Table 4.
Daily energy, energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, and diet quality score by latent classes.
| Variables | “Evening Dominant Pattern” (n = 4887) |
“Noon Dominant Pattern” (n = 2479) |
“Morning Dominant Pattern” (n = 1360) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy and Nutrient Intakes 1 | ||||
| Energy, kcal | 2094.63 (10.06) a | 1997.50 (14.10) b | 1895.06 (19.07) c | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, g | 241.16 (0.99) c | 257.52 (1.39) b | 271.70 (1.88) a | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, EI% | 48.04 (0.17) c | 51.32 (0.24) b | 53.48 (0.33) a | <0.001 |
| Total fat, g | 84.82 (0.44) a | 79.70 (0.61) b | 74.34 (0.83) c | <0.001 |
| Total fat, EI% | 37.29 (0.17) a | 34.96 (0.24) b | 33.29 (0.32) c | <0.001 |
| Protein, g | 70.16 (0.27) a | 66.90 (0.38) b | 65.00 (0.51) c | <0.001 |
| Protein, EI% | 14.02 (0.05) a | 13.35 (0.07) b | 12.88 (0.10) c | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g | 12.46 (0.11) b | 12.55 (0.16) a,b | 13.15 (0.21) a | 0.016 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 93.00 (2.20) a | 82.33 (3.09) b | 81.70 (4.19) b | 0.005 |
| Calcium, mg | 375.88 (2.76) | 369.57 (3.86) | 369.50 (5.24) | 0.323 |
| Iron, mg | 22.14 (0.14) | 22.40 (0.19) | 21.87 (0.26) | 0.255 |
| Zinc, mg | 11.02 (0.04) a | 10.41 (0.06) b | 10.46 (0.07) b | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mg | 4659.45 (100.10) | 4835.83 (140.18) | 5083.83 (190.06) | 0.129 |
| Potassium, mg | 1711.98 (8.87) a | 1664.58 (12.42) b | 1658.83 (16.85) b | 0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg | 966.00 (3.19) | 959.28 (4.47) | 961.88 (6.06) | 0.461 |
| Diet Quality Score 2 | ||||
| CDGI (2019)-A score | 50.93 (0.14) b | 51.72 (0.20) a | 50.67 (0.27) b | <0.001 |
1 Values are means (standard error) adjusted for age, gender, education level, geographic region, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, household per capita income, urbanicity index, and total energy intake. Different superscript letters indicate significant t-test pairwise comparisons of the mean, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, between latent classes (p < 0.05). Nutrient intakes were adjusted for total energy intake by the nutrient residual model. Different superscript letters indicate significant t-test pairwise comparisons, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, between latent classes (p < 0.05). 2 CDGI (2019)-A, China Dietary Guidelines Index for Chinese adults according to Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016. Means (standard error) adjusted for age, gender, education level, geographic region, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, household per capita income, urbanicity index, and total energy intake. Different superscript letters (a, b, c) indicate significant t-test pairwise comparisons, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, between latent classes (p < 0.0167). a, b, c represent latent classes with the highest, medium, respectively, lowest mean values.