Table 3.
Average number and cost (± standard error) of pesticide sprays per season in participating orchards. Commercial orchards located at Franklin, Hemmingford, Oka and Rougemont from 1978 to 2001 (Phase 1) and at Dunham, Franklin, Hemmingford, Oka, Saint-Joseph, Compton and Sainte-Famille from 2002 to 2019 (Phase 2). Phase 1: average from 1977–2001. Phase 2: average from 2002–2019. OVERALL: average from 1977–2019. Costs calculated from average price of pesticides published annually by the Apple Pest Warning Service (Table S1). N/A data not available.
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Insecticides | Acaricides | Fungicides 1 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number 2 | Cost 2 | Number 2 | Cost 3 | Number 2 | Cost 3 | |||||||||
| 1978 | 4.3 | ±0.6 | 254.87 | ±33.1 | 1.5 | ±0.3 | 160.59 | ±27.2 | 11.8 | ±1.4 | 490.77 | ±56.7 | ||
| 1979 | 5.3 | ±1.1 | 270.66 | ±30.2 | 1.3 | ±0.3 | 142.94 | ±10.8 | 10.0 | ±2.0 | 420.04 | ±53.5 | ||
| 1980 | 5.0 | ±1.1 | 333.05 | ±72.6 | 1.5 | ±0.5 | 206.55 | ±21.6 | 8.8 | ±1.7 | 522.11 | ±75.0 | ||
| 1981 | 2.7 | ±0.7 | 206.88 | ±70.9 | 1.1 | ±0.3 | 162.31 | ±49.6 | 9.9 | ±1.2 | 550.8 | ±164.7 | ||
| 1982 | 3.7 | ±0.4 | 311.56 | ±60.7 | 1.1 | ±0.3 | 153.05 | ±35.2 | 12.3 | ±1.2 | 648.76 | ±106.2 | ||
| 1983 | 3.3 | ±0.8 | 270.62 | ±77.0 | 1.5 | ±0.3 | 224.43 | ±34.8 | 14.6 | ±1.1 | 740.7 | ±71.5 | ||
| 1984 | 4.2 | ±0.0 | 376.18 | ±17.2 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 223.21 | ±48.3 | 8.8 | ±0.5 | 594.2 | ±87.6 | ||
| 1985 | 3.5 | ±1.3 | 306.42 | ±95.7 | 1.5 | ±0.7 | 245.22 | ±96.7 | 10.6 | ±0.8 | 742.31 | ±73.2 | ||
| 1986 | 2.9 | ±0.4 | 242.00 | ±56.1 | 0.9 | ±0.1 | 118.22 | ±43.1 | 13 | ±0.3 | 749.38 | ±45.8 | ||
| 1987 | 2.6 | ±1.6 | 199.73 | ±154.6 | 2.5 | ±1.5 | 327.57 | ±186.0 | 15 | ±2.7 | 797.27 | ±225.8 | ||
| 1988 | 2.7 | ±0.1 | 191.93 | ±32.6 | 1.5 | ±0.3 | 169.98 | ±40.0 | 9.9 | ±0.7 | 597.19 | ±82.2 | ||
| 1989 | 3 | ±0.5 | 219.28 | ±46.0 | 1.6 | ±0.7 | 247.43 | ±106.4 | 7.4 | ±1.7 | 396.66 | ±106.7 | ||
| 1990 | 4 | ±1.0 | 313.78 | ±68.5 | 2.4 | ±0.8 | 328.77 | ±144.7 | 9.3 | ±1.2 | 576.86 | ±97.4 | ||
| 1991 | 2.8 | ±0.2 | 204.66 | ±18.8 | 2.2 | ±0.4 | 349.00 | ±68.0 | 10.4 | ±1.6 | 614.93 | ±92.5 | ||
| 1992 | N/A | 285.44 | ±58.0 | 2.1 | ±0.2 | 352.13 | ±49.4 | N/A | 852.39 | ±172.7 | ||||
| 1993 | 3.2 | ±0.3 | 312.73 | ±40.2 | 1.5 | ±0.1 | 281.67 | ±35.6 | 6.8 | ±0.8 | 598.35 | ±106.3 | ||
| 1994 | 3 | ±0.4 | 207.06 | ±46.9 | 1.7 | ±0.1 | 238.34 | ±29.6 | 5.7 | ±0.5 | 480.5 | ±55.9 | ||
| 1995 | 2.6 | ±0.3 | 181.52 | ±19.2 | 2.5 | ±0.3 | 470.32 | ±59.2 | 8.8 | ±1.3 | 797.31 | ±208.6 | ||
| 1996 | 3.1 | ±0.6 | 189.09 | ±36.8 | 2.2 | ±0.2 | 353.89 | ±50.4 | 10.5 | ±1.8 | 723.36 | ±132.5 | ||
| 1997 | 3.4 | ±0.6 | 205.10 | ±90.8 | 1.3 | ±0.3 | 393.33 | ±123.8 | 10.2 | ±2.4 | 693.6 | ±163.4 | ||
| 1998 | 3.5 | ±0.7 | 215.13 | ±30.0 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 259.09 | ±91.6 | 6.6 | ±1.1 | 325.09 | ±50.6 | ||
| 1999 | 4.5 | ±0.1 | 356.84 | ±51.0 | 1.7 | ±0.1 | 394.58 | ±57.4 | 7.5 | ±1.2 | 454.18 | ±65.4 | ||
| 2000 | 4.6 | ±0.8 | 401.38 | ±86.1 | 2 | ±0.3 | 464.65 | ±99.2 | 9.6 | ±1.7 | 631.16 | ±58.5 | ||
| 2001 | 5.4 | ±0.8 | 362.70 | ±31.0 | 2.2 | ±0.3 | 604.00 | ±98.2 | 16.0 | ±2.9 | 847.28 | ±149.6 | ||
| Phase 1 | 3.6 | ±0.2 | 267.44 | ±13.7 | 1.67 | ±0.1 | 286.30 | ±24.7 | 10.2 | ±0.6 | 618.55 | ±29.8 | ||
| 2002 | 3.6 | ±0.6 | 299.86 | ±54.3 | 1.3 | ±0.3 | 310.07 | ±58.2 | 18.6 | ±2.7 | 1107.61 | ±106.9 | ||
| 2003 | 3.2 | ±0.7 | 260.62 | ±58.5 | 1.7 | ±0.4 | 333.43 | ±95.4 | 16.8 | ±2.4 | 971.85 | ±99.5 | ||
| 2004 | 3.6 | ±0.6 | 245.59 | ±56.6 | 1.0 | ±0.2 | 174.90 | ±42.0 | 15.9 | ±2.1 | 855.43 | ±91.0 | ||
| 2005 | 3.5 | ±0.7 | 240.82 | ±42.8 | 1.6 | ±0.3 | 361.98 | ±64.0 | 14.1 | ±2.0 | 732.15 | ±96.8 | ||
| 2006 | 3.2 | ±0.8 | 258.32 | ±52.1 | 1.2 | ±0.2 | 214.76 | ±45.7 | 16.4 | ±2.9 | 799.42 | ±135.3 | ||
| 2007 | 4.9 | ±1.4 | 327.41 | ±79.7 | 1.2 | ±0.3 | 259.86 | ±70.9 | 14.5 | ±1.5 | 762.96 | ±104.6 | ||
| 2008 | 4.1 | ±0.7 | 328.84 | ±55.2 | 1.6 | ±0.3 | 313.92 | ±62.6 | 14.3 | ±1.1 | 866.18 | ±108.6 | ||
| 2009 | 3.6 | ±0.6 | 368.03 | ±55.7 | 1.6 | ±0.2 | 419.82 | ±65.0 | 16.8 | ±1.4 | 1565.96 | ±226.5 | ||
| 2010 | 4.8 | ±0.5 | 422.97 | ±39.2 | 1.4 | ±0.3 | 302.05 | ±76.6 | 14.8 | ±1.5 | 1040.86 | ±199.2 | ||
| 2011 | 4.1 | ±0.7 | 355.19 | ±60.0 | 1.9 | ±0.3 | 394.57 | ±72.6 | 16.5 | ±1.9 | 1213.42 | ±228.6 | ||
| 2012 | 4.1 | ±0.4 | 374.43 | ±44.3 | 1.4 | ±0.2 | 295.53 | ±45.1 | 17.9 | ±1.7 | 1339.37 | ±119.9 | ||
| 2013 | 5.1 | ±0.7 | 506.33 | ±106.3 | 1.2 | ±0.2 | 224.54 | ±36.9 | 17.6 | ±1.6 | 1321.09 | ±117.8 | ||
| 2014 | 4.7 | ±0.7 | 540.13 | ±128.1 | 1.6 | ±0.2 | 302.26 | ±52.0 | 12.8 | ±2.6 | 863.36 | ±197.9 | ||
| 2015 | 5.1 | ±0.9 | 573.48 | ±93.6 | 1.8 | ±0.3 | 306.24 | ±40.6 | 15.7 | ±1.9 | 1050.60 | ±186.4 | ||
| 2016 | 4.4 | ±0.8 | 658.51 | ±91.3 | 1.3 | ±0.2 | 275.43 | ±51.1 | 14.5 | ±2.8 | 1037.99 | ±203.5 | ||
| 2017 | 4.5 | ±0.6 | 667.77 | ±94.9 | 1.2 | ±0.2 | 247.28 | ±43.8 | 17.7 | ±1.5 | 1009.71 | ±120.0 | ||
| 2018 | 4.9 | ±1.7 | 782.67 | ±134.5 | 1.3 | ±0.3 | 280.73 | ±59.5 | 13.9 | ±1.5 | 781.82 | ±93.8 | ||
| 2019 | 4.5 | ±0.9 | 733.76 | ±112.0 | 1.2 | ±0.2 | 213.86 | ±39.8 | 14.9 | ±2.0 | 787.62 | ±121.0 | ||
| Phase 2 | 4.2 | ±0.2 | 441.40 | ±42.0 | 1.4 | ±0.1 | 290.60 | ±15.0 | 15.8 | ±0.4 | 1006.00 | ±54.8 | ||
| OVERALL | 3.9 | ±0.1 | 342.00 | ±23.5 | 1.6 | ±0.1 | 288.20 | ±15.4 | 12.6 | ±0.6 | 784.60 | ±41.4 | ||
1 including bactericides used against some diseases; 2 each application done on the whole orchard using the recommended dose correspond to one application. Sprays applied as mixtures (e.g., fungicide and insecticide) were assigned to their corresponding categories. 3 pesticides only, expressed in 2019 constant CAD, based on agricultural price indexes for Quebec, Fresh Fruit category, published annually by Statistics Canada.