Abstract
Background:
This study was done to determine the role of common variables, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), rhinosinusitis, and smoking among a group of asthmatic and severe asthmatic patients in 2016.
Materials and Methods:
This retrospective study was carried out from mid-June to the end of September 2016. Of 678 patients with asthma referred to private asthma clinics in Tehran, 163 subjects were selected. Severe asthma (SA) cases were diagnosed according to the SA definition (severe shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, and coughing or wheezing, low peak expiratory flow (PEF) using a peak flow meter, and more than two days of wheezing and coughing per week). Patients with the presence of concomitant diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleep apnea, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, as well as users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were excluded.
According to the signs and symptoms and classic criteria of asthma, the subjects with SA were assigned to the case group and subjects with asthma to the control group. Besides, general information, including age, gender, BMI, smoking history, and the presence of Rhinosinusitis was collected.
Results:
Of 163 subjects, 92 patients (56.4%) were in the control, and 71 patients (43.6%) in the case group. The rate of SA among 678 patients was 10.47%. The mean age of the case group was 49.08 ±11.66 and the control group was 50.05 ±15.65 years. There was a significant difference in BMI between the case and control groups (p=0.034), especially among females in the case group (p=0.001). BMI was significantly higher in females than in males (p=0.002). Also, smoking status was not significant between the case and control groups (p=0.751). Rhinosinusitis was significantly higher in the case groups compared with the control groups (p= .014).
Conclusion:
Rhinosinusitis was higher in SA patients (case group). SA was more observed among females than males and those who were more overweight. It seems that rhinosinusitis and obesity are more important risk factors. Moreover, obese female patients require more serious attention.
Keywords: Asthma, Prevalence, Age Groups, Gender Identity, Body Mass Index, Rhinosinusitis, Smoking
Introduction
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that is affected by environmental and hereditary factors. Severe asthma (SA) is difficult to treat and it seems that its rate is increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (1). Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) SA definition, SA is uncontrolled asthma, which can lead to frequent complications, including chronic illnesses, like lung function impairment or reduced lung growth in children (or even death) or side effects caused by used medications. SA consists of three groups with different public health messages and challenges: untreated SA due to undiagnosed asthma or a lack of access to treatment; difficult-to-treat SA (due to adherence issues, improper or incorrect use of medications, environmental triggers, or co-morbidity); and treatment-resistant SA, including asthma, for which control is not achieved in spite of the highest level of recommended treatment or asthma that is controlled using the highest level of recommended treatment (2,3).
On the other hand, SA is widely accepted as a heterogeneous disease, and the use of targeted biofeedback phenotypes has been effective in its treatment. AS is associated with factors, such as occupational exposure, personal smoking, obesity, female sex, eosinophil recurrent inflammation, nasal polyps and sinusitis, aspirin sensitivity, and respiratory tract infections (4–11). Genetic variation may interact with factors affecting lung function and asthma sensitivity and severity (11). The prevalence of asthma in countries Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) is 4.5–25.9% (12). The overall asthma prevalence was approximately 8% in Sweden (13). The prevalence of asthma in Asia is 3 – 7% and is expected to increase (14,15). Cigarette smoking caused more severe symptoms of asthma and a decline in lung function. The prevalence of SA among students in Ahwaz, Iran was 8.9% in the age group of SA occurs among a small 13–14 and 6.8% among those aged 6–7 years old (16). proportion of asthmatic patients; however, due to frequent severe exacerbations and persistence of symptoms, it is associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality and also higher cost and burden on the patient and the society.
Although the effects of risk factors on SA have previously been documented, more attention should be paid to the age, gender, body mass index (BMI), rhinosinusitis, and smoking risk factors. The present study aimed at determining the role of common variables, such as age, gender, BMI, rhinosinusitis, and smoking among a group of asthmatic and severe asthmatic patients in 2016 as well as shedding light on the most important risk factor among asthmatic patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study was carried from mid-June to the end of September 2016. Of 678 patients with asthma referring to the private asthma clinics in Tehran, 163 subjects with asthma were selected. In this study, we tried to investigate the role of common basic factors and indicators that are routinely gathered during clinical evaluation of asthmatic patients.
SA cases were diagnosed according to the SA definition (severe shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, coughing or wheezing, low peak expiratory flow (PEF) using a peak flow meter, and more than two days of wheezing and coughing per week). Patients with concomitant diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), sleep apnea, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, as well as users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were excluded.
All patients had the results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) para-nasal sinus x-ray. According to the signs and symptoms and classic criteria of asthma, the subjects with SA were assigned to the case group and subjects with asthma to the control group. The subjects’ information, including age, gender, BMI, smoking history, and presence of rhinosinusitis was collected.
Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version16 and are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous and frequencies (%) for categorical variables. Continuous variables were assessed using T-test, whereas categorical variables were measured by the Chi-square. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Various factors were considered to investigate the effect of factors affecting SA and were evaluated by regression analysis
RESULTS
A total of 163 subjects were studied, of whom 92 cases (56.4%) were in the control and 71 patients (43.6%) were in the case group. The rate of SA among the total population was 10.47%. Table 1 presents the distribution of the case and control groups. The Chi-square test showed no differences between the case and control groups regarding sex (p=0.509).
Table 1.
Distribution of case and control groups by sex
| Groups | Number (%) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | ||
| Control | 55(59.8%) | 37(40.2%) | 92(100%) |
| Case | 46(64.8%) | 25(35.2%) | 71(100%) |
| Total | 101(62.0%) | 62(38.0%) | 163(100.0%) |
According to the results of the t-test, there was a significant difference in BMI between the case and control groups (p=0.034) (Table 2) and the case group had a higher BMI.
Table 2.
Mean ±SD age and BMI among case and control groups
| Groups | Number | Mean ±SD | Std. Error Mean | P. Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Control | 92 | 50.05 ±15.65 | 1.63129 | 0.651 |
| Case | 71 | 49.08 ±11.66 | 1.38412 | ||
| BMI | Control | 92 | 26.52 ±4.23 | 0.44550 | 0.034 |
| Case | 71 | 28.32 ±6.00 | 0.71236 | ||
The subjects (both genders) were homogenous regarding age; however, BMI was significantly higher in females than males (t-test, p=0.002) (Table 3) and the difference was more meaningful in the case group (p=0.001) (Table 4).
Table 3.
Mean ±SD age and BMI by sex
| Sex | Number | Mean ±SD | Std. Error Mean | P. Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Female | 101 | 49.31±13.43 | 1.3364 | 0.707 |
| Male | 62 | 50.16±15.02 | 1.9081 | ||
| BMI | Female | 101 | 28.26±5.23 | 0.5204 | 0.002 |
| Male | 62 | 25.74±4.61 | 0.5857 | ||
Table 4.
Mean ±SD BMI among case group by sex
| Case Group | Sex | Number | Mean ±SD | Std. Error Mean | P. Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | Female | 46 | 29.96±6.04 | 0.8901 | 0.001 |
| Male | 25 | 25.30±4.69 | 0.9397 |
There were no differences between smoking status between the case and control groups (Chi-square test, p=0.751) (Table 5).
Table 5.
Distribution of smoking status by sex among case and control groups
| Groups | Smoker | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non | Positive | Passive | Ex | Total | |||
| Control | Female | 44(80.0%) | 1(1.8%) | 9(16.4%) | 1(1.8%) | 55(100.0%) | |
| Male | 31(83.8%) | 0(0.0%) | 3(8.1%) | 3(8.1%) | 37(100.0%) | ||
| Total | 75(81.5%) | 1(1.1%) | 12(13.0%) | 4(4.3%) | 92(100.0%) | ||
| Case | Female | 35(76.1%) | 0(0.0%) | 10(21.7%) | 1(2.2%) | 46(100.0%) | |
| Male | 19(76.0%) | 2(8.0%) | 2(8.0%) | 2(8.0%) | 25(100.0%) | ||
| Total | 54(76.1%) | 2(2.8%) | 12(16.9%) | 3(4.2%) | 71(100.0%) | ||
Both case and control groups had rhinosinusitis; however, it was significantly more observed in the case groups (p= .014). There was no association between the studied variables and SA (Table 6).
Table 6.
Rhinitis status among case and control groups
| Groups | Rhinitis | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| Control | Female | 21(38.2%) | 34(61.8%) | 55(100.0%) |
| Male | 18(48.6%) | 19(51.4%) | 37(100.0%) | |
| Total | 39(42.4%) | 53(57.6%) | 92(100.0%) | |
| Case | Female | 7(15.2%) | 39(84.8%) | 46(100.0 %) |
| Male | 7(28.0%) | 18(72.0%) | 25(100.0 %) | |
| Total | 14(19.7%) | 57(80.3%) | 71(100.0 %) | |
| Total | 53(32.5%) | 110(67.5%) | 163(100.0%) | |
Logistic regression test showed that there were no differences between smoking, BMI, age, rhinosinusitis, marital status, and the number of children by considering sex as the reference group.
DISCUSSION
The obtained results showed that the rate of SA in the total population was 10.47%. The number of females was more than males and the prevalence of asthma among female adult cases was higher than males. Both groups were homogenous regarding age. BMI in females was significantly higher than males and this difference was more meaningful in the case group. There were no differences between smoking status between the case and control groups. Rhinosinusitis was more observed in the case group. Hekking et al. showed that in the Netherlands as a Western European country, 17.4% of asthmatic patients had difficult-to-control asthma, whereas a smaller proportion of 3.6% showed the criteria of severe refractory asthma (17). Also, 8.1% of a nationwide population of current patients with asthma was classified as severe asthmatic patients. Von Bülow et al. showed that among Danish adults, 8.1% of patients with asthma had SA (18). The prevalence of SA among school children (13–14 years old) in Ahvaz (Iran) was 9.8% (16).
Our findings were in line with other studies. We found that the prevalence of SA was higher among females. Zein and Erzurum showed that the overall prevalence of asthma was 12.7% in females and 11.4% in males. Other studies have also revealed that SA was more prevalent among the older population and females (19). Gibson et al. showed that in the elderly, more attention to asthma problems and obstructive airway disease is needed to provide effective care systems, appropriate clinical guidelines, and a research program resulting in improved health outcomes (20).
Female cases had a higher BMI than males. Jensen et al. showed that understanding the manifestations and mechanisms of asthma in childhood obesity in both genders will help direct clinical management and targeted therapeutic interventions (21). Barros et al. reported that the prevalence of asthma in obese subjects was more than in uncontrolled patients with normal BMI (22). In contrast with our findings, Chen et al. showed that sex was not associated with the disease course. Other risk factors may play a major role in asthmatic patients, which we were not investigated in this study and it was the weakness of the current study (23).
Although there was a significant difference in BMI in the studied groups, the association between the studied variables and SA was not observed and other variables may play a major role. Therefore, more studies are needed in this regard in the population of Iranian patients with asthma.
According to our results, the prevalence of active smoking in asthmatic individuals was low and patients with asthma refrain from smoking, which is significantly different from the general population of Iranian society. Also, women are more at because of their exposure to secondhand smoke from male smokers. McLeish et al. showed that improvements in lung functioning and asthma symptoms are associated with smoking cessation (24). Tobacco caused 33% of all male deaths at the ages of 25–69 years in Hong Kong in 1998. It has been shown that if current smoking patterns continue by 2030, cigarettes will cause 3 million deaths annually in the western world and 7 million deaths in the low- and middle-income countries (25).
Jha et al. showed that compared with people who have never smoked, smokers lose at least a decade of life expectancy. Quitting smoking before the age of 40 years could reduce the death rate up to 90% (26).
Rhinosinusitis was common in all patients; however, it was more prevalent among SA cases. Asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis are associated with an allergic airway, which is a common issue in pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment of asthma (27). Our findings were in line with other studies.
The WHO definition of SA should be applicable to low- and middle-income countries. Hence, complicated cases could be identified through global collaboration as databases of international biobanks. The number of cases and the lack of advanced molecular biological study in this group was one of the major limitations. Given the increasing global prevalence of asthma, observing more cases with SA can be expected. Therefore, the prevention of risk factors can be very effective in reducing mortality and associated costs of this disorder. Paying attention to women, especially women with SA, weight control, and reduction of BMI, avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke, and controlling rhinosinusitis could be simple but effective measures to reduce the risk of developing asthma. Thus, the high costs of treatment of this disorder, especially frequent admissions and precious drugs can be reduced.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of rhinosinusitis was more among SA patients (case groups). SA was observed more among females than males and those who were more overweight. It seems that rhinosinusitis and obesity are more important risk factors. Moreover, obese female patients require more serious attention.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the people for their participation in this study.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
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