Table 1.
Animal models supplemented with food ingredients; the main beneficial outcomes in the immunity system and the after-effect alterations in intestinal microbiota.
| Type of Compound | DietarySupplement | Animal Model | Outcomes In Immune System | Outcomes in Microbiota | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prebiotics | Propolis | STZ-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (T2DM), male | 240 mg/kg propolis led to lower FBG levels. Insulin resistance reduced after propolis treatment. Propolis treatment could repair the intestinal mucosal injury |
Overall structure of the gut microbiota in diabetic rats was shifted toward that in normal rats. Lactobacillus genera were predominant in the control and propolis treatment groups. Significant down regulation of the abundances of Blautia, Fusicatenibacter and ClostridiumXlVa in the model group. |
[115] |
| High fat diet group supplemented with pistachio nuts | C57BL/6J (B6), male | Decreased amounts of TNF-α and IL-1βin serum (HFD-P vs HFD). Inflammatory foci, IL-1β, CCL-2 gene expression were lower in the liver of HFD-P vs HFD. Improvement of inflammation in obese mice. |
Lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in HFD-P vs HFD/ Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus and Anaeroplasma increased with pistachio. Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus and Biophila reduced with pistachio supplementation. |
[116] | |
| Pistachio nuts | STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats (T1DM), male | - | Elevated levels of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in jejunum, ileum and cecum of diabetic animals. Increased fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts and decreased enterococci after 4 weeks of pistachio diet (in healthy and diabetic animals). |
[117] | |
| Whole grain barley / barley malt | Wistar rats, male | - | Lower Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes increased Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, after barley supplementation. Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Biophila, Turicibacter, Roseburia higher after barley malt intake. |
[118] | |
| Corn starch diet with chlorogenic acid | Wistar rats, male | Decreased inflammation and fat deposition in the liver along with reduced plasma liver enzyme activities of obese rats. | Increased diversity of gut microbiota. Rats showed decreased abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacteriodetes with increased abundance of Firmicutes. |
[119] | |
| Taro starch, beet juice, L. plantarum IS-10506 | STZ-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats (T1DM), male | - | The RA of these six OTUs, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Prevotella 9, an unknown species of the Prevotellaceae family, Prevotellaceae UCG-001 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Ruminococcus 1 were all increased after starch feeding. | [121] | |
| Probiotics | L. plantarum (probiotic), inulin (prebiotic) or in combination (symbiotic) | STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats (T2DM), male | Improvement of oxidative stress status in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychological improvement.Cognitive impairment is reversed after symbiotic administration. |
Probiotic and synbiotic treatment led to increase of Firmicutes phylum and in Lactobacillales family, while Clostridiales and Bacteroidales were decreased. | [127] |
| VSL#3 containing Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Streptococcus thermophilus, alone or in combination with Retinoic Acid. | Nod mice | Protection from diabetes progression Reduced degree of insulitis in histological examination. Inhibition of IL-1β expression. Enhancement of indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-33. |
Increased Lactobacillacae, clostridia and Rikenellaceae after VSL#3 treatment. Decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes strain S24-7. |
[128] | |
| L. rhamnosus BSL and L. rhamnosus R23 | STZ-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (T2DM), male | Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was significantly reduced after probiotic administration. Improved glucose tolerance and glucose control after probiotic administration. Decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC) |
Increased LAB levels after 30 days of probiotic supplementation | [130] | |
| L. paracasei subsp. paracasei G15 and/or L. casei Q14 isolated from dairy food alone or in combination with metformin | STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats in high-fat diet (T2DM), male | Restored glucose intolerance in all treatment groups after 6 weeks. FBG decreased after 13 weeks in all treatment groups. Probiotics reduced plasma LPS. The lactobacillus and metformin treatments significantly reduced both IL-1β and IL-8 levels. |
Separated clustering of microbiota in each group. Microbiota of group supplemented with L. casei Q14 was located near the healthy group. |
[131] | |
| L. paracasei subsp. paracasei G15 and/or L. casei Q14 isolated from dairy food | STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats in high-fat diet (T2DM), male | Restored glucose tolerance and suppressed total cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) level, after 6 weeks of probiotic administration. Hyperinsulinemia was ameliorated with insulin and glucagon levels being lower after probiotic ingestion. |
Abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,Clostridiumleptum, Bacteroides, Prevotella, were increased after probiotic treatment. | [132] | |
| L.casei CCFM419 | STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice in high-fat diet (T2DM), male | Ingestion of L. casei CCFM419 led to lower FBG, reduced 2-h postprandial blood glucose. Improved insulin sensitivity by decreased fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value. Decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and IL-10. Reduced LDL-C and increased HDL-C levels. |
The abundance of Allobaculum and Bacteriodes were increased after probiotic treatment. Decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes. |
[133] | |
| L. casei | STZ-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats in high-fat sucrose diet (HFS) (T2DM), male |
L. casei reduced the endotoxin LPS production induced by STZ. L. casei Zhang ingestion prevents from the onset and development of glycemia in both fasting and postprandial 2 h blood glucose levels and OGTT levels. Inhibition of pro inflammatory cytokines (IFN-c and TNF-α) after probiotic administration. |
Caecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were more abundant in probiotic-treated rats in HFS diet than the plain HFS group. Higher C. coccoides–E.rectale group and C. scindens members in HFS than the probiotic HFS and control rats. |
[134] | |
| L. rhamnosus CCFM0528 | STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice in high-fat diet (T2DM), male | Amelioration of insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, FBG and postprandial 2-h blood glucose. Decreased TNF-α and IL-6. Increased GLP-1. |
Increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes.Increased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Allobaculum and Bacteroides. |
[135] | |
| Fermented products | Green loofah L. cylindrica homogenate (LH) and fermentedLH (FL) with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Uruma-SU1 and L. plantarum Uruma-SU4, isolated from algal beach casts. | male Kwl: ddY mice in high-fat diet | TC, LDL-C, and the ratio LDL-C/HDL-C were lower after FL. | Caecal L. johnsonii and C. disporicum were increased through the consumption of fermented loofah. | [123] |
| Fermented milk by inoculation of skim milkwith probiotic cultures (L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 and L. rhamnosus GG) at 1% (v/v) | STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats in high-fat diet (T2DM), male | L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 supplementation decreased expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 genes, increased mRNA of the adiponectin gene. LGG and L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 decreased FGB levels. Lower insulin levels after probiotic treatment. |
Both probiotic treatments increased the population of total bacteria. HFD + L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 group had higher populations of Eubacterium rectale-C. coccoides, Bacteroides, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. |
[124] | |
| Non dairy fermented food product | Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, male | Decreased glucose absorption in treated group. Decreased blood glucose with the FFP. |
Enriched microbial diversity after FFP administration. Increased Firmicutes, Saturella, Proteus, Alistipes, Anaerococcus in FFP group and Streptococcacae, Anaerococcus and Streptococcus, Barnesiella and Blautia in control group. |
[125] | |
| Mixed fermentation by L. fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to enhance DNJ extraction efficiency from mulberry leaves | STZ-induced diabetic Kunming mice, male | - | Relieved gut dysbiosis in diabetic mice by promoting the growth of Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Oscillibacter, Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, and Bifidobacterium. | [126] | |
| Other products | Corn starch tea (instant or matcha) | Kunming mice, female | Particularly increased levels of Coriobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, and decreased Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. | [120] | |
| Human milk | Nod mice, female | Prevention of diabetes onset and progression. | Elevated fecal Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia by human milk. Cecal B. fragilis and E. coli lower after HM.Higher cecal and colonic B. vulgatus by human milk intake. |
[122] |