Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a huge threat worldwide as a pandemic, which could also cause venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE). On the basis of the concept of the high risk for VTE in patients with COVID-19, some studies reported the potential benefit of anticoagulation for the primary prevention of VTE. However, optimal strategies for the prevention of VTE in COVID-19 still remain unknown. Additionally, ethnic differences may have notable implications in the presentation of VTE. Very recently, in the Japanese Society of Phlebology and Japanese Society of Pulmonary Embolism Research, a questionnaire surveillance for COVID-19 and VTE was conducted, which revealed that the vast majority of the institutions did not have specific recommendations for the prevention of VTE with anticoagulation, the incidence rate of VTE was 0.6% (7/1243), and that of PE was 0.4% (5/1243). The current questionnaire surveillance has suggested that the management strategies for the prevention of VTE by anticoagulation in COVID-19 could widely vary according to institutions, and the number of patients diagnosed as VTE in COVID-19 in Japan was quite small compared with reports from other countries. Further studies, including cohort/registry-based studies, are warranted to confirm these results.
Keywords: COVID-19, venous thromboembolism, prevention, anticoagulation
COVID-19 and Venous Thromboembolism
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which has become a huge threat worldwide as a pandemic.1,2) COVID-19 is a viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the main pathophysiology is a respiratory infectious disease, and COVID-19 could also cause cardiovascular complications.3,4) Coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19 has been reported,5) which could lead to thromboembolic complications.6) In particular, several studies reported high prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE), in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.7–9) In addition, a recent autopsy study reported that more than half of the patients with COVID-19 had VTE, and some of them died because of PE.10) Thus, patients with COVID-19 have been recognized as being at a high risk for VTE.
Prevention of VTE in COVID-19
On the basis of the concept of the high risk for VTE in patients with COVID-19, the primary prevention of VTE in COVID-19, including anticoagulation, has been drawing attention. Some studies reported that the use of anticoagulation was associated with reduced mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19,11,12) suggesting the potential benefit of anticoagulation for the prevention of thromboembolism in the management of COVID-19. In line with these reports, several consensus statements have recommended systematic pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in all patients who require hospital admission for COVID-19.13,14) However, optimal strategies for the prevention of VTE in COVID-19 still remain unknown, which can be revealed through several ongoing randomized clinical trials in the near future (NCT04345848, NCT04344756, NCT04359277, NCT04362085, NCT04367831, NCT04377997, NCT04394377, and NCT04373707).
The Risk of VTE and Bleeding with Anticoagulation in Asians
Historically, VTE has been considered a relatively uncommon disease among Asian populations. Some previous studies suggested lower incidences of VTE in Asian population compared with Caucasian population.15–18) Ethnic differences, distinct resource availability, and treatment patterns may have notable implications in the presentation of VTE. In addition, there is a concern that anticoagulation might be associated with a higher risk of bleeding particularly in Asians than in Caucasians. In fact, previous studies have shown markedly higher rates of major bleeding in Asian patients than in non-Asian patients receiving anticoagulation for conditions such as atrial fibrillation.19,20) Thus, it is important to take a good balance between the risk of thrombosis and bleeding with consideration of the ethnic difference.
VTE in COVID-19 in Japan
Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of data on the current status of VTE in patients with COVID-19 in Japan. In the first place, the incidence of VTE in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 is completely unclear in Japan. Furthermore, although some institutions in Japan might have developed management strategies for anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19, the current management strategies in each institution have been unclear. These issues could be critically important to explore the establishment for optimal strategies for the prevention of VTE by anticoagulation in Japan.
Very recently, in a collaborative effort with the Japanese Society of Phlebology (JSP) and Japanese Society of Pulmonary Embolism Research (JaSPER), a questionnaire surveillance for COVID-19 and VTE was conducted, which revealed the current status of the management strategies for anticoagulation in each institution and estimated incidence of VTE in Japan. In July 2020, a questionnaire regarding management strategies for anticoagulation in each institution, the number of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, and the number of patients who developed VTE after diagnosis of COVID-19 from March 2020 to June 2020 was distributed among the members of JSP and JaSPER through e-mails. The data were collected from each institution using an electronic report form in a web-based database system. The current questionnaire surveillance was approved by the ethics committee of Kuwana City Medical Center (Approval number: 2020-168).
A total of 837 institutions were included, and the total response rate was 9.2% (77/837), which included 32% of university hospitals (25/77) and 42% of certified institutions for infectious diseases (32/77). Among 77 institutions, only 16 institutions had specific recommendations for the prevention of VTE with anticoagulation, and the rest of the institutions (79%) did not have specific recommendations (Fig. 1), which suggest that decision-making was left to the discretion of the doctors in charge. In the questionnaire surveillance, a total of 1243 patients with COVID-19 among 77 institutions were evaluated, and 7 patients had VTE, which consisted of 5 PE (Fig. 2). The incidence rate of VTE was 0.6% (7/1243), and that of PE was 0.4% (5/1243). Even if only patients with COVID-19 in certified institutions for infectious diseases (N=32) were evaluated, the incidence rate of VTE was 0.7% (5/713), and that of PE was 0.4% (3/713), which seemed to be almost consistent with the main results.
Fig. 1 The specific recommendation for the primary prevention of VTE by anticoagulation according to each institution.
ICU: intensive care unit, VTE: venous thromboembolism
Fig. 2 Total number of VTE among all patients.
VTE: venous thromboembolism
The current questionnaire surveillance has suggested that management strategies for the prevention of VTE by anticoagulation in COVID-19 could wildly vary according to institutions, and the number of patients diagnosed as VTE in COVID-19 in Japan was quite small compared with reports from other countries. It has been unknown whether these results suggest the under-diagnosis of VTE in COVID-19 or actual lower prevalence of VTE in Japan. Furthermore, there might be many factors influencing the current results, including the severity of COVID-19 (target population) and the status of prevention by anticoagulation. Further studies, including cohort/registry-based studies, are warranted to confirm these results. Currently, a registry-based study focusing on patients assessed by imaging examinations is ongoing (UMIN000042235: Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19 in Japan Study).
Current Status of Anticoagulation Therapy in Japan
Another important issue is that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is recommended for the prevention and treatment of VTE in Western countries, although the use of LMWH is not covered by Japanese national insurance, except for specific conditions such as the primary prevention of VTE after surgery, and unfractionated heparin (UFH) is used in Japan. The advantages of LMWH over UFH include less injections and less heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thus, most patients in Western countries are given LMWH as the first choice. The clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of VTE in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis states that a universal strategy of routine thromboprophylaxis with standard-dose UFH or LMWH should be used after careful assessment of bleeding risk, with LMWH as the preferred agent. Although the primary prevention of VTE by anticoagulation also seems to be recommended in Japan, the optimal types, and intensity of anticoagulants remain uncertain in daily clinical practice. Considering the uncertainty in VTE in COVID-19 and anticoagulation in Japan, further research is strongly and urgently needed in the near future to clarify the risk of VTE and optimal management strategies for the primary prevention of VTE.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the support and collaboration of the Japanese Society of Phlebology (JSP) and the Japanese Society of Pulmonary Embolism Research (JaSPER) through the current questionnaire surveillance.
Disclosure Statement (COI)
All authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Author Contributions
Study conception: all authors
Data collection: YY
Analysis: YY
Investigation: all authors
Writing: YY
Critical review and revision: all authors
Final approval of the article: all authors
Accountability for all aspects of the work: all authors
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