Table 1.
Proteins that play roles in MAMs structure and function regulation.
| Functions in MAMs | Proteins | Other Functions |
|---|---|---|
| α-Synuclein | Unknown | |
| CypD | Regulation of MPTP [121] | |
| DJ-1 | Antioxidant stress, chaperon activity, transcriptional regulation, degradation of proteins [122] | |
| FATE1 | Tolerance to cellular stress [123] | |
| FUNDC1 | Acts as mitophagy receptor [124] | |
| Structure maintenance | NogoB | Regulation of ER morphology [69] |
| PERK | Participating in ERS [125] | |
| PDK4 | Regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function [126] | |
| Presenilin-2 | Involved in cell adhesion, apoptosis and several cell-signaling processes [127] | |
| TDP-43 and FUS | RNA processing and transportation [128] | |
| TG2 | Modification of proteins [63] | |
| TpMs | Unknown | |
| Akt | Regulation of cell growth and differentiation [129] | |
| Bcl2 | Regulation of apoptosis [13] | |
| Bcl-xl | Regulation of apoptosis [13] | |
| Bok | Regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial fusion/fission [130] | |
| BRCA1 | A tumor suppressor, repair of DNA damage [107,131] | |
| Caveolin-1 | Participating in the regulation of the cell cycle and cellular senescence, proliferation and invasion, cell death as well as membrane composition, lipid homeostasis and metabolism [132] | |
| ERO1α | Protein folding [133] | |
| MCL1 | Regulation of apoptosis [13] | |
| Regulating function of IP3Rs |
mTORC2 | Participating in multiple cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation [134] |
| NCS1 and WFS1 | Contributing to the maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis and regulation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways [135]; regulation of ER stress signaling [108] | |
| PML | Functions as a tumor suppressor and also involved in multiple cellular activities [136] | |
| PTEN | Tumor suppressor and metabolic regulator [137] | |
| Ras | Participating in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, and metabolism [138] | |
| Sig1-R | Regulation of ER stress, function of mitochondria, and oxidative stress, etc., [139] | |
| Tespa1 | signaling molecule in thymocyte development [140] | |
| Bcl2 | Regulation of apoptosis [13] | |
| CHOP | Participating in ER stress and apoptosis regulation [141] | |
| Regulating function of SERCAs | ERO1α and SEPN1 | Regulation of protein folding and secretion and inhibiting apoptosis, and regulates tumor progression [142]; regulation of oxidative stress [143] |
| P53 | Multiple roles in cellular activities [144] | |
| PMX1 | Participating in protein folding [116,145] | |
| S1Ts | Variants of SERCA1 [119,120] |