Figure 1.

Purification and characterization of ginseng root-derived extracellular vesicles (GrEVs). (a) Purifying EVs from ginseng roots using sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation and density gradient ultracentrifugation. The GrEV fraction was located between the 0.8 M sucrose and the 2 M sucrose layers after sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation and was further purified using an iodixanol density gradient. Fraction 3 (F3; density purified GrEVs) with a density of 1.01–1.15 g/cm³ was collected and characterized biophysically. (b) Representative cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of density purified GrEVs (left) and a size distribution based on individual cryo-EM images (right). Scale bars, 200 nm. (c) Representative bio-TEM images. Scale bars, 1 µm for low magnification; 100 nm for high magnification. TEM, transmission EM. (d) The size distribution of GrEVs was analyzed by dynamic light scattering. PDI, polydispersity index.