. 2021 Mar 30;19(1):1559325820982423. doi: 10.1177/1559325820982423

Table 2.

Main Mechanisms of Controlling Coronavirus by the Main Honey Components.

Honey or its main components	Target	Effect	Reference
Chrysin	-S protein with ACE2 -3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine enzyme	Inhibition of virus entry in to host cells and virus replication	^52,61,77
Kaempferol	- SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase -ORF3a of SARS-CoV - PI3K-Akt, JAK/STAT, MAPK signaling pathway - COX-2, TNF, mPGES-1, AKT1, MAPK1, JUN, IL-6, CASP3, EGFR, IL1B, NOS2, PTGS2, HSP90AB1, mPGES-1, LTA4 H	Inhibition of the virus adsorption, invasion and replication	^{62,66-70,72,78-82}
Quercetin	- SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase -H+-ATPase of the lysosomal membrane -PI3K-Akt and JAK/STAT signaling pathway -PI3K-Akt, JAK/STAT, MAPK signaling pathway -COX-2, TNF, mPGES-1, AKT1, MAPK1, JUN, IL-6, CASP3, EGFR, IL1B, NOS2, PTGS2, HSP90AB1, mPGES-1, LTA4H	Inhibition of the virus coating, adsorption, invasion and replication	^{69,70,72,78-82}
Galangin	3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine enzyme	Inhibition of the virus adsorption, invasion and replication	⁷ ⁷
Caffeic acid	3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine enzyme		⁷ ⁷