Long-term progression-free survival of patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma following high-dose interleukin-2

Abstract

High-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) was approved in the 1990s after demonstrating durable complete responses (CRs) in some patients with metastatic melanoma (mM) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Patients who achieve this level of disease control have also demonstrated improved survival compared with patients who progress, but limited data are available describing the long-term course. The aim of this study was to better characterize long-term survival following successful HD IL-2 treatment in patients with no subsequent systemic therapy. Eleven HD IL-2 treatment centers identified patients with survival ≥5 years after HD IL-2, with no subsequent systemic therapy. Survival was evaluated from the date of IL-2 treatment to June 2017. Treatment courses consisted of 2 1-week cycles of HD IL-2. Patients were treated with HD IL-2 alone, or HD IL-2 followed by local therapy to achieve maximal response. 100 patients are reported: 54 patients with mM and 46 patients with mRCC. Progression-free survival (PFS) after HD IL-2 ranges from 5+ years to 30+ years, with a median follow-up of 10+ years. 27 mRCC and 32 mM are alive ≥10 years after IL-2. Thus, a small subset of patients with mM and mRCC achieve long-term PFS (≥5 years) after treatment with HD IL-2 as their only systemic therapy. The ability of HD IL-2 therapy to induce prolonged PFS should be a major consideration in studies of new immunotherapy combinations for mM and mRCC.

Introduction

In the last decade, immunotherapy has re-emerged as meaningful treatment for advanced cancer, yielding responses in a broader spectrum of malignancies, although a small percentage of responses. This is leading to continued investigation of immunotherapy in advanced cancer, with treatment goals of durable response and prolonged clinical benefit.

High-dose interleukin (IL)-2 therapy, a cytokine immunotherapy long in use, is associated with durable treatment-free responses, prolonged clinical benefit from response and long-term survivors in a proportion of responding patients with metastatic melanoma (mM) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), as reported in early trials.^1–3 Contemporary multi-institutional reports continue to demonstrate durable response and survival (table 1).^4–10 In some reports, median overall survival (OS) was not reached for patients achieving complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), after nearly 4 years of follow-up.^{6 7} Median OS for patients with stable disease was also quite durable.^{4 6 7}

Table 1.

Contemporary multi-institutional reports—HD IL-2 outcome

Report	Response	Survival
Clark et al 4 RCC (2011–2015), sequenced with targeted therapy N=352 (328 with response data) PROCLAIM registry database	CR 4%, PR 13%, SD 39%, PD 43% CR+PR+SD 53%	Median OS—NR for CR, PR, SD Median OS—PD—15.5 months PD followed by TT—med OS 29.7 months; PD no TT—med OS 8.5 months 2.5-year OS—CR 100%; PR 75%, SD 78%, PD 39%
McDermott et al 5 RCC n=120 Multi-institution, prospective trial	ORR 25%, CR 3, PR 27 13 (11%) progression-free at 3 years	Median OS 42.8 months 80% TT after IL-2
Alva et al 6 mM (2005–2012)—n=170 RCC (2005–2012)—n=192 Survival current 2015 PROCLAIM registry database	mM: CR 5% PR 10% SD 22% CR+PR+SD 58% median f/u 43.1 months RCC: CR 6%, PR 9%, SD 22% CR+PR+SD 70% median f/u 46.6 months	Median OS 19.6 months Median OS—NR for CR, PR Median OS 33.4 months—SD Median OS 41 months Median OS—NR for CR, PR Median OS 49.6 months—SD
Stenehjem et al 7 RCC n=391 U Utah 1988–2013 U Mich 1997–2013	CR 9% PR 10%, SD 32% PD 42% CR+PR+SD 51%	Median OS CR—13+ years Median OS PR—37.8 months Median OS SD—34.4 months

CR, complete response; f/u, follow-up; IL, interleukin; mM, metastatic melanoma; N, number; NR, not reached; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SD, stable disease; TT, targeted therapy; U, university.

HD IL-2 has been used clinically for >30 years, yielding extensive clinical experience, and recommendations for management guidelines and safety protocols.^{9 11} Although currently requiring inpatient monitoring, HD IL-2 treatment centers have developed well-designed screening and treatment protocols which guide the safe management of patients undergoing this treatment (online supplemental table S1). This is similar to the evolution of treatment centers for marrow/stem cell transplantation and now chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy.

Additionally, as immune check point inhibitors (CPI) have produced benefit for patients with mM and mRCC, CPIs are now being evaluated in combination with other disease-specific therapies for these diseases.^12–15 Thus, studies combining CPIs with HD IL-2 are ongoing (online supplemental table S2) with the goal of increasing response rates and possibly increasing duration of response and survival.

To encourage these efforts, we present data describing >5-year survival following HD IL-2 treatment with no subsequent systemic therapy, to better demonstrate the course for these patients over years.

Methods

Eleven HD IL-2 treatment centers contributed their patient experience by querying their Investigational Review Board-approved databases and specifically identifying patients remaining alive 5 years or more after IL-2 treatment with this as their only systemic therapy. Patient consent for IL-2 follow-up had been previously obtained. Records were queried for age/date of diagnosis, date/sites of metastatic disease, date(s) of HD IL-2 treatment, doses/courses received, best response by investigator assessment, subsequent course of disease, subsequent interventions, long-term toxicity and current functional and disease status. All IL-2-treated patients meeting enrollment criteria were evaluated. Data collection commenced from 2016 to 2017. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the time of IL-2 treatment until recurrence or June 2017. Survival was defined from the time of HD IL-2 treatment until June 2017. Data on PFS/treatment-free survival are presented.

High-dose IL-2 treatment

These centers used the original treatment schedule of 5 days of treatment (one cycle), followed by a 9-day break, then followed by a second 5-day cycle (total 2-week treatment equals one course). Doses of IL-2 at either 600,000 U/kg/dose, the original Cytokine Working Group dose, or 720,000 U/kg/dose, the original National Cancer Institute (NCI) dose, were used. Intravenous bolus dosing was initiated on an every 8-hour schedule, but time between doses was extended to allow toxicity to recover, as per institutional protocols. All patients received HD IL-2 alone as systemic treatment (see online supplemental table S1 for guide to screening and management).

Localized surgery or radiation therapy (usually stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)) could be administered to patients achieving PR to maximize response, according to the center’s practice and such patients were considered ‘surgical/SRS complete responders’, if no additional systemic therapy was added.

Results

From the 11 participating centers, 100 patients were identified who achieved CR, surgical/SRS CR or PR following HD IL-2, with no subsequent systemic therapy and with survival data available at ≥5 years from IL-2 treatment. All subjects were alive at the time of data collection in 2017. There was no attempt to derive a percentage of all treated, as the goal was to evaluate the status of their survival. Of the patients identified, 54 had mM and 46 had mRCC. The ratio of male/female patients who achieved response are consistent with the literature of patients diagnosed with mRCC and mM (online supplemental table S3). Sites of metastatic disease are listed in online supplemental table S3, with lung and lymph node involvement in 25% and 40% of patients with mM, respectively, and in 50% and 20% of patients with mRCC, respectively. Other sites of disease included bone, liver, gastrointestinal tract and brain. In terms of treatment received, the majority (66%) received two to three courses of HD IL-2 (online supplemental table S4).

Among these 100 patients, 96% of patients with mM and 93% of patients with mRCC achieved CR (table 2).

Table 2.

Patient outcomes and long-term toxicity (A) response and survival, (B) long-term toxicity

(A) Best response	Metastatic melanoma	Metastatic renal cell
	(n=54)	(n=46)
CR	43	38
Surgical/SRS CRs	9	5
PR No further treatment	2	3
Median follow-up	10+ years	10.5+ years
Range follow-up	5+ to 15+ years	5+ to 30+ years
Alive >10 years after IL-2 with no subsequent therapy	32 patients	27 patients

(B) Event	# Patients
Hypothyroidism—requiring replacement medication (grade 2)	5
Arthralgias/Arthritis (grade 1–2)	6
Vitiligo (grade 1–2)	3
Neuropathy (grade 2)	1
Premature ventricular contractions (grade 1)	1
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (grade 1)	1

CR, complete response; DFS, disease-free survival; IL-2, interleukin-2; PR, partial response; SRS, stereotactic radiosurgery.

Of these, nine patients with mM and five patients with mRCC achieved durable CR with additional local therapy to limited residual disease following HD IL-2 treatment and never recurred. Two patients with mM and three patients with mRCC were considered PR with radiological residual, but had no subsequent progression or systemic therapy at >5 years after HD IL-2.

For patients with mM, median follow-up was 10+ years, range 5+ to 15+ years, and for mRCC, median follow-up was 10.5+ years, range 5+ to 30+ years (table 2A). In this sample, there was no correlation of long-term survival with sites of disease, gender or age at treatment.

The development of and/or persistence of grade 1–2 chronic toxicity occurred in 17% of patients (table 2B).

The most frequent chronic toxicities were grade 2 hypothyroidism requiring replacement therapy (five patients) and grade 1–2 arthralgia/arthritis (six patients). Grade 2 neuropathy occurred in one patient. Three patients developed grade 1–2 vitiligo. Grade 1 premature ventricular contractions and grade 1 normal pressure hydrocephalus developed in one patient each. No chronic disability related to treatment with HD IL-2 was identified or reported.

Discussion

The ability of treatment with HD IL-2 to produce durable treatment-free responses and survival in patients with advanced melanoma and RCC is an important starting point for ongoing immunotherapy clinical research. Early reports of HD IL-2 treatment demonstrated durable responses (CR+PR) lasting >4+ years and as long as 10+ years.^{3 16} Klapper et al reported that inital response to HD IL-2 in patients with mRCC was the most predictive factor for long-term survival.¹⁶ Contemporary reports from single HD IL-2 centers confirm prolonged survival (>3+ to 5+ years) among responders, with diagnoses of both mM and mRCC.^17–19

Durable survival has also been noted among patients with SD in addition to patients with CR and PR in several reports, yielding clinical benefit (CR+PR+SD) in >50% of IL-2-treated patients (table 1).^{4 6 7} Whereas patients achieving CR and many with PR experience prolonged treatment-free survival benefit, the achievement of durable SD may also provide a treatment-free interval and allow the opportunity for effective sequential therapy.

The current report was specifically designed to collate and emphasize some of the longest PFS and OS (decades) among patients treated with HD IL-2 at 11 HD IL-2 centers.⁸ Not surprisingly, these are primarily patients who achieved CR. It is of interest that long-term survival with HD IL-2 was not associated with gender, age or sites of metastatic disease. In the population reviewed, two-thirds (66/100) of patients received two to three of the 2-week courses of HD IL-2 therapy, separated by several weeks or months. Only 20% of patients received one or fewer courses of treatment, while 26% received three or more courses of HD IL-2 therapy (online supplemental table S4). These data support a period of continued intermittent treatment in the absence of overt disease progression or toxicity. This report also demonstrates the limited and manageable residual toxicity from these short courses of intermittent treatment.

The most common chronic toxicities observed were grade 1–2 hypothyroidism and arthralgias which occurred in 11% of patients in aggregate. These appeared to be tolerable with outpatient medical management and did not appear to impact subsequent function according to the investigators. Patients receiving HD IL-2 should be monitored for thyroid dysfunction and arthritis. This safety profile also suggests that combination studies including HD IL-2 may anticipate limited long-term toxicity from the IL-2 component of potential regimens.

While this report documents the long-term natural history for patients surviving >5 years after HD IL-2 with no subsequent systemic therapy, the study has several limitations. First, the report focuses on patients who were managed at major tertiary referral centers experienced with HD IL-2 administration. This may have resulted in a selection bias. Second, although 100 patients were identified, this still represents a small sample size where broad conclusions may be inappropriate. Third, the study did not include information about prior adjuvant therapy or how patients were monitored for disease recurrence which may have differed across centers and could have influenced outcome. Despite these limitations, the study does provide insights into the natural history of an important population and helps define long-term outcomes for patients achieving prolonged survival after treatment with HD IL-2 and requiring no subsequent systemic therapy.

A major goal of this report is to provide an impetus for further evaluation of the combination of HD IL-2 with other therapies for mM and mRCC, in particular immunotherapies, in an attempt to enhance the response rate and build on the durable clinical benefit, with the goal of increasing the percentage of long-term and treatment-free survivors.

One early study, suggesting this is possible, is that of Prieto et al who reported long-term follow-up of 36 patients with mM treated in an NCI study of the combination of the CPI, ipilimumab, plus HD IL-2 versus two other arms consisting of ipilimumab plus gp100 peptides (56 and 85 patients, respectively).²⁰ Although the initial report presented a standard ipilimumab or IL-2 response rate,²¹ on longer follow-up (median of 84+ months), the update reported that the CR rate climbed to 17% in the HD IL-2 plus ipilimumab arm compared with 6% and 7% in the two gp100 peptide combination arms.²⁰ The 5-year OS was updated to 25% with all but 1 CR ongoing at 54+ to 99+ months.²⁰ Surprisingly, the toxicity of the combination of HD IL-2 with ipilimumab was considerably less than prior reports of ipilimumab alone (grade 3–4 immune-related adverse events in this arm—17%).²⁰

The activity and relatively more limited toxicity profile of antiprogramed death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies compared with ipilimumab in the management of mM and mRCC has sparked interest in the development of combination immunotherapies, with initial reports being ipilimumab plus anti-PD-1 agents.^12–15 Buchbinder et al have recently demonstrated the safe sequential use of HD IL-2 following PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 inhibition.²² The Prieto report suggests that combinations of CPIs with IL-2 are feasible, and thus the combination of HD IL-2 with anti-PD-1 agents should be evaluated to potentially enhance response rate and durable response, possibly leading to a greater proportion of long-term survivors. A preliminary report of HD IL-2 in a somewhat different schedule (five doses in a row, weekly for 4 weeks) in combination with the anti-PD-1 agent, pembrolizumab, in mRCC, demonstrated activity and showed that toxicity was manageable.²³ Additional studies of anti-PD-1 agents with HD IL-2 are listed in online supplemental table S2. Combinations with other immunotherapies or targeted therapies should be investigated.

Conclusions

HD IL-2 therapy yields durable survival among a proportion of responding patients with mM and mRCC. Upfront identification of those likely to achieve this outcome remains elusive, however. In this report, long-term survival without subsequent systemic therapy was predominantly seen among those achieving CR. Although durable CRs have been previously reported,3–8 10 16–19 this report demonstrates the potential for such responders to enjoy decades-long survival without need for subsequent systemic therapy. Preliminary reports suggest that combining HD IL-2 with other active IT is associated with increased response rates and manageable toxicity.^{20 23} The current report supports the concept that clinical studies of HD IL-2 should continue to be evaluated in combination with CPIs, and other therapeutic agents in mM and mRCC to hopefully enhance response rate and yield a greater proportion of patients with durable survival.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication

Not required.

Ethics approval

The Institutional Review Boards of the institutions participating in this report approved the long-term databases used in this study, and all patients provided informed consent for collection of clinical data.