The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented effects on healthcare delivery in the United States [1]. Healthcare, including the provision of mental health services, has had to accommodate a “new normal” with a shift to increased utilization of virtual care, and fluctuating access to community health services [2]. Utilization of emergency services have been significantly affected internationally [[3], [4], [5], [6], [7]].
To better understand the early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth and adults seeking care in a Psychiatric Emergency Services (PES) setting, this study aims to examine patterns of PES service utilization and assess various ramifications per patient report. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (HUM00180024) and did not utilize any funding. The study took place at a large Midwestern academic medical center PES in the United States. All patients that presented during the study time period (March 16, 2020-May 17, 2020) were included. Approximately 7000 patients are seen annually at the site and include both pediatric and adult populations.
The study consisted of two components:
-
1)
A retrospective analysis of visits to PES during the study period.
-
2)
A questionnaire addressing patients' experiences stemming from the pandemic.
For the retrospective analysis, a study initiation date of March 16, 2020 was selected – aligning with the start-date of the state's first official stay-at-home order – with observation continuing through May 17, 2020. Patient demographic, diagnostic, length of stay, and disposition information were derived from the medical record, then compared with analogous data from the two preceding years (2018 and 2019). Analyses were conducted using STATA version 15. Statistical analyses considering differences in patient profile, by year, were conducted using either chi-square tests (for proportions) Kruskall-Wallis Analysis of Variance (for mean comparisons).
The patient questionnaire was administered for 7 weeks starting on March 28, 2020. The survey was given to all patients presenting to the PES in the defined time period, with participation being optional. For pediatric patients, either they or their parent/guardian could answer the survey. Prior to analysis, all survey respondents were de-identified. Survey analyses, within the 2020 sample, consisted of between-group comparisons (respondents vs. non-respondents, adult vs. pediatric respondents, and parent vs. patient respondents) and were completed using chi-squared tests. Where appropriate (cell n < 5), Fisher's exact tests were substituted.
A breakdown of patient volumes and service utilization, by key features, are provided in Table 1 . Overall, the total number of patient visits in 2020 (766) was reduced by nearly half (46.9%) relative the previous year (2019 n = 1443) and 38% when compared to 2018 (n = 1238). These differences were driven, in part, by a significant drop in the proportion of pediatric patients seen in 2020 (27.4%), relative to 2018 (39.1%) and 2019 (34.9%); p < .001). Significant differences in dispositions were also evident, with a significantly higher proportion of PES patients being psychiatrically admitted (50.7%) in 2020, compared with 2018 (37.6%) and 2019 (37.9%; p < .001). Length of stay in the PES rose significantly in 2020, reaching a median of 8.52 h in 2020, relative to 5.93 and 5.07 h in 2018 and 2019, respectively. No meaningful differences in PES service utilization by gender, race/ethnicity, or insurance status (public vs private) emerged in cross-year comparisons.
Table 1.
PES utilization and patient demographics, by year.
| 2018 (n = 1238) | % | 2019 (n = 1443) | % | 2020 (n = 766) | % | Stat1 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 1.42 | 0.492 | ||||||
| Female | 670 | 54.1 | 814 | 56.4 | 423 | 55.2 | ||
| Male | 568 | 45.9 | 629 | 43.6 | 343 | 44.8 | ||
| Age | 28.5 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Pediatric | 484 | 39.1 | 502 | 34.8 | 210 | 27.4 | ||
| Adult | 754 | 60.9 | 941 | 65.2 | 556 | 72.6 | ||
| Ethnicity | 7.70 | 0.261 | ||||||
| White | 924 | 74.8 | 1082 | 75.1 | 540 | 70.9 | ||
| Black | 206 | 16.7 | 221 | 15.4 | 133 | 17.5 | ||
| Hispanic | 43 | 3.5 | 56 | 3.9 | 35 | 4.6 | ||
| Other | 63 | 5.1 | 81 | 5.6 | 54 | 7.1 | ||
| Insurance | 1.20 | 0.549 | ||||||
| Private | 852 | 68.8 | 1011 | 70.1 | 520 | 67.9 | ||
| Public | 386 | 31.2 | 432 | 29.9 | 246 | 32.1 | ||
| Disposition | 41.0 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Admit/ Transfer |
459 | 37.6 | 543 | 37.9 | 386 | 50.7 | ||
| Discharge | 762 | 62.4 | 891 | 62.1 | 376 | 49.3 | ||
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | ||||||
| Visit Length | 14.4 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Hours (Median) | 5.93 | 5.07 | 8.52 | |||||
Chi2 for proportions; Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum for mean comparisons.
Of the 566 patients seen in PES during the study period, 48.9% elected to complete the survey. An overview of the survey content, and aggregate responses, is presented in Table 2 . Almost a third (29%) of respondents indicated the pandemic had somewhat or definitely played a role in their (or their child's) visit. Most reported experiencing increased anxiety (70.6%) and depression (59.9%) attributable to COVID-19. Substantial increases in self-reported self-injurious behavior (21%), aggression (28.8%), interpersonal conflict (34.1%), and suicidality (35.1%) attributable to COVID-19 were also reported.
Table 2.
Survey responses on mental health and pandemic experience
| N | % Per Question, (N Variable)1 | % Per Respondents (N = 271)1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey Respondent1 | Parent | 93 | 35.6 | 34.3 |
| Parent | 168 | 64.4 | 62.0 | |
| Survey Questions | ||||
| Q1. What is your/your child's primary reason for seeking care today? | Medical | 7 | 2.9 | 2.6 |
| Mental | 187 | 77.6 | 69.0 | |
| Both | 47 | 19.5 | 17.3 | |
| Q2. Do you know anyone personally who has Coronavirus? | Yes | 25 | 9.4 | 9.2 |
| Q3. Do you think that the Coronavirus played a role in your/your child's visit today? | Not at all | 183 | 70.9 | 67.5 |
| Somewhat | 49 | 19.0 | 18.1 | |
| Definitely | 26 | 10.1 | 9.7 | |
| Q4. How do you think the Coronavirus has increased your/your child's symptoms? | More Anxiety | 149 | 70.6 | 55.0 |
| More Depression | 127 | 59.9 | 46.9 | |
| More Psychosis | 30 | 14.6 | 11.1 | |
| More Substance Abuse |
27 | 13.17 | 10.0 | |
| More Self-Injury | 43 | 21.0 | 15.9 | |
| More Aggression | 49 | 28.8 | 21.8 | |
| More Conflict | 71 | 34.1 | 26.2 | |
| More Obsessive- Compulsive |
44 | 21.4 | 16.2 | |
| More Suicidal | 73 | 35.1 | 26.9 | |
| No Change | 34 | 16.43 | 12.5 | |
| Q5. Has the Coronavirus caused any changes/closings of your/your child's mental health or other care providers? | No | 100 | 47.4 | 36.9 |
| Yes | 74 | 35.1 | 27.3 | |
| Not in Treatment | 37 | 17.5 | 13.7 | |
| Q6. If so, do you think the lack of access to care led to your/your child's need to come to the ER?2 | Yes | 29 | 42.65 | 10.7 |
| Q7. Did the Coronavirus delay your/your child's coming to the ER due to fears of getting exposed? | Yes | 47 | 22.1 | 17.3 |
| Q8. Has the Coronavirus affected you/your child in any other ways? | Fear | 85 | 47.2 | 31.4 |
| Inability | 109 | 59.6 | 40.2 | |
| Access | 24 | 14.0 | 8.9 | |
| Stress | 74 | 41.3 | 27.3 | |
| Childcare | 16 | 9.1 | 5.9 | |
| Structure | 101 | 57.1 | 37.3 | |
| Boredom | 110 | 62.2 | 40.6 | |
| Financial | 54 | 31.2 | 19.9 | |
| Socialize | 107 | 59.4 | 39.5 | |
Percentages may not sum to 100% due to missing values; Due to variability in response rates, by question, figures have been calculated and presented as both 1) proportion of respondents who answered the question and 2) proportion of total survey respondents. The larger the difference between the first and second columns, the larger the number of missing responses for a given question.
Q6 respondents are a subset of Q5 respondents.
Crucially, more than a third (35.1%) of respondents indicated reduced access to mental healthcare as a result of COVID-19. Of these, 42.7% indicated that these alterations had directly contributed to their need to seek emergency care, with others reporting delaying care due to fears of COVID-19 infection (22.1%).
Together, these findings demonstrate a significant and direct impact of the pandemic on psychiatric emergency service patient volumes and utilization, consistent with national and international reports regarding more general emergency settings [8,9]. The acuity of those who did present for PES care was higher, with a substantially greater percentage of patients requiring inpatient admission compared with previous years. It is possible that patients with less pressing issues preferred to avoid presenting to PES during this early phase of the pandemic. Lengths of stay in the PES were significantly higher during the study period, with difficulty admitting patients to inpatient psychiatric settings during the pandemic being a likely factor in delaying care and lengthening PES visits.
The pediatric population contributed to a notably smaller portion of PES visits during the study period, compared with prior years. The fact that schools were closed during the early part of the pandemic, but were open during the same period in 2018 and 2019 is notable. Whereas early in the pandemic school-related stressors may have declined, more family conflict and domestic abuse has resulted from extended lockdowns [10].
This study has several limitations. It is a single-site study, and its time frame did not allow for examination of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on PES patient symptomatology and utilization patterns later in the course of the pandemic. Further, our volunteer survey methodology - though essential for the population under study – has inherent limitations, extending from participation bias to respondent subjectivity, including the possibility that questions were interpreted in variable ways.
Data from this study demonstrates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient symptoms and utilization patterns in the PES setting. Further research is warranted to examine other diagnostic and clinical factors in PES impacted by the pandemic, the longer-term impacts of the pandemic on PES care, and the effects across multiple sites.
Disclosures
The authors report no proprietary or commercial interest in any product mentioned or concept discussed in this article.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Acknowledgments
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest or financial support to report.
References
- 1.Blumenthal D., Fowler E.J., Abrams M., Collins S.R. Covid-19 - implications for the health care system. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1483–1488. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Reilly S.E., Zane K.L., McCuddy W.T., et al. Mental health practitioners’ immediate practical response during the COVID-19 pandemic: observational questionnaire study. JMIR Ment Health. 2020;7(9):e21237. doi: 10.2196/21237. Published 2020 Oct 1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Kolar D. Psychiatric emergency services and non-acute psychiatric services utilization during COVID-19 pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 8] Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020:1–2. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01182-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Goldenberg M.N., Parwani V. Psychiatric emergency department volume during Covid-19 pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 1] Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.088. S0735–6757(20)30450–2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Bojdani E., Rajagopalan A., Chen A., et al. COVID-19 pandemic: impact on psychiatric care in the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113069. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Hoyer C., Ebert A., Szabo K., Platten M., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Kranaster L. Decreased utilization of mental health emergency service during the COVID-19 pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 9] Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020:1–3. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01151-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Gonçalves-Pinho M., Mota P., Ribeiro J., et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric emergency department visits – a descriptive study. Psychiatry Q. 2020 doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09837-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Jeffery M.M., D’Onofrio G., Paek H., et al. Trends in emergency department visits and hospital admissions in health care systems in 5 states in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Intern. Med. 2020;180(10):1328–1333. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3288. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Thornton J. Covid-19: A&E visits in England fall by 25% in week after lockdown. BMJ. 2020:369. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1401. m1401. Published 2020 Apr 6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Guessoum S.B., Lachal J., Radjack R., et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113264. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]