James House and colleagues recently reported that 25% of Newfoundland women had low or indeterminate red blood cell folate levels (< 420 nmol/L) at their first prenatal visit.1 Booth and colleagues reported that the reference values in use today were defined on the basis of absence of biochemical signs of folate deficiency.2 These values do not reflect recommendations for folic acid intake to prevent neural tube defects.3 Booth and colleagues found that for women of child-bearing age attempting to reach a folate intake of 400 μg/day, deficiency is best defined as a serum homocysteine value above 10 μmol/L or a red blood cell folate value below 615 nmol/L.2
We recently completed a case–control study of 28 women with a previous pregnancy resulting in a neural tube defect and 38 matched controls with a normal pregnancy outcome. All mothers were ascertained to be screen positive by an elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein level between 1983 and 1999. We used a semiquantitative food frequency survey to measure dietary and supplemental intake of folate and vitamins B12 and B6. The dietary survey was later validated using biochemical results from 25 and 32 of the case and control mothers respectively. Linear regression analysis showed significant correlation between reported intake of folate and serum folate (p = 0.018) and red blood cell folate levels (p = 0.002), but an inverse correlation with serum homocysteine levels (p = 0.029). Analysis indicated consistent underreporting of actual vitamin intake (common in food frequency surveys). We found no difference between case and control subjects in terms of intake or eating patterns.
Even after correcting for underreporting, we found that in our case and control groups combined, 58% of women were not consuming enough folate, 46% were not consuming enough vitamin B6 and 28% were not consuming enough vitamin B12. Only 12% reported preconceptional supplementation whereas 82% reported supplementing after they became pregnant. There was no difference in preconceptional supplementation patterns after 1994, when preconceptional supplementation with folic acid was recommended.4
Although none of our mothers were folate deficient according to current reference values, 34% had serum homocysteine values in excess of 10 μmol/L and 10% had levels higher than 13 μmol/L, the current reference value. Our results, albeit in a much smaller and differently selected group, support the results of the Newfoundland study and indicate that vitamin B6 intake may also be suboptimal in many women of child-bearing age.
Signatures
Natalie K. Björklund
Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics
Jane A. Evans
Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Child Health, and Community Health Sciences
Cheryl R. Greenberg
Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Man.
References
- 1.House JD, March SB, Ratnam S, Ives E, Brosnan JT, Friel JK. Folate and vitamin B12 status of women in Newfoundland at their first prenatal visit. CMAJ 2000;162(11):1557-9. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 2.Booth CK, Clark T, Fenn A. Folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and vitamin B-6 status in a group of first time blood donors. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(5):1075-80. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 3.Hall JG. Folic acid: the opportunity that still exists. CMAJ 2000;162(11):1571-2. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 4.Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 3. Primary and secondary prevention of neural tube defects. CMAJ 1994;151(2):159-66. [PMC free article] [PubMed]