Highlights
-
•
There are several entities that can cause a head and neck expansive bone lesion and it’s important to consider a neoplastic cause.
-
•
This report presents the case of a patient with a central dentinogenic ghost cell tumor.
-
•
The patient underwent an extensive local resection and 10 months after surgery there are no signs of local recurrence.
-
•
Due to its rarity, increased clinical awareness about this entity is essential to optimize the approach of these patients.
Keywords: Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, Odontogenic tumor, Maxillectomy, Head and neck, Case report
Abstract
Introduction
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) is an entity with about 60 cases reported in the literature. It is a benign odontogenic tumor, despite being locally invasive and associated with a risk of local recurrence.
Presentation of case
A 47-year-old woman presented with a 2-year-old expansive bone lesion. Radiologically, a multilocular mass was identified in the left superior maxilla, compatible with a tumor of odontogenic origin. She was submitted to an extended resection, and the histology was consistent with a DGCT.
Discussion
Central DGCT affects mainly male patients between the fourth and sixth decades, with a predilection for the posterior portion of the jaws. The symptoms are unspecific, and a vast percentage of patients is asymptomatic. Radiographically a unilocular feature is commonly found, unlike this case. The recommended treatment is extended local resection due to its high recurrence rate.
Conclusion
Due to its rarity, knowledge of this entity is necessary for a better diagnostic and therapeutic guidance.
1. Introduction
Head and neck expansive bone lesions have several etiologies. Despite their rarity, odontogenic tumors should be contemplated in the differential diagnosis.
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) is a benign neoplasm, locally invasive, classified as a mixed epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic tumor in the latest edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumors [1], with about 60 cases described in the literature [2].
In order to bring focus and provide more information about this rare entity, we present a case report of a central DGCT.
This report has been arranged in line with SCARE guidelines [3].
2. Presentation of case
A 47-year old woman, with no relevant personal and family history, was evacuated from Guinea-Bissau to our institution due to a left-sided facial swelling, associated with pain, dysphonia, and dysphagia. She had no other symptoms. It had 2 years of evolution, with a significant increase in the last month. Extraoral examination revealed a large swelling between the left infraorbital and the left mandibular area with an apparent point of origin in the 2nd quadrant [Fig. 1].
Fig. 1.
Massive lesion on the left hemiface.
A maxillofacial CT scan [Fig. 2] showed a lesion (12 × 11 × 8 cm) centered in the upper left maxilla. It presented cystic and solid components, with signs of bone remodeling, indicative of slow growth. It invaded the nasal cavity, the hard palate and the left upper alveolar arch. It had a multilocular appearance and areas suggestive of malignant transformation. The most likely imaging diagnostic hypothesis was a tumor of odontogenic origin, possibly ameloblastoma with areas of malignant transformation.
Fig. 2.
Maxillofacial CT showing a multilocular lesion in the left superior maxilla.
An incisional biopsy was performed and suggested an epithelial neoplasm of probable odontogenic origin, without malignancy criteria, but without enough data for a definitive diagnosis.
Using a lip split incision with a lateral extension into the neck, we first verified the integrity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous region. Then by left maxillectomy and right partial maxillectomy, left rhinectomy and excision of ipsilateral ethmoid cells we performed the excision of the lesion. The reconstruction of the intraoral defect was completed with left facial muscle-mucosal artery flap (FAMM flap) [Fig. 3]. The procedure was performed in our institution (oncological center), leading by a graduated assistant with more than 20 years of experience.
Fig. 3.
Intraoperative site, exposing a bone-like lesion invading the mucosa.
The histological examination showed a neoplasm of expansive and infiltrative limits, with bone destruction [Fig. 4a]. It was composed by cells without relevant atypia, arranged in multiple patterns – microcystic, solid, areas with peripheral palisade and inverted polarity – closely resembling ameloblastoma [Fig. 4b]. Areas of keratinization, islands of ghost cells and broad bands that meet criteria for ostodentin-like material were also observed. It had focal increased mitotic activity, without other characteristics that suggested malignancy. The cells variable expressed CK19 and CD56, with a basal staining for p63 and CK7 was observed. All the aspects supported the hypothesis of an odontogenic tumor without malignancy criteria, later confirmed in a reference center to be a DGCT.
Fig. 4.
Surgical specimen. (a) Gross examination showed a 9,5 cm multicystic lesion. The solid areas were greyish-white and firm, and the cysts were thin-walled and contained a serous and hemorrhagic fluid. The lesion had a predominant expansive growth, focally infiltrative; (b) Section of the tumor showing a predominance of epithelium with an ameloblastomatous appearance, along with areas of osteodentin-like material and clusters of ghost cells with occasional calcifications (hematoxylin and eosin stain).
At the date of this article, the patient present with a follow up time of 10 months without any clinical and imaging signs of recurrence and a good functional and aesthetic result [Fig. 5].
Fig. 5.
Eight months follow up.
There were no complications and the patient appears to be satisfied with the result.
3. Discussion
The majority of head and neck bone lesions are benign. When an aggressive evolution is present a neoplastic cause must be considered, like an odontogenic tumor, which the most common are odontoma and ameloblastoma) [1]. However, many of these tumors present with unspecific clinical picture and can be confused with each other and with odontogenic cysts. Therefore, due to it difficult differential diagnosis, an imaging examination (usually CT scan) and a biopsy are essential to further characterize the lesion and decide the best therapeutic approach.
Regarding DGCT, it can be central/intraosseous or, sporadically, peripheral/extraosseous. This influences its evolution, with the former having a more aggressive behavior [4]. In our case we report a case of a patient with a central tumor subtype affecting the posterior region of the jaws, as it is most common [4].
Epidemiologically, it occurs more frequently in males, over a wide age range. The peak incidence is not yet consensual, however most studies point to an interval between the fourth and sixth decades [2,5], like the patient in our case.
From a clinical point of view, most patients present unspecific symptoms, most frequently progressive swelling and pain caused by cortical bone expansion. There are also many asymptomatic cases described [2,5].
In CT imaging findings are also unspecific, with most lesions being unilocular, with a mixed pattern of radiolucency and radiopacity. However a significant proportion present a multilocular appearance, as in our case [5,6].
Histologically, its main component is the odontogenic epithelium with areas very similar to ameloblastoma, with the proportion of ghost cells (> 1–2%) and the presence of dentinoid being important characteristics to establish the diagnosis [1]. The anatomopathological evaluation is essential for the diagnosis since a the clinical and imaging presentation are not specific.
An extensive local resection was performed, based on the suspected preoperative diagnose of ameloblastoma. Although based on a limited number of cases, this approach also seems to be appropriate for DGCT, due to a high rate of local recurrences. In cases where conservative surgery was performed a recurrence rate of 73% (after a follow-up period of 1–20 years) is reported, while in cases treated with more radical surgery the recurrence rate, although still noticeable, is reduced to 33% [4]. Little is known about the use of other types of therapies other than surgery.
Long-term surveillance is recommended due to high rate of recurrence and the possibility of malignant transformation [1,2]. In our case, a close clinical and radiological surveillance is being done, and 10 months after surgery there are no signs of local recurrence.
4. Conclusion
We report a case of a rare odontogenic tumor in a 47-year-old patient, who underwent extensive local resection. So far with no signs of recurrence.
Due to its rarity and scarcity of published information, increased clinical awareness, particularly among those involved in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck pathology is essential in order to gather more data and eventually be able to optimize the approach of these patients.
Declaration of competing interest
No conflicts of interest to declare.
Sources of funding
No source of funding to declare.
Ethical approval
Not required for this case report.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request.
Author contribution
All the authors approved the final draft of the manuscript.
I.S. wrote the manuscript and conducted the literature review. M.V., R.N., F.R. and M.R. helped in data collection and analysis. M.V. operated the patient and provided imaging data. R.N., M.R. and P.G. provided critical comments and approved the final version of this paper.
Registration of research studies
Not required.
Guarantor
Inês Salgado.
Provenance and peer review
Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.
References
- 1.WHO . 4th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017. WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Pinheiro T.N., de Souza A.P.F., Bacchi C.E., Consolaro A. Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor: a bibliometric review of literature. J. Oral Dis. Marker. 2019;3:9–17. doi: 10.15713/ins.jodm.21. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Agha R.A., Franchi T., Sohrabi C., Mathew G., Kerwan A., Thoma A., Beamish A.J., Noureldin A., Rao A., Vasudevan B., Challacombe B., Perakath B., Kirshtein B., Ekser B., Pramesh C.S., Laskin D.M., Machado-Aranda D., Miguel D., Pagano D., Millham F.H., Roy G., Kadioglu H., Nixon I.J., Mukhejree I., McCaul J.A., Chi-Yong Ngu J., Albrecht J., Rivas J.G., Raveendran K., Derbyshire L., Ather M.H., Thorat M.A., Valmasoni M., Bashashati M., Chalkoo M., Teo N.Z., Raison N., Muensterer O.J., Bradley P.J., Goel P., Pai P.S., Afifi R.Y., Rosin R.D., Coppola R., Klappenbach R., Wynn R., De Wilde R.L., Surani S., Giordano S., Massarut S., Raja S.G., Basu S., Enam S.A., Manning T.G., Cross T., Karanth V.K., Kasivisvanathan V., Mei Z. The SCARE 2020 Guideline: Updating Consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) Guidelines. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Rai S., Prabhat M., Goel S., Bhalla K., Panjwani S., Misra D., Agarwal A., Bhatnagar G. Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor — a neoplastic variety of calcifying odontogenic cyst: case presentation and review. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2015;7:19–23. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.150084. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.de Arruda J.A.A., Monteiro J.L.G.C., Abreu L.G., de Oliveira Silva L.V., Schuch L.F., de Noronha M.S., Callou G., Moreno A., Mesquita R.A. Calcifying odontogenic cyst, dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma: a systematic review. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2018;47:721–730. doi: 10.1111/jop.12727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Buchner A., Akrish S.J., Vered M. Central dentinogenic ghost cell tumor: an update on a rare aggressive odontogenic tumor. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2016;74:307–314. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.08.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]