ± 0.36 | 3.92 ± 0.42 | 0.0150 |
| Fibrinogen to albumin ratio | 100.5 ± 24.6 | 88.1 ± 22.1 | 0.0088 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard diviation.
Student t-test, SD: standard deviation
Figure 2.
- Plasma levels of fibrinogen in the groups (data show a mean±SD). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly higher in abortus imminens (AI) with spontaneous abortion (SA) than AI without SA and controls (p=0.001, ANOVA test).
Figure 4.
- Fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) in the groups (Data show a mean±SD). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that FAR levels were significantly higher in abortus imminens (AI) with spontaneous abortion (SA) than AI without SA and controls (p<0.001, ANOVA test)
Figure 3.
- Plasma levels of fibrinogen in the groups (data show a mean±SD). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly higher in abortus imminens (AI) with spontaneous abortion (SA) than AI without SA and controls (p=0.001, ANOVA test).
Figure 1.
- The receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to investigate the effect of FAR value in predicting spontaneous abortion in pregnancies with abortus imminens; FAR: Fibrinogen to albumin ratio. The area under the ROC curve of FAR was 0.803 (p<0.001).
A univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that only BMI was a possible confounding factor affecting FAR values (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9615 [95% CI: 1.2633 to 6.9425]; p=0.0111) (Table 3). Identification of independent risk factors for the development of spontaneous abortion in the AI group, both a univariate and multivariate logistic regression model were performed (Table 4). A univariate logistic regression analysis have shown that the BMI (odds ratio [OR]: 4.4286 [95% CI: 1.1706 to 16.7536]; p=0.0274), type of vaginal bleeding (OR: 6.4815 [95% CI: 1.2982 to 32.3588]; p=0.0201) and the FAR values (OR: 9.2000 [95% CI: 1.7986 to 47.0589]; p=0.0020) were associated risk factors for the development of spontaneous abortion. In the multivariate logistic regression model, only the FAR values (OR: 7.3116 [95% CI: 1.3119 to 40.7507]; p=0.0232) was found to be an independent marker for the prediction of spontaneous abortion in AI.
Table 3.
- Possible confounding factors associated with fibrinogen/albumin ratio values.
| Variables | Univariate logistic regression analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age (year) | ||||
| <30 | 49 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.5183 |
| ≥30 | 53 | 1.2946 | 0.5908 to 2.8369 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <25 | 68 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.0111 |
| ≥25 | 34 | 2.9615 | 1.2633 to 6.9425 | |
| Gestational ages (weeks) | ||||
| <9 | 58 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.5226 |
| ≥9 | 44 | 1.2935 | 0.5874 to 2.8481 | |
| Gravidity (n) | ||||
| <2 | 37 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.3336 |
| ≥2 | 65 | 1.4979 | 0.6573 to 3.4133 | |
| Parity (n) | ||||
| <1 | 60 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.7067 |
| ≥1 | 42 | 1.1311 | 0.5941 to 2.1534 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||
| <110 | 44 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.8301 |
| ≥110 | 58 | 1.0909 | 0.4926 to 2.4160 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||
| <80 | 62 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.7915 |
| ≥80 | 40 | 0.8975 | 0.4025 to 2.0014 | |
| Type of vaginal bleeding | ||||
| Spotting, pink or red | 44 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.1466 |
| Like a menstruation | 8 | 3.2857 | 0.5966 to 18.0972 | |
| Presence of pelvic pain (n) | ||||
| No | 37 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.1720 |
| Yes | 15 | 2.3529 | 0.6720 to 8.2390 | |
| Presence of abdominal cramp (n) | ||||
| No | 31 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | 0.0777 |
| Yes | 21 | 2.7692 | 0.8732 to 8.7824 | |
OR: odd ration, CI: confidence interval
Table 4.
- A univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showing the predictors for the development of spontaneous abortion in pregnancies with abortus imminens.
| Variables | Univariate logistic regression analysis | Multivariate logistic regression analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age (year) | |||||||
| <30 | 5/24 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥30 | 9/28 | 1.8000 | 0.5082 to 6.3758 | 0.3563 | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <25 | 7/38 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥25 | 7/14 | 4.4286 | 1.1706 to 16.7536 | 0.0274 | 2.8925 | 0.6471 to 12.9296 | 0.1644 |
| Gestational ages (weeks) | |||||||
| <9 | 7/25 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥9 | 7/27 | 0.9000 | 0.2641 to 3.0668 | 0.8662 | |||
| Gravida (n) | |||||||
| <2 | 4/18 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥2 | 10/34 | 1.4583 | 0.3842 to 5.5350 | 0.5743 | |||
| Parite (n) | |||||||
| <1 | 9/32 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥1 | 5/20 | 0.8519 | 0.2387 to 3.0398 | 0.8042 | |||
| Fibrinogen/albumin ratio | |||||||
| <97.2 | 2/25 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| ≥97.2 | 12/27 | 9.2000 | 1.7986 to 47.0589 | 0.0020 | 7.3116 | 1.3119 to 40.7507 | 0.0232 |
| Type of vaginal bleeding | |||||||
| Spotting, pink or red | 9/44 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| Like a menstruation | 5/8 | 6.4815 | 1.2982 to 32.3588 | 0.0201 | 4.4784 | 0.7440 to 26.9560 | 0.1016 |
| Presence of abdominal cramp (n) | |||||||
| No | 6/31 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| Yes | 8/21 | 2.5641 | 0.7325 to 8.9752 | 0.1374 | |||
| Presence of pelvic pain (n) | |||||||
| No | 9/38 | 1.0 | 1.0 (references) | ||||
| Yes | 6/14 | 2.4167 | 0.6612 to 8.8326 | 0.1852 | |||
The ROC analysis have shown that the area under the ROC curve for FAR was 0.803 (95% CI: 0.669-0.900; p<0.0001). Youden’s index established cut-off values of >97.18 for FAR (sensitivity=85.7%; specificity=60.5%).
Discussion
In this study, we evaluate the alteration of FAR in AI pregnancies and its prognostic value in predicting spontaneous abortion. According to our present results, pregnant women with AI demonstrated significantly higher levels of FAR in blood samples as compared to women without AI. Moreover, a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses clearly demonstrated that increased levels of FAR was an independent risk factor for the development of spontaneous abortion in this pregnancy group.
Vaginal spotting or bleeding in early pregnancy is a common complication, and it may be associated with the development of spontaneous abortion. In the extant literature on the subject, the spontaneous abortion rate has been reported as 14-50% in AI pregnancies: 17,18 in the present study population, the rate was 26.9%. Several maternal and fetal etiopathogenetic factors are associated with the development of spontaneous abortion in AI pregnancies, such as genetic disorders, increased maternal age and BMI, previous spontaneous abortion history, abnormal placental development, infectious diseases, and immunolosgical factors. 19 However, regardless of underlying etiological factors, vaginal bleeding is an early indicator of placental dysfunction and progression to abortion in some AI cases. 3 In these instances, placental dysfunction and altered perfusion may eventually lead to placental ischemia and oxidative stress. A recent study conducted by Jauniaux et al 20 have shown that the blood flow alteration in intervillous vessels usually occurs much earlier in the abortion group than in normal pregnancies. The authors concluded that in miscarriage group, there was a close relationship between altered placental blood flow and oxidative damage in placental tissue. Under these conditions, oxidative stress activates vascular endothelial cells and systemic inflammatory responses, which is the main cause for the development of pregnancy complications, including spontaneous abortion. 3,5 Comparable to these results, previous studies have clearly demonstrated that there was a close relationship between higher levels of inflammatory makers and development of threatened abortion and early pregnancy loss. 21,22
In the literature, a number of studies have shown that plasma levels of FAR are significantly higher in many diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovasculary diseases, myocardial infarction, ankylosing spondylitis and various cancer, which is related to inflammatory conditions in the body. 10-14 Karahan et al 13 clearly demonstrated that FAR may predict the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with myocardial infarction. Similarly, Ozdemir et al 10 have demonstrated that plasma FAR levels were higher in patients with hypertension than in controls.
Comparable to these results, the FAR has been shown to be a good prognostic indicator for patients with breast cancer. 14 In a recent research conducted by Tan et al 11 indicated that increased plasma FAR value was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis, early recurrence and short cancer-free survival times in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Lui et al 12 have also shown that plasma FAR values were higher in ankylosing spondylitis than in controls; therefore, they concluded that the FAR may be a novel inflammatory parameter for monitoring activity of the diseases in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Thus, it may be argued that the FAR can serve as an inflammatory based prognostic indicator in many diseases that cause systemic inflammation. 11,12,14
Regarding the role of fibrinogen or albumine levels in the normal and abnormal pathophysiological conditions in human pregnancies, there were a small number of studies that investigated and results were vary. Manten et al 23 indicated that compared to normal pregnancies, circulating levels of total fibrinogen and particularly high molecular weight fibrinogen concentration were slightly increased in pre-eclampsia.Therefore, the authors concluded that increased levels of total fibrinogen concentration and alteration of high molecular weight fibrinogen may play a role in vasculary endothelial activation, and exaggerated inflammatory response which are believed to be underlying molecular mechanisms in pre-eclampsia. 23 Similarly, Davitson et al 24 demonstrated that pregnacies with hypertension have higher fibrinogen concentrations in blood samples compared to controls. Tetik et al 25 also showed that circulating fibrinogen concentration were significantly higher in IUGR than control pregnancies. However, Chen et al 26 asserted that compared to non-pregnant women and healthy pregnancies, women with preeclampsia have lower fibrinogen levels in the third trimester. These conflicting results may be associated with differences in sample sizes, demographic characteristics of participants or fibrinogen to fibrin transformation on the third trimester. It is known that circulating levels of fibrinogen immediately decrease in parallel with the amount of acute hemorrhage during the abortion and postpartum hemorrhage.
According to the extant literature, serum albumin levels, unlike fibrinogen, decreases in the presence of pregnancy related hypertension, and it is a useful predictor for timing of delivery, presence of severe proteinuria, and poor prognosis of pregnancy. 27 Ozdemir et al 28 indicated that serum albumin levels in first trimester were significantly lower in women with histories of recurrent pregnancy loss than in controls. Comparably, we found that serum albumin concentration was significantly decreased in the AI group than in the controls.
The present study also determined that vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy was associated with increased fibrinogen levels and decreased albumin levels in blood samples. Also, the FAR was significantly higher in pregnant women with AI than in controls and increased FAR values in women with AI was an independent risk factor for subsequent spontaneous abortion.
In normal pregnancy, there is a mild systemic inflammatory response which is promote with the progression of pregnancy and peaks during the third trimester. This physiological inflammatory response is characterized by slightly increase in the circulating concentration of cytokines, as well as the activation of white blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. 29 However, in pregnancies with miscarriage or threatened abortion, the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response is stronger than normal pregnancies due to the increase of proinflammatory cytokines in the maternal circulation. 30 In the present study, contrary to FAR leves, there were no differences in white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocytes counts between in pregnancies with and without AI. These results may be associated with small number of study population, mild systemic inflammation among the participants, and the participants’ early gestational age. However, it may also be that the FAR is a more sensitive inflammatory marker than other indicators.
On the other hand, in the literature there was a few studies have evaluated the relation between the presence of abdominal cramp, pelvic pain and type of vaginal bleeding with the development of the spontaneous abortion. 21,22 Those authors have found a close relationship between increased inflammatory status and uterine contractions with progressive cervical effacement and dilatation, which can initiate and maintain labor at any gestational age. 21,22 The present study determined that pelvic pains or abdominal cramps were significantly higher in AI pregnancies than in control pregnancies. However, we did not find any association between presence of pelvic pain, abdominal cramp or type of vaginal bleeding with progression to spontaneous abortion.
Study limitations
There was no any information on patients’ physical examinations and laboratory parameters was available. There was a progesterone exposure in the AI group (but not in the control group). There was no information on the genetic consequences of abortion materials in pregnancies with spontaneous abortion. The authors also had no information on maternal and perinatal pregnancy complications after 20 weeks of gestation or their association with the FAR.
In conclusion, the present results have shown that AI pregnancies exhibit increased FAR values compared to healthy pregnancies. FAR levels were associated with progression to spontaneous abortion. These higher FAR levels and their association with spontaneous abortion may be related to the underlying molecular mechanism of AI.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank all staff of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Balikesir University for their assistance in data collection step. We also would like to thank Scribendi (www.scribendi.com) for English language editing.
Footnotes
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