Table 1.
Results of the main cross-sectional studies examining the association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and cardiovascular (CV) risk.
| Cross-Sectional Studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Study Population | Main Findings | OD/HR/r and p Value |
| Khera A.V. et al., 2011 [37] | 203 healthy volunteers; 442 patients with and 351 without angiographically confirmed CAD |
HDL CEC was a strong inverse predictor of CAD also after adjustment for HDL-C 1or apoA-I levels 2 |
1 OR: 0.75; p = 0.002 2 OR: 0.75; p = 0.002 |
| Ishikawa T. et al., 2015 [60] | 182 patients with and 72 without CAD; | HDL CEC, but not HDL-C or apoA-I levels, was a significant predictor of CAD. | OR: 0.23; p = 0.037 |
| Ogura M. et al., 2016 [61] | 227 HeFH patients of which 76 had ASCVD | Increased HDL CEC was associated with decreased risk of ASCVD even after the addition of HDL-C level as a covariate and after adjustment for age, sex and traditional CV risk factors | OR: 0.95; p < 0.05 |
| Thakkar H. et al., 2020 [64] | 150 ACS patients; 110 controls | HDL CEC was associated with a higher OR of ACS even after adjustment for confounding factors. | OR: 0.49; p = 0.006 |
| Favari E. et al., 2013 [65] | 167 healthy subjects | ABCA1-dependent CEC was inversely correlated with PWV | r = −0.183; p = 0.018 |
| Vigna G. B. et al., 2014 [66] | 20 subjects with HAL; 20 controls |
ABCG1-CEC was directly correlated with the FMD | r = 0.377; p < 0.05 |
| Josefs T. et al., 2020 [71] | 574 subjects from CODAM cohort with T2DM and CVD | HDL CEC was not associated with either markers of atherosclerosis cIMT and EnD, nor with CVD or CVE | p = 0.332 |
| Li X.M. et al., 2013 [70] | Cohort A: Stable Angiographic Case—Control Cohort (n = 1150); Cohort B: Outpatient Case—Control Cohort (n = 577) |
Higher CEC was paradoxically associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction/stroke1 and major adverse CVE2 |
1 HR: 2.19 2 HR: 1.85 |
ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; CEC: cholesterol efflux capacity; CV: cardiovascular; CVD: CV disease; CVE: CV event; EnD: endothelial dysfunction; FMD: flow mediated dilation; HAL: hyperalphalipoproteinemia HDL: high density lipoprotein; PWV: pulse wave velocity; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.