Comparison of D-dimer Level Measured on the Third Day of Hospitalization with Admission D-dimer Level in Predicting In-hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Objective

The present study aimed to compare the value of D-dimer measured on the 3rd day of hospitalization with admission D-dimer level in predicting in-hospital mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases.

Method

In total, 231 patients with COVID-19 disease were included in the study. D-dimer levels were estimated using immunoturbidimetric assay with normal range of 0-500 μg/mL. In the current research, the primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality.

Results

In the present research, 39 (16.8%) COVID-19 cases died during the index hospitalization. In a multivariable analysis; age, D-dimer (3^rd day) (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00-1.00, p<0.001), WBC count, and creatinine were independent predictors of the in-hospital death for COVID-19 cases. The ideal value of D-dimer level on the 3^rd day of hospitalization was 774 μq/mL (area under curve (AUC): 0.903, 95% CI: 0.836-0.968; p<0.01) with sensitivity of 83.2% and specificity of 83.6%. It was noted that D-dimer level on the 3^rd day of hospitalization had a higher sensitivity (83.2% vs 67.6%, respectively) and AUC value than that of D-dimer level on admission (0.903 vs 0.799, respectively).

Conclusion

The main finding in this investigation was that D-dimer elevation on the 3^rd of hospitalization is more sensitive predictor of in-hospital mortality than D-dimer elevation on admission in COVID-19 patients. Even though further investigations are needed to forecast precise prognosis in patients with COVID-19 disease in terms of D-dimer levels, we believe that D-dimer levels on the 3^rd day of hospitalization have an enhanced potential to be used as a prognostic marker in routine clinical practice.

Introduction

The outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) is a continuing global health crisis¹. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the virus had infected approximately 70 million people, causing more than 1,630,000 deaths worldwide². Current data indicates that most patients who have poor outcomes due to COVID-19 infection have higher incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, acute pulmonary embolism, and also multiple organ failure³. Therefore, D-dimer levels are usually found higher among these cases. Currently, several studies have investigated the prognostic significance of admission D-dimer for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases^4-6. These studies consistently found that elevated D-dimer values upon admission were related with higher in-hospital death in these cases. However, it was also observed that, D-dimer levels were usually elevated during hospitalization, especially in subjects with serious COVID-19 infection compared to those with milder forms as the infection progress⁷. Hence, it is unknown whether D-dimer levels measured on the third day of hospitalization may have higher predictive value than admission D-dimer levels for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases. According to this data, the present research aimed to compare the value of D-dimer measured on the third day hospitalization with admission D-dimer level to predict in-hospital death in COVID-19 cases.

Materials and Methods

Study cohort

This retrospective study has an observational design. In all cases, COVID-19 infection was confirmed according to SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in a nasopharyngeal swab by RT-PCR. Also, most cases in the study had the typical ground-glass infiltrates in the chest computed tomography, which were attributable to COVID-19 disease. For each case enrolled in the study, baseline demographic features, comorbidities, and laboratory data were retrieved from hospital electronic database. We also noted previous medications of all patients. Patients with missing clinical information were excluded from the research. In addition, COVID-19 with recently acute coronary syndrome, malignancy, and acute renal and hepatic failure were excluded. Besides that, patients in whom D-dimer levels were not measured on the third day of hospitalization were excluded. In total, 231 patients with COVID-19 infection were enrolled in this retrospective research. The treatment strategies of the cases were left to the discretion of the attending physicians and planned in accordance with the COVID-19 pandemic guidelines of the Ministry of Health. After obtaining an approval from the Scientific Research COVID-19 Committee, our research was then reviewed and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health (approval number: B. 10.1.TKH.4.34.H.GP0.01/150). The current research was performed based on the “Good Clinical Practice” guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was not necessary because the study had a retrospective design.

Laboratory analysis

All blood specimens were analyzed as for C-reactive protein, D-dimer, biochemical and hematologic parameters during index hospitalization. D-dimer levels were measured using immunotur-bidimetric assay with normal range of 0-500 μq/ mL. Complete blood count parameters were analyzed using the Sysmex XN 9000 hematology analyzers (Kobe, Japan). By using Beckman Coulter kits and calibrators, all biochemical analyses were performed.

Study outcome

In the current research, the primary outcome was the in-hospital death. An experienced study coordinator assessed the medical records of each case and verified the in-hospital mortality.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were done using SPSS software (IBM, Version 21.0). The number of cases and percentages were calculated for categorical variables, while the data was displayed as mean±SD for continuous parameters. In order to test the normal distribution assumption for continuous variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized. Descriptive parameters were compared using chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The Mann-Whitney U test or unpaired t-test, as appropriate, was performed to assess the quantitative data. Both univariate and multivariate LR (logistic regression) analyse were applied to determine independent parameters of in-hospital mortality. After performing univariate analysis, variables with p<0.05 significance level were selected for the multivariate LR analysis. The OR (odds ratio) with 95% CI (confidence intervals) was used to present the results of univariate and multivariate LR analyses. The ideal value of D-dimer levels on admission and on the third day of hospitalization for in-hospital mortality was assessed using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. For each comparison, we accepted the statistical significance level as p value below <0.05.

Results

The mean age of COVID-19 patients was 60 years; 55.8% of them were males, and the most observed comorbidities were hypertension (HT) in 35.4%, diabetes mellitus (DM) in 25.1% and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 12.9% of the patients (Table 1). In the present research, 39 (16.8%) COVID-19 cases died during the index hospitalization. We classified the study cohort into survivor and non-survivor groups. We observed that the prevalence rates were significantly higher in the non-survivor vs survivor group as follows: HT [66.7%; n:26 vs 30.2%; n:56)], DM [38.5%; n:15 vs 22.4%; n:43)], chronic kidney disease [15.4%; n:6 vs 5.2%; n:10)], CAD [35.9%; n:14 vs 8.3%; n:16)], heart failure [12.8%; n:5 vs 2.1%; n:4)], and dementia [7.7%; n:3 vs 0.0%; n:0)] The frequency of previous medication use was also higher in the nonsurvivor vs survivor group during the index hospitalization as follows: aspirin [41.0%; n:16 vs 10.4%; n:20)], statin [25.6%; n:10 vs 5.7%; n:11], and insulin [25.6%; n:10 vs 5.7%; n=11)]. Comparison of laboratory results demonstrated that white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, and platelet counts, glucose, D-dimer levels on admission, D-dimer levels on the third day of hospitalization, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine levels were higher; but lymphocyte counts and hemoglobin levels were lower in the non-survivor group. As expected, patients who died had longer days of hospitalization.

Table 1.

Characteristics of survivor and non-survivor patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia.

	Survivor (n=192)	Non-Survivor (n=39)	P value
Characteristics
Age Mean±SD	52±14	68±13	<0.001
Gender, n (%)
Male	103 (53.6)	26 (66.7)	0.135
Female	89 (46.4)	103 (53.6)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	58 (30.2)	24 (61.5)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	43 (22.4)	15 (38.5)	0.035
Smoking	16 (8.3)	4 (10.3)	0.697
Chronic lung disease	21 (10.9)	8 (20.5)	0.100
Chronic kidney disease	10 (5.2)	6 (15.4)	0.022
Coronary artery disease	16 (8.3)	14 (35.9)	<0.001
Heart failure	4 (2.1)	5 (12.8)	0.002
Stroke	4 (2.1)	2 (5.1)	0.276
Dementia	0 (0.0)	3 (7.7)	<0.001
Cancer	3 (3.1)	3 (7.7)	0.179
Medications, n (%)
Aspirin	20 (10.4)	16 (41.0)	<0.001
Anticoagulant therapy	3 (1.6)	2 (5.1)	0.163
Statins	11 (5.7)	10 (25.6)	<0.001
Insulin	11 (5.7)	10 (25.6)	<0.001
Laboratory data
White blood cell count, cells/μL (mean±SD)	5.87±2.45	9.26±4.88	0.004
Neutrophils, (mean±SD)	3.85±2.11	7.60±4.80	<0.001
Lymphocytes /μL (mean±SD)	1.48±0.70	1.10±0.69	0.002
Platelets, cells/μL (mean±SD)	204±64	230±81	0.031
Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean±SD)	13.1±1.8	12.1±2.7	0.004
Glucose, mg/dL (mean±SD)	116±46	163±96	<0.001
Fibrinogen, mg/L (mean±SD)	565±180	490±220	0.145
D-dimer (admission), μg/mL (mean±SD)	539±520	1706±1532	<0.001
D-dimer (3rd day), μg/mL (mean±SD)	541±540	2053±1750	<0.001
C-reactive protein, mg/dL (mean±SD)	58.2±63.3	46.9±68.8	0.320
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L (mean±SD)	36±33	36±35	0.936
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (mean±SD)	31±24	74±167	0.001
Creatinine, mg/dL (meanMean±SD)	0.95±0.24	1.38±0.77	<0.001
Hospital stay, d (meanMean±SD)	7±4	11±7	<0.001

As shown in Table 2, both univariate and multivariate LR analyses were performed to determine the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality (Table 2). By using the backward LR method, all parameters found significant in univariate analyses, including age, HT, DM, chronic kidney disease, CAD, D-dimer (third day), WBC, and platelet counts, hemoglobin, creatinine, and glucose, were entered into multivariate analysis. In this analysis; age (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03-1.11, p=0.001), D-dimer (third day) (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00-1.00, p<0.001), WBC count (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.40, p=0.008), and creatinine (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 0.98-14.66, p=0.040), were found independently related with the in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases.

Table 2.

Univariate analysis and multivariate model for in-hospital mortality.

Univariate analysis	P value	OR (95% CI)	Multivariate analysis	P value	OR (95% CI)
Age	<0.001	1.09 (1.06-1.13)	Age	0.001	1.07 (1.03-1.11)
Hypertension	<0.001	3.69 (1.80-7.55)
Diabetes mellitus	0.038	2.11 (1.04-4.48)
Chronic kidney disease	0.030	3.30 (1.12-9.72)
Coronary artery disease	<0.001	6.16 (2.68-14.13)
D-dimer (3rd day)	<0.001	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	D-dimer (3rd day)	<0.001	1.00 (1.00-1.00)
White blood cell	<0.001	1.30 (1.17-1.45)	White blood cell	0.008	1.21 (1.05-1.40)
Hemoglobin	0.009	0.81 (0.70-0.95)
Platelet	0.034	1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Creatinine	<0.001	19.22 (5.46-67.68)	Creatinine	0.040	3.59 (0.98-14.66)
Glucose	<0.001	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	-	-	-

All clinically relevant parameters were included in the model. Abbreviations; OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

In the ROC evaluation, the ideal value of D-dimer level on admission in predicting in-hospital mortality was 778 μg/mL (area under curve (AUC): 0.799, 95% CI: 0.715-0.883; p<0.01) with sensitivity of 67.6% and specificity of 84.7% and the ideal value of D-dimer level on the third day of hospitalization was 774 μq/mL (area under curve (AUC): 0.903, 95% CI: 0.836-0.968; p<0.01) with sensitivity of 83.2% and specificity of 83.6% (Figure 1). It was noted that D-dimer level on the 3^rd day of hospitalization had a higher sensitivity and AUC value than D-dimer level on admission.

Figure 1.

A receiver operating curve analysis comparison for area under curve values of D-dimer levels on admission and on the 3rd day of hospitalization.

Discussion

The main finding in the study was that D-dimer elevation on the third day of hospitalization was more sensitive predictor of in-hospital mortality than D-dimer elevation on admission in COVID-19 patients. According to the results of the study, we considered that D-dimer level on the third day of hospitalization to predict mortality in these cases in addition to the measurement of D-dimer level on admission.

Current findings suggest that elevated D-dimer levels represent a hypercoagulable status in COVID-19 cases, which might be due to several reasons. First of all, viral infections can induce development of an uncontrolled inflammatory response and poor anti-inflammatory response control in the body⁸. Moreover, such infections can cause endothelial cell dysfunction, resulting in the production of excess thrombin⁹. Secondly, the hypoxia present in severe forms of COVID-19 subjects can induce thrombosis by either increasing blood viscosity or increasing the signaling pathway via the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor^10,11. Thirdly, hospitalized COVID-19 patients are likely to be elderly people with chronic illnesses needing longterm bed rest, both of which were risk factors for thrombosis and hypercoagulation^12-14. In fact, occlusion and development of microthrombosis in small lung vessels were demonstrated in critical patients with COVID-19¹⁵. Lastly, most patients can experience coagulopathy caused by sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation^15,16.

Current evidence indicates that in COVID-19 cases, D-dimer levels are often elevated and also higher in subjects with severe COVID-19 disease than in those with milder types. In a descriptive study of 99 COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China, elevated D-dimer levels were thus observed in 36% of the patients¹⁷. Furthermore, Huang et al.⁴ recorded clinical and laboratory laboratory results in 41 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 and their D-dimer levels were five times higher in those with serious disease than in those without. Also, Zhou et al.⁵ analyzed 191 COVID-19 patients and found that D-dimer values among patients who died were found nearly nine times higher than in those who survived. Remarkably, data from 343 patients registered with COVID-19 disease in Wuhan were collected by Zhang et al.⁶ and they reported that patients with D-dimer >2000 ng/ml demonstrated higher mortality rates than those with D-dimer <2000 ng/ml. However, all above-mentioned studies mainly investigated the prognostic significance of D-dimer level on admission for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases. It was well-recognized, D-dimer levels typically increase during hospitalization as the infection progress, particularly in severe COVID-19 cases compared to those with milder forms. Therefore, it remains unknown whether D-dimer levels measured on the third day of hospitalization may have higher prognostic value than admission D-dimer levels for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases. In fact, our findings demonstrated that D-dimer levels measured on the third day of hospitalization had higher sensitivity for the prediction of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 cases. Moreover, it was clearly shown that AUC value of D-dimer levels on the third day of hospitalization was significantly higher than that of D-dimer level on admission (0.903 vs 0.799, respectively). Even though further investigations are needed to forecast precise prognosis in COVID-19 cases in terms of D-dimer levels, we believe that D-dimer levels measured on the third day of hospitalization have an enhanced potential to be used as a prognostic marker in routine clinical practice.

Limitations

The study has some limitations. Our results were based on the retrospective design of the study, which might include selection bias despite the fact that consecutive COVID-19 cases were included in the analyses. Another important limitation was that the sample size of the study was relatively small. However, it should be acknowledged that COVID-19 infection is usually mild in most patients. Therefore, such patients are not generally hospitalized. Our research was performed in geographical area; thus, this might limit the generalizability of the findings of the study to other geographic regions. We acknowledged that there might be the some residual confounding variables, all of which might ultimately affect the final outcome. Lastly, further prospective studies enrolling greater number of participants are needed to verify the findings of this study.

Conclusion

In this research, we found that elevated D-dimer levels on the third day of hospitalization were related with higher mortality in COVID-19 patients. In addition, predictive power of D-dimer level on the 3^rd day of hospitalization was substantially higher than D-dimer level on admission for in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 cases. As a result, the D-dimer level on the third day of hospitalization appears to have a substantial role to predict in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients.