Abstract
Background
Numerous studies showed that insulin resistance (IR) was associated with cancer risk. However, few studies investigated the relationship between IR and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to explore the association of triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of IR, with NSCLC risk.
Methods
791 histologically confirmed NSCLC cases and 787 controls were enrolled in the present study. Fasting blood glucose and triglyceride were measured. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dl) ×fasting glucose (mg/dl)/2]. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the relationship between NSCLC risk and the TyG index.
Results
The TyG index was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than that in controls (8.42 ± 0.55 vs 8.00 ± 0.45, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the TyG index (OR = 3.651, 95%CI 2.461–5.417, P < 0.001) was independently associated with NSCLC risk after adjusting for conventional risk factors. In addition, a continuous rise in the incidence of NSCLC was observed along the tertiles of the TyG index (29.4 vs 53.8 vs 67.2%, P < 0.001). However, there were no differences of the TyG index in different pathological or TNM stages. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the optimal cut-off level for the TyG index to predict incident NSCLC was 8.18, and the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was 0.713(95% CI 0.688–0.738).
Conclusions
The TyG index is significantly correlated with NSCLC risk, and it may be suitable as a predictor for NSCLC.
Keywords: triglyceride glucose index, non-small cell lung cancer, insulin resistance, predictor, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
Introduction
The 2018 Global Cancer Report (GLOBOCAN) showed that lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths) (1). The incidence of lung cancer in China in 2015 was 69% in males and 31% in females; it is still increasing over recent years. Lung cancer contributes to 30% of all cancer deaths in China (2, 3), which represents a huge clinical burden and public health attention. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and accounts for almost 80% of all cases. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for lung cancer (4, 5), but the incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers has also increased. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study other modifiable risk factors for lung cancer.
Insulin resistance (IR) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In addition, IR is a sign of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (6, 7). Hyperinsulinemia is characteristic of insulin resistance and may promote cell proliferation (8). Previous studies have evaluated the relationship between insulin resistance and the development of cancers such as prostate cancer and thyroid cancer (9, 10). However, studies remain conflicting regarding the relationship between lung cancer and insulin resistance, as positive or invalid association has been reported (11, 12). Assessment of the homeostasis model of insulin resistance based on fasting glucose and insulin levels (HOMA-IR) is a widely used surrogate indicator of IR in clinical practice (13). However, plasma insulin levels are usually measured in diabetic patients, which are not suitable for the general population. Recently, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index calculated from fasting triglyceride (TG) and glucose levels has become a reliable alternative indicator of IR (14). In predicting some diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial stiffness, the TyG index is even superior to HOMA-IR (15, 16). However, few studies have evaluated the TyG index in the context of NSCLC. The present study aims to elucidate the potential relationship between NSCLC and the TyG index.
Participants and Methods
Study Population
We retrospectively collected 791 newly diagnosed and pathologically confirmed NSCLC patients between 2016 and 2018 at the Department of Respiration of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. 787 healthy adults without NSCLC were randomly selected following examination in the clinic and were classified as the control group. All subjects gave informed written consent to participate. Participants with previous history of cancer, diabetes, history of usage of fenofibrate triglyceride-lowering drugs, and liver, kidney or other diseases associated with lipid metabolism disorders were excluded. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital.
Physical Examination and Biochemical Tests
All participants’ weights and heights were measured using standardized stadiometers and scales while wearing light clothing without shoes. A standard questionnaire was used to evaluate smoking habit, history of acute and chronic illnesses, and drug use. Morning fasting venous blood samples from all participants were obtained and used to measure routine biochemical indexes. Fasting blood samples were collected after at least 10 h overnight and analyzed for the biochemical measurements. Fasting blood glucose (FPG), lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid, and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured with commercial kits using an automated chemistry analyzer (Chemistry Analyzer Au2700, Olympus Medical Engineering Company, Japan). Blood routine examinations including white blood cell count (WBCC) and neutrophil count were determined using an automated blood cell counter (Beckman Coulter Ireland Inc. Mervue, Galway, Ireland).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were described by the mean (standard deviation) and compared by Student t-test or one-way ANOVA. Categorical variables were described by percentages (numbers) and compared by Chi-square test. The binary logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between NSCLC risk and the TyG index after adjusting for potential confounders, including age and smoking status. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to calculate area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of TyG index for the incident of NSCLC. Data were analyzed using SPSS18.0 statistical software, with significance defined as P <0.05 (two-sided).
Results
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants were listed in Table 1 . We identified 787 participants without lung cancer and 791 patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC. There were significant differences in age, sex ratio, smoking status between the two groups (all P <0.01). Hypertension was seen more frequently in the NSCLC group (P < 0.01). Moreover, patients with NSCLC had higher BMI, white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophil count, TG, and TyG index than the control subjects (all P < 0.01). However, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower in patients with NSCLC than those without lung cancer (all P < 0.01). The FPG level was similar between the two groups (P = 0.77).
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants.
| Controls (n = 787) | NSCLC (n = 791) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.93 ± 10.73 | 61.75 ± 10.68 | <0.01 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 266/521 | 412/379 | <0.01 |
| Smoking (%) | 92(11.68) | 180(22.75) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension (%) | 67 (8.51) | 257 (32.49) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.96 ± 3.09 | 23.61 ± 3.05 | <0.01 |
| WBCC (×10^9/L) | 5.46 ± 1.39 | 6.01 ± 2.02 | <0.01 |
| Neutrophil count (×10^9/L) | 3.23 ± 1.10 | 3.67 ± 1.74 | <0.01 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.06 ± 0.63 | 5.08 ± 1.35 | 0.77 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.94 ± 0.98 | 4.15 ± 1.67 | <0.01 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.82 ± 0.31 | 1.32 ± 0.87 | <0.01 |
| LDL-C(mmol/L) | 3.01 ± 0.74 | 2.37 ± 0.71 | <0.01 |
| HDL-C(mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.34 | 1.09 ± 0.31 | <0.01 |
| TyG index | 8.00 ± 0.45 | 8.42 ± 0.55 | <0.01 |
| Uric acid (umol/l) | 290.01 ± 75.48 | 328.81 ± 106.04 | <0.01 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
BMI, body mass index; WBCC, white blood cell counts; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triacylglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TyG, triglyceride and glucose index.
The Relationship Between NSCLC Risk and the TyG Index by Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
The results of univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a significant association of a high level of TyG index with NSCLC risk (OR = 5.883, 95%CI 4.616–7.498, P<0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the correlation between the TyG index and NSCLC risk was also significant (OR = 3.651, 95%CI 2.461–5.417, P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, BMI, hypertension, WBCC, Neutrophil count, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and uric acid ( Table 2 ).
Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis of TyG index and NSCLC risk.
| Model | OR | 95%CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.883 | 4.616–7.498 | <0.001 |
| 2 | 4.821 | 3.728–6.234 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 3.651 | 2.461–5.417 | <0.001 |
Model1: unadjusted.
Model2: adjustment for age, sex, smoking, BMI, hypertension, WBCC, Neutrophil count.
Model3: adjustment for age, sex, smoking, BMI, hypertension, WBCC, Neutrophil count, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and uric acid.
The Incidence of NSCLC Compared Across the Tertiles of the TyG Index
All participants were stratified into three groups based on the tertiles of their TyG index levels. Figure 1 showed that a continuous rise in the incidence of NSCLC was observed along the tertiles of the TyG index (29.4 vs 53.8 vs 67.2%, P < 0.001).
Figure 1.
The incidence of NSCLC compared across the tertiles of the TyG index.
The TyG Index in Different Histopathological Type or TNM Stage
Patients with NSCLC were divided in to three groups according to histopathological classification: adenocarcinoma (n = 661), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 107) and other types (n = 23). Although patients with adenocarcinoma had higher TyG index than those with squamous cell carcinoma and other types (8.44 ± 0.56 vs 8.37 ± 0.47 vs 8.29 ± 0.41), the P value was not statistically significant. Patients with NSCLC were divided in to three groups according to Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage: Tis (n = 130), TNM I (n = 395) and TNM II–IV (n = 266). Although the TyG index was slightly elevated in patients with TNM II–IV compared with patients with TNM I and Tis stage (8.44 ± 0.54 vs 8.42 ± 0.53 vs 8.41 ± 0.64), the TyG index was not statistically different among the three groups.
The Value of the TyG Index for Predicting the Incident of NSCLC
ROC analysis showed that the AUROC of the TyG index for predicting the incident of NSCLC was 0.713 (95%CI 0.688–0.738, P < 0.001), the optimal cut-off point for the TyG index was 8.18 (sensitivity: 70.9%, specificity: 60.2%), which indicated that the TyG index was an acceptable predictor for the incident of NSCLC ( Figure 2 ).
Figure 2.
Receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curves of the TyG index for predicting the incident of NSCLC.
Discussion
In this study, an independent relationship between TyG index and NSCLC was observed after adjustment for conventional risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate this relationship between the TyG index and NSCLC. Furthermore, the results indicate that the TyG index may be an effective sign of NSCLC events.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death both in developed and developing countries. In China, the incidence of lung cancer in men and women has increased rapidly in recent years, causing a huge social and economic burden (2). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer; however, the exact mechanism leading to NSCLC remains unclear. Several researchers have specifically studied the risk factors of lung cancer, including smoking, environmental pollution, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, and dyslipidemia, and took corresponding measures to intervene (17–19). However, the incidence of lung cancer in China is still growing rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to explore other NSCLC risk factors and improve prevention efficiency to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition with greater prevalence and significance in the context of obesity, Mets, NAFLD, and T2DM. In addition, emerging evidence suggested that insulin resistance was closely related to cancer incidence and mortality, including colorectal cancer (20), gastric cancer (21), and breast cancer (22). However, there was a considerable controversy about the association of IR with lung cancer. The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III reported that IR was more strongly associated with an increased risk of overall cancer mortality after the exclusion of lung cancer deaths (12), because lung cancer was generally considered to be independent of obesity. Argirion et al. found that higher fasting serum insulin concentrations, as well as the presence of IR were associated with an elevated risk of lung cancer development (11). IR may mediate cancer-related functions fairly distinct from its obesity-related aspects. Insulin resistance and elevated serum leptin levels were interrelated and jointly promoted lung cancerization (23). As we know, HOMA-IR has been a validated surrogate IR marker and widely used in clinical practice. However, since insulin measurement is not a routine examination for lung cancer patients, its clinical application is limited. The TyG index based on fasting triglycerides and glucose levels is another reliable and simple surrogate indicator of IR. In addition, some studies have shown that the predictive value of the TyG index for IR is better than HOMA-IR (24, 25). Recently, it has shown that TyG index was significantly associated with IR-related diseases and cardiovascular diseases (26, 27). A large prospective study involving 510,471 individuals from six European cohorts showed that the TyG index was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal tumors (28, 29). Although both triglycerides and glucose had been demonstrated to be associated with lung cancer risk (30, 31), few studies focused on the relationship between the TyG index and NSCLC. In this study, we found that the TyG index was significantly correlated with NSCLC risk even after adjusting for conventional risk factors. Meanwhile, the incidence of NSCLC increased with the increase of the TyG index. However, there were no differences of the TyG index in different histopathological types or TNM stages. ROC analysis showed that the AUROC of the TyG index for predicting NSCLC risk was 0.713, with a sensitivity of 70.9% and a specificity of 60.2%, which indicated that the TyG index may be a useful and reliable marker for NSCLC risk.
Although the mechanism underlying the relationship between the TyG index and NSCLC risk has not been fully elucidated, it may be related to IR. Higher circulating insulin levels are characteristic of IR and may potentially show cancer-promoting effects through various molecular mechanisms. On the one hand, insulin can promote the activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), which is an effective growth factor in promoting lung cancer growth (31). On the other hand, insulin is one of the main stimuli of the Ras signaling pathway which plays a key role in the onset of lung cancer (32). In addition, there were a few studies that showed that it may also promote tumor growth directly or indirectly through inflammatory pathways, leptin, and adiponectin (33, 34). The exact mechanism is still unclear and needs further clarification.
This study has several limitations. First of all, it is difficult to determine whether the TyG index has a causative effect on NSCLC because of the cross-sectional design. Secondly, the results indicate that after adjustment for inflammation makers including WBCC and neutrophil count, the correlation of the TyG index with NSCLC risk remained significant, but the potential role of TyG index in the risk of NSCLC caused by inflammation needs to be further studied because other inflammatory indicators such as C-reactive protein and TNF-α have not been detected and analyzed in the research. At last, information about passive smoking has not been available in this study.
Conclusion
Our study firstly shows the evidence that the TyG index is independently associated with NSCLC risk. Thus, possible recommendations to encourage the general population to maintain normal TyG index may reduce the NSCLC risk. Certainly, multi-center and large-scale prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital.
Author Contributions
XY: Writing—Original draft preparation. YG: Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation. JT: Data curation, Validation. MT: Data curation. JD: Project administration. YZ: Writing—Reviewing and editing, Supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81900062).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.