Abstract
In the ANAFIE Registry home blood pressure subcohort, we evaluated 5204 patients aged ≥75 years with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) to assess blood pressure (BP) control, prevalence of masked hypertension, and anticoagulant use. Mean clinic (C) and home (H) systolic/diastolic BP(SBP/DBP) was 128.5/71.3 and 127.7/72.6 mm Hg, respectively. Overall, 77.5% of patients had hypertension; of these, 27.7%, 13.4%, 23.4%, and 35.6% had well‐controlled, white coat, masked, and sustained hypertension, respectively. Masked hypertension prevalence increased with diabetes, decreased renal function, age ≥80 years, current smoker status, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. By morning/evening average, 59.0% of patients had mean H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg; 48.9% had mean C‐SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg. Early morning hypertension (morning H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg) was found in 65.9% of patients. Although 51.1% of patients had well‐controlled C‐SBP, 52.5% of these had uncontrolled morning H‐SBP. In elderly NVAF patients, morning H‐BP was poorly controlled, and masked uncontrolled morning hypertension remains significant.
Keywords: atrial fibrillation, clinical blood pressure, elderly, home blood pressure, hypertension
1. INTRODUCTION
While aging increases the incidence of AF dramatically, the greatest risk factor of AF is hypertension. 1 , 2 AF is not only the most common arrhythmia in the elderly, 3 but it predisposes individuals to an increased risk of embolic stroke. 4 The rapid expansion of the elderly population in many developed countries worldwide, 5 particularly in Japan, 6 has highlighted the need for data to guide the optimal management of patients with age‐related comorbidities such as hypertension and AF.
It is widely known that hypertension worsens the prognosis of AF patients. 7 Our recent study revealed that blood pressure control status before the onset of AF defines the prognosis after the onset of AF, and early detection of silent AF in hypertensive patients is very important. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 Further, in AF patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy, concomitant hypertension and poor blood pressure control increase both embolism and bleeding complications. 13 , 14 , 15 Therefore, it is recommended to control the blood pressure level of hypertensive patients during anticoagulation therapy to less than 130/80 mm Hg, as stated in recent Japanese, European, and American guidelines. 16 , 17 , 18 , 19
Both domestic and international hypertension guidelines recommend blood pressure management based on measurements obtained outside the clinical setting, such as home blood pressure measurement or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, which seem to be more closely related to organ damage and risk of cardiovascular events than blood pressure measurements obtained in the clinical setting. 11 , 26 Moreover, patients with masked hypertension have been shown to have a greater risk of stroke compared with patients with controlled blood pressure, even when the blood pressure measured in the clinical setting appeared well controlled. 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31
The HONEST and JHOP registry studies showed that early morning hypertension measured at home was a strong risk factor for stroke. 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 However, it is difficult to control morning blood pressure because of the limited 24‐hour blood pressure‐lowering effect of standard antihypertensive medication. Thus, a morning home blood pressure‐guided individual approach is recommended for the management of hypertension. 32 , 33 , 34 , 35
Circadian fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate have been observed in AF patients and the elderly. 36 , 37 , 38 Further, AF patients seem to be more prone to stroke early in the morning. 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 To date, no study has examined blood pressure control status (especially in the morning) measured in the clinical and home settings in elderly NVAF patients. This subcohort study of patients from the ANAFIE Registry 35 evaluated blood pressure control and the prevalence of masked hypertension in elderly NVAF patients.
2. METHODS
2.1. Study design
The ANAFIE Registry (the University hospital Medical Information Network with the identifier UMIN000024006) was a multicenter, observational, prospective, longitudinal cohort study with an enrollment period between October 2016 and January 2018. The Registry aimed to collect information regarding the actual clinical status of elderly patients with NVAF (aged ≥ 75 years) in order to elucidate the current status of anticoagulant therapy and its clinical outcomes, to identify risk factors for death, thromboembolism, and major bleeding, as well as their interrelationships, and to establish a database for this specific patient population to aid in the development of therapeutic strategies. Full details of the ANAFIE Registry study design have been published. 35
2.2. Patients
Enrolled patients were elderly outpatients (≥75 years) diagnosed with NVAF by electrocardiogram who were able to visit the study site for specified visits. A proportion of patients included in the main ANAFIE study who already had an electric, oscillometric blood pressure monitoring device with arm cuff at home 29 were enrolled in this subcohort and all patients provided written informed consent to participate. No other specific enrollment conditions applied for inclusion in this subcohort. This subcohort study aimed to investigate the distribution of clinical features, blood pressure control, prevalence of masked hypertension, and use of anticoagulants.
2.3. Measurement of blood pressure
Patients were provided guidance on the conditions, timing, and frequency of home blood pressure measurements. Home blood pressure was measured twice in the morning and twice in the evening for 7 days from the date of consent using an oscillometric blood pressure monitoring device with the cuff placed on the upper arm. Patients were required to record the home blood pressure readings in the home blood pressure recording sheet. However, if patients were unable to measure their blood pressure at home consecutively for 1 week, the measured value was recorded. Physicians then recorded the home systolic blood pressure (H‐SBP) and home diastolic blood pressure (H‐DBP) from the patients’ home blood pressure recording sheet in the case report form as well as the clinic systolic blood pressure (C‐SBP) and clinic diastolic blood pressure (C‐DBP) (measured twice in one visit using a validated mercury, aneroid, or electronic sphygmomanometer as per the method routinely used at each institution). Distributions were calculated according to Japanese blood pressure guidelines 20 (H‐SBP ≥ 125 or <125 mm Hg and C‐SBP ≥ 130 or <130 mm Hg), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2), smoking history, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The proportion of patients with H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg by background characteristics (ie, age ≥ 80 years, diabetes, eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, smoking history, and COPD) was compared using morning measurements and the average of morning and evening measurements. These background characteristics were selected according to the risk factors for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications listed in the current Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. 17
2.4. Statistical methods
Blood pressure was represented using the individual average levels of morning readings and the average of morning and evening readings. For this analysis, frequency tables were created for categorical variables, and summary statistics were calculated for continuous variables. More specifically, we averaged the two home blood pressure measurements that were reported by each patient at each designated time. We then averaged the home blood pressure results over 2 days. To calculate the average of morning and evening home blood pressure values, we used the morning and evening home blood pressure measured on the same day. The average of both clinic blood pressure measurements taken at each visit was also calculated. The home blood pressure and clinic blood pressure averages were then used to analyze relationships with clinical features, blood pressure control, prevalence of masked hypertension, and use of anticoagulants.
For categorical variables, p‐values were calculated using the chi‐squared test. For continuous variables, p‐values were calculated using a two‐sample t test or analysis of variance. A subgroup analysis was conducted based on home blood pressure status to determine the frequency of use of warfarin and each direct oral anticoagulant as well as to compare the proportions of patients with time in the therapeutic range (TTR) less than 40% by H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg vs ≥ 125 mm Hg. In cases in which patients were unable to record their home blood pressure consecutively for 1 week, if a single measurement was taken during the week of evaluation, this single measured value was recorded and analyzed. Missing values were not replaced, and incomplete data (eg, outliers) were excluded from the analyses. A two‐sided p‐value <.05 was considered to indicate significance. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Tokyo, Japan).
3. RESULTS
3.1. Patient characteristics
Among the total analysis population of 32 726 elderly NVAF patients enrolled in the ANAFIE Registry, 5204 (15.9%) were included in the home blood pressure subcohort (Figure 1). In this subcohort population, the mean age was 81.4 years, the proportion of males was 56.4%, the body mass index (BMI) was 23.4 kg/m2, and the eGFR was 54.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Table 1). The mean ± SD blood pressure values in the subcohort were as follows: C‐SBP, 128.5 ± 17.2 mm Hg; C‐DBP, 71.3 ± 11.5 mm Hg; H‐SBP, 127.7 ± 13.1 mm Hg; and H‐DBP, 72.6 ± 9.1 mm Hg. The rate of hypertension in the subcohort was 77.5%, which was numerically higher than that in the overall population (75.2%), and 95.8% of patients with hypertension were receiving antihypertensive drugs (Table 1). In general, there were no notable differences between the subcohort and the total ANAFIE population (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Patient disposition in the ANAFIE Registry home blood pressure subcohort. aDue to withdrawal of consent, discontinuation by physician/institution, or other reason. bMechanical or bioprosthetic. cDevelopment of cardiovascular or bleeding events requiring hospitalization within 1 month before enrollment. NVAF, non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
|
Home blood pressure subcohort n = 5204 |
Total ANAFIE population N = 32 726 |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 81.4 ± 4.8 | 81.5 ± 4.8 |
| Male | 2936 (56.4%) | 18 733 (57.2%) |
| Height, cm | 156.9 ± 9.5 | 157.2 ± 9.5 |
| Weight, kg | 57.7 ± 11.2 | 57.8 ± 11.2 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 3.6 | 23.3 ± 3.6 |
| Ccr, ml/min | 49.2 ± 18.1 | 48.4 ± 21.8 |
| Clinic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 128.5 ± 17.2 | 127.4 ± 17.0 |
| Diastolic | 71.3 ± 11.5 | 70.6 ± 11.6 |
| Home blood pressure, mm Hg a | ||
| Systolic | 127.7 ± 13.1 | — |
| Diastolic | 72.6 ± 9.1 | — |
| Antihypertensive drug | 3867 (74.3%) | 23 180 (70.8%) |
| Comorbidities | 5062 (97.3%) | 31 826 (97.2%) |
| Hypertension | 4035 (77.5%) | 24 615 (75.2%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 2244 (43.1%) | 13 887 (42.4%) |
| Heart failure | 1739 (33.4%) | 12 262 (37.5%) |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 1609 (30.9%) | 9584 (29.3%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1342 (25.8%) | 8833 (27.0%) |
| Cerebrovascular disorder | 1172 (22.5%) | 7410 (22.6%) |
| Hyperuricemia | 1161 (22.3%) | 7402 (22.6%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 965 (18.5%) | 6787 (20.7%) |
| Angina | 812 (15.6%) | 5600 (17.1%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 247 (4.7%) | 1874 (5.7%) |
| Respiratory disease | 591 (11.4%) | 4194 (12.8%) |
| Malignant tumor | 495 (9.5%) | 3589 (10.9%) |
| Dementia | 463 (8.9%) | 2560 (7.8%) |
| Thromboembolic‐related disease | 414 (8.0%) | 2809 (8.6%) |
| History of falls within one year | 357 (6.9%) | 2379 (7.3%) |
| Anticoagulant use | 5204 (93.1%) | 30 081 (91.9%) |
| Warfarin | 1154 (22.2%) | 8354 (25.5%) |
| Dabigatran | 379 (7.3%) | 2353 (7.2%) |
| Rivaroxaban | 1234 (23.7%) | 6463 (19.7%) |
| Apixaban | 1265 (24.3%) | 8085 (24.7%) |
| Edoxaban | 811 (15.6%) | 4813 (14.7%) |
| Non‐oral anticoagulant | 2 (0.0%) | 40 (0.1%) |
| Other concomitant medication | 5001 (96.1%) | 31 045 (94.9%) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 2915 (58.3%) | 18 374 (59.2%) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 872 (17.4%) | 5793 (18.7%) |
| Hypolipidemic drugs | 1976 (39.5%) | 12 129 (39.1%) |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 846 (16.9%) | 5231 (16.8%) |
| Antidementia drugs | 211 (4.2%) | 1203 (3.9%) |
| Anticancer drugs | 40 (0.8%) | 289 (0.9%) |
| Anti‐COPD drugs | 126 (2.5%) | 839 (2.7%) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 1901 (38.0%) | 11 981 (38.6%) |
Data are shown as mean ± SD or n (%).
Abbreviations: Ccr, creatinine clearance; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Average of home blood pressure measured twice each morning and evening for 7 days from the date of consent.
3.2. Blood pressure control status
The H‐SBP/H‐DBP readings to calculate the average levels of morning blood pressure were performed 12.6 ± 2.8 times, and the morning and evening blood pressure readings were performed 24.7 ± 6.2 times. A total of 59.0% of patients had uncontrolled H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg according to the average of morning and evening blood pressure readings, while 48.9% had uncontrolled C‐SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg (Figure 2, left; Table 2). Additionally, 65.9% of patients had uncontrolled H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg according to the average levels of morning blood pressure readings, while 48.9% had uncontrolled C‐SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg (Figure 2, right; Table 2). Since this subcohort included 50 patients with four or fewer BP readings/week in the morning and evening and 68 patients with four or fewer BP readings/week in the morning, we removed them and outliers from this analysis.
Figure 2.
Prevalence of blood pressure control status according to type of hypertension and stratified by clinic and home blood pressure measurements. aAverage home blood pressure measured twice each morning and evening for 7 days from the date of consent.Fifty patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning and in the evening were excluded from this analysis. bAverage home blood pressure measured twice in the morning for 7 days from the date of consent.Sixty‐eight patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning were excluded from this analysis. C‐SBP, clinic systolic blood pressure; H‐SBP, home systolic blood pressure
Table 2.
Clinic and home blood pressure control status in the ANAFIE home blood pressure subcohort and in subgroups with different risk factors
|
Subcohort total (n = 4985) |
Risk factor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diabetes (n = 1291) |
eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (n = 2904) |
Age ≥ 80 years (n = 2944) |
Current smoker c (n = 172) |
COPD c (n = 124) |
||
| C‐BP, mm Hg | n = 2814 | |||||
| Systolic ≥ 130 | 2438 (48.9%) | 638 (49.4%) | 1297 (46.1%) | 1415 (48.1%) | 89 (51.7%) | 42 (33.9%) |
| Systolic < 130 | 2547 (51.1%) | 653 (50.6%) | 1517 (53.9%) | 1529 (51.9%) | 83 (48.3%) | 82 (66.1%) |
| AV‐ME H‐BP, mm Hg a | n = 4936 | n = 1287 | n = 2788 | n = 2913 | ||
| Systolic ≥ 125 | 2911 (59.0%) | 814 (63.2%) | 1590 (57.0%) | 1777 (61.0%) | 108 (62.8%) | 75 (60.5%) |
| Systolic < 125 | 2025 (41.0%) | 473 (36.8%) | 1198 (43.0%) | 1136 (39.0%) | 64 (37.2%) | 49 (39.5%) |
| AV‐M H‐BP, mHg b | n = 4910 | n = 1282 | n = 2775 | n = 2900 | ||
| Systolic ≥ 125 | 3238 (65.9%) | 894 (69.7%) | 1759 (63.4%) | 1946 (67.1%) | 117 (68.0%) | 85 (68.5%) |
| Systolic < 125 | 1672 (34.1%) | 388 (30.3%) | 1016 (36.6%) | 954 (32.9%) | 55 (32.0%) | 39 (31.5%) |
Data are shown as n (%).
Abbreviations: C‐BP, clinic blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; H‐BP, home blood pressure.
Average of home blood pressure measured twice each morning and evening for 7 days (AV‐ME) and excluded 50 patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning and evening.
Average of home blood pressure measured twice in the morning for 7 days (AV‐M) and excluded 68 patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning.
All subjects in this subcohort were analyzed.
When blood pressure control was evaluated by type of hypertension (well controlled, masked, white coat, or sustained) according to C‐SBP (< or ≥ 130 mm Hg) and H‐SBP (< or ≥ 125 mm Hg), the population with masked hypertension was high, particularly in the morning (Figure 2; Table 3). In the analysis of H‐SBP using the average of morning and evening blood pressure readings, 27.7% of patients had well‐controlled, 13.4% had white coat, 23.4% had masked, and 35.6% had sustained hypertension. According to data on the average levels of morning blood pressure, the proportion of patients with masked hypertension was 26.9%, which was numerically higher than the proportion calculated using data on the average of morning and evening blood pressure readings. Even in those with well‐controlled C‐SBP (51.2% of total patients), 52.5% remained uncontrolled (>125 mm Hg) according to H‐SBP based on average levels of morning blood pressure, that is, they had masked uncontrolled morning hypertension. When combined with patients with uncontrolled sustained hypertension, the overall rate of uncontrolled morning hypertension by H‐SBP based on average levels of morning blood pressure was 65.9%.
Table 3.
Blood pressure control status according to type of hypertension in the ANAFIE home blood pressure subcohort and in subgroups with different risk factors
|
Subcohort total (n = 4985) |
Risk factor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diabetes (n = 1291) |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 2904) |
Age ≥ 80 years (n = 2944) |
Current smoker c (n = 172) |
COPD c (n = 124) |
||
| AV‐ME control status a | n = 4936 | n = 1287 | n = 2788 | n = 2913 | ||
| Well controlled | 1366 (27.7%) | 332 (25.8%) | 830 (29.8%) | 791 (27.2%) | 41 (23.8%) | 40 (32.3%) |
| White coat | 659 (13.4%) | 141 (11.0%) | 368 (13.2%) | 345 (11.8%) | 23 (13.4%) | 9 (7.3%) |
| Masked | 1154 (23.4%) | 319 (24.8%) | 669 (24.0%) | 719 (24.7%) | 42 (24.4%) | 42 (33.9%) |
| Sustained | 1757 (35.6%) | 495 (38.5%) | 921 (33.0%) | 1058 (36.3%) | 66 (38.4%) | 33 (26.6%) |
| AV‐M control status b | n = 4910 | n = 1282 | n = 2775 | n = 2900 | ||
| Well controlled | 1191 (24.3%) | 289 (22.5%) | 750 (27.0%) | 701 (24.2%) | 35 (20.3%) | 34 (27.4%) |
| White coat | 481 (9.8%) | 99 (7.7%) | 266 (9.6%) | 253 (8.7%) | 20 (11.6%) | 5 (4.0%) |
| Masked | 1319 (26.9%) | 362 (28.2%) | 745 (26.8%) | 805 (27.8%) | 48 (27.9%) | 48 (38.7%) |
| Sustained | 1919 (39.1%) | 532 (41.5%) | 1014 (36.5%) | 1141 (39.3%) | 69 (40.1%) | 37 (29.8%) |
Data are shown as n (%).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; H‐BP, home blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Average of home blood pressure measured twice each morning and evening for 7 days (AV‐ME) and excluded 50 patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning and evening.
Average of home blood pressure measured twice in the morning for 7 days (AV‐M) and excluded 68 patients with four or fewer home blood pressure readings/week in the morning.
All subjects in this subcohort were analyzed.
The proportion of masked hypertension increased in patients with COPD (33.9%), diabetes (24.8%), and eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (24.0%); in those aged ≥80 years (24.7%), and in current smokers (24.4%) (Table 3). The proportion of patients with morning H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg was numerically higher among patients aged ≥80 years than among those aged <80 years (67.1% vs 64.3%; Figure S1A); among those with diabetes than among those without diabetes (69.7% vs 64.6%; Figure S1B); among those with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 than among those with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (69.2% vs 63.4%; Figure S1C). For all background characteristics, the rate of hypertension and the rate of home hypertension were higher with the average of morning blood pressure readings than with the average of morning and evening blood pressure readings. To determine whether the higher prevalence of morning hypertension among patients with diabetes and eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was influenced by age, we conducted further age‐adjusted analysis. Among patients without diabetes, 53.9% (790/1467) of patients aged <80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg, while 59.7% (1330/2227) of those aged ≥80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg. Among patients with diabetes, 61.8% (355/574) of patients aged <80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg and 64.3% (461/717) of patients aged ≥80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg. Among patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, 54.1% (538/995) of those aged <80 years had an H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg and 58.4% (1063/1819) of those aged ≥80 years had a H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg. Among patients with eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, 56.6% (419/740) of those aged <80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg while 63.8% (509/798) of those aged ≥80 years had H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg. From the above results, patients with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, as well as those with diabetes, tended to have higher H‐SBP, regardless of age.
3.3. Anticoagulation and blood pressure control
In this subcohort analysis, we conducted a subgroup analysis based on home blood pressure status to determine the frequency of use of warfarin and each direct oral anticoagulant as well as to compare the proportions of patients with TTR <40% by H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg vs ≥ 125 mm Hg. We found that 93.1% of the patients were receiving anticoagulants (warfarin: 22.2%; direct oral anticoagulants: 70.9%); however, there was no significant difference between the H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg and ≥ 125 mm Hg by type of anticoagulant therapy received (p > .05 [chi‐squared test]) (Figure S2). In the warfarin group, the proportion of patients with TTR <40% was slightly higher in the H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg group than in the H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg group (15.0% vs 10.9%, p = .0679 [chi‐squared test]) (Figure S3).
4. DISCUSSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis of blood pressure control status measured in the clinical and home settings in elderly NVAF patients in Japan. Among 5204 elderly NVAF patients included in this home blood pressure subcohort of the ANAFIE study, most patients had hypertension (77.5%), and the use of antihypertensive drugs among these patients was high (95.8%).
In this home blood pressure subcohort, the average clinic and home blood pressure measurements were comparable. The mean C‐SBP and C‐DBP were 128.5 mm Hg and 71.3 mm Hg, while the mean H‐SBP and H‐DBP were 127.7 mm Hg and 72.6 mm Hg, respectively. Current Japanese guidelines emphasize the importance of achieving a strict blood pressure control for patients with AF, which is below 130/80 mm Hg in the clinical setting and below 125/75 mm Hg for home blood pressure. 17 AF and hypertension are both important risk factors for cardiovascular complications; however, these conditions are often found concomitantly. Particularly in patients with AF, the risk of complications such as stroke, arterial embolism, and all‐cause death increases with increasing blood pressure. 20 , 43 Thus, it is necessary to maintain strict blood pressure control in patients with both AF and hypertension to prevent these complications. In the present home blood pressure subcohort, blood pressure control was generally in line with current guidelines, 17 as monitored in both the clinical setting and at home.
Two recent meta‐analyses of blood pressure measurement in AF concluded that, despite the increased beat‐to‐beat blood pressure variability in AF patients, office blood pressure was clinically relevant 44 and, along with hypertension diagnosis, may be useful for predicting the risk of stroke or systemic embolism. 45 Interestingly, routine automated office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were all clinically relevant and resulted in a high diagnostic accuracy when used in conjunction with an AF‐specific algorithm during screening. 44 It is also noteworthy that automated oscillometric blood pressure measurements appeared to be as clinically relevant as auscultatory blood pressure measurements in AF. 44 Further, both oscillometric and auscultatory blood pressure measurement methods were found to be similarly associated with indices of preclinical cardiac damage and predictive value for cardiovascular events and death. 44 These findings validate the use of the oscillometric blood pressure measurement method for measuring home blood pressure in this study.
In some patients with hypertension, a number of hemodynamic factors result in an early morning blood pressure surge and a prothrombotic state, characterized by atherothrombotic plaque vulnerability, endovascular shear stress, and increased coagulability; these factors have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as bleeding events and vasculature damage. 46 In patients with AF, embolic and bleeding events occur commonly in the early morning, 39 , 40 , 41 so it is important to measure and control the blood pressure during this period of the day. In the present substudy, early morning home hypertension was present in over 60% of patients and the percentage of masked hypertension was more than 20% even when each was analyzed by background clinical characteristics. Further, for morning home blood pressure, the prevalence of masked hypertension was particularly high (up to 26.7%), and the proportion of patients with morning home blood pressure ≥125 mm Hg was 65.8%. In contrast, the JSH 2019 guidelines report that between 10% and 15% of non‐hypertensive individuals in the general population have masked hypertension, while 9% to 23% of hypertensive patients whose clinic blood pressure is controlled to less than 140/90 mm Hg have masked hypertension. 17 Thus, the data resulting from home blood pressure measurements in our study suggest that masked hypertension may have been severely underestimated by prior reports that depended on clinic blood pressure measurements alone.
Systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS) is the result of the aging process and blood pressure fluctuations. SHATS leads to increased hemodynamic stress and causes vascular disease affecting small and large vessels. 46 In particular, continuous blood pressure fluctuation increases the risk of SHATS. AF is a typical model of blood pressure fluctuation, and elderly AF patients with advanced vascular stiffness are more susceptible to SHATS. 47 , 48 In order to reduce the risk of SHATS, 47 new NVAF events, and hemorrhagic and ischemic cardiovascular events 16 in these patients, it is paramount to aim for the best blood pressure control possible, particularly by reducing the morning blood pressure surges, as this parameter is closely related to cardiovascular disease. 28 , 47
When comparing the present results with the primary results of the HONEST study, 29 patients in the ANAFIE home blood pressure subcohort had lower mean C‐SBP (132.6 vs 128.5 mm Hg) and H‐SBP (131.5 vs 127.7 mm Hg). Nevertheless, the prevalence of masked hypertension was high in this substudy, particularly in the morning; this finding is similar to that reported in the HONEST study. Another similarity with the HONEST study is that most patients with masked hypertension were receiving antihypertensive drugs. As in the present substudy, based on the average of morning and evening home blood pressure, HONEST study patients had insufficient control of morning H‐SBP. Patients with severe masked hypertension in the HONEST study were older, had cardiovascular comorbidities, and lower BMI. 8 A Finnish study evaluating similar associations also found that older age and current smoking were independent predictors of masked hypertension. 49 Our findings are consistent with that report, as the prevalence of masked hypertension was higher in patients with COPD, diabetes and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, those aged ≥80 years, and current smokers.
Notably, in this substudy of the ANAFIE population, ≥90% of patients received anticoagulation. In the group receiving warfarin, more patients with H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg than those with H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg had a TTR < 40%, indicating that poor adherence to antihypertensive and anticoagulation treatment might have partly influenced home blood pressure control status. For patients with AF, Japanese guidelines (2019) recommend strict blood pressure control targeting a C‐SBP < 130 mm Hg and H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg in addition to anticoagulant therapy and heart rate control. 17 Thus, to reduce both embolic and hemorrhagic events, adequate anticoagulation with strict clinic and morning home blood pressure control is important, especially for elderly patients with stiffened arteries.
4.1. Limitations
In common with all analyses from the ANAFIE Registry, the study limitations are mainly related to the observational, registry‐based design. 50 As participation in the Registry was restricted to Japanese patients, it is also possible that the generalizability of the data to patient populations of other races may be limited. A limitation specific to this analysis was that clinic blood pressure was measured at only one visit. Although only SBP measurements were used to evaluate blood pressure control in this study, we do not perceive this to be a limitation, as SBP is more important than DBP in the elderly population. Additionally, as in AF, blood pressure fluctuates continuously, and this may affect the accuracy of the home blood pressure measurement. Further, home blood pressure monitoring might result in an overestimation of the blood pressure profile in selected elderly patients, such as those with orthostatic hypotension. More studies are needed to justify a strict home blood pressure target in very elderly patients. Finally, we did not study the relationship between home blood pressure and outcome; this relationship warrants further study in the future.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Uncontrolled early morning hypertension (morning H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg) was found in 65.8% of patients aged ≥75 years with NVAF. Even in patients with C‐SBP < 130 mm Hg, more than half had masked early morning hypertension according to H‐SBP measurement. Among patients receiving warfarin, a higher proportion of patients with H‐SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg had a TTR < 40 compared with those with H‐SBP < 125 mm Hg. In high‐risk elderly NVAF patients who receive anticoagulation, morning home blood pressure is still inadequately controlled, which is likely to result in an increased risk of both embolic and hemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular events in the morning. However, the effects of increased morning home blood pressure will be further clarified in subsequent post‐observation analyses.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Kazuomi Kario received research grants from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Omron Healthcare Inc, and A&D Inc, and remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, and Omron Healthcare Inc. Naoyuki Hasebe received research funding from Bristol‐Myers Squibb and Daiichi Sankyo, and remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo and Bayer. Takeshi Yamashita received research funding from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Bayer, and Daiichi Sankyo, manuscript fees from Daiichi Sankyo and Bristol‐Myers Squibb, and remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Pfizer Japan, and Bristol‐Myers Squibb. Masaharu Akao received research funding from Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo, and remuneration from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and Daiichi Sankyo. Hirotsugu Atarashi received remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo. Takanori Ikeda received research funding from Daiichi Sankyo and Bayer, and remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Bristol‐Myers Squibb. Yukihiro Koretsune received remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. Ken Okumura received remuneration from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Johnson & Johnson, and Medtronic. Wataru Shimizu received research funding from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and patent royalties/licensing fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer Japan, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Bayer, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. Hiroyuki Tsutsui received research funding from Daiichi Sankyo, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer Japan, scholarship funding from Daiichi Sankyo, and consultancy fees from Pfizer Japan, Bayer, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. Kazunori Toyoda and Hiroshi Inoue received remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. Atsushi Hirayama participated in a course endowed by Boston Scientific Japan, and has received research funding from Daiichi Sankyo and Bayer, and remuneration from Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. Masahiro Yasaka received research funding from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and remuneration from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, and Pfizer Japan. Takenori Yamaguchi acted as an Advisory Board member of Daiichi Sankyo, and received remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo and Bristol‐Myers Squibb. Satoshi Teramukai received research funding from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim and remuneration from Daiichi Sankyo. Tetsuya Kimura, Jumpei Kaburagi, and Atsushi Takita are employees of Daiichi Sankyo.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
KO, T Yamashita, MA, HA, TI, YK, WS, HT, KT, AH, MY, T Yamaguchi, and HI designed and conducted the study; KK and NH interpreted the data analysis; ST and AT carried out the statistical analyses; and KK, NH, KO, TK, and JK wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All authors revised and commented on the manuscript, and approved the final version.
Supporting information
Figure S1‐S3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. The authors thank all individuals (physicians, nurses, institutional staff, and patients) involved in the ANAFIE Registry. They also thank IQVIA Services Japan KK and EP‐CRSU for their partial support in the conduct of this Registry, and Sally‐Anne Mitchell, PhD, and Keyra Martinez Dunn, MD, of Edanz Evidence Generation for providing medical writing support, which was funded by Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
Kario K, Hasebe N, Okumura K, et al. High prevalence of masked uncontrolled morning hypertension in elderly non‐valvular atrial fibrillation patients: Home blood pressure substudy of the ANAFIE Registry. J Clin Hypertens.2021;23:73–82. 10.1111/jch.14095
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Supplementary Materials
Figure S1‐S3