Skip to main content
PMC home page
Annals of Translational Medicine logoLink to Annals of Translational Medicine
. 2021 Mar;9(5):394. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-6456

Exosome-derived miR-196b-5p facilitates intercellular interaction in infantile hemangioma via down-regulating CDKN1B

Qi-Zhang Wang 1, Ze-Liang Zhao 1, Chao Liu 1, Jia-Wei Zheng 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8033367  PMID: 33842615

Abstract

Background

Though infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common benign vascular tumor, its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study explored the function of hemangioma-derived stem cells (HemSCs) derived exosomes, which exerted an intercellular effect on hemangioma-derived endothelial cells (HemECs).

Methods

First, HemSCs and HemECs were extracted and cultured. HemSCs derived exosomes (HemSCs-exos) were harvested. miRNA sequencing and target prediction were used to explore differentially expressed miRNAs and potential binding targets. After HemECs were co-cultured with HemSCs-exos, a series of in vitro assays were then performed including cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, cell apoptosis assay, cell cycle assay and tube formation assay to evaluate proliferation, angiogenesis abilities, etc. qRT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to detect the expression level of target genes and proteins.

Results

After co-culturing with HemSCs-exos, proliferation, and angiogenesis abilities of HemECs were enhanced, while apoptosis and cell cycle arrest rate were decreased. MiR-196b-5p was observed to be significantly highly expressed in HemSCs-exos. CDKN1B was identified as the binding target of miR-196b-5p. HemECs’ proliferation and angiogenesis abilities were elevated when co-cultured with exosomes from HemSCs transfected with miR-196b-5p mimic. In addition, apoptosis rate declined, and lower cells were arrested in G0/G1 phases. Cyclin E, bcl-2 were significantly highly expressed, whereas p27, Bax expression were significantly down-regulated. The positive effect of miR-196b-5p in HemSCs-exos was dramatically reversed when HemECs were transfected with oe-CDKN1B.

Conclusions

The current study found a novel intercellular interaction between IH cells. Briefly, exosome-derived miRNA-196b-5p in HemSCs could facilitate proliferation and angiogenesis abilities, and attenuate apoptosis and cell cycle repression rate of HemECs by directly binding with CDKN1B.

Keywords: Infantile hemangioma (IH), exosome, miRNA-196b-5p, CDKN1B, cell cycle

Introduction

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy (1), affecting nearly 3–10% of infants (2). The incidence rises to 22–30% in premature or low-birthweight infants. In most cases, IH evolution can be divided into 3 phases: proliferating phase (approximately age 0–1), involuting phase (age 1–5), and involuted phase (age 5–10) (3). Despite its spontaneous involution, IH can cause disfigurement or organ dysfunction in many children, along with potential psychological effects and economic burdens.

Regarding the pathogenesis of IH, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Khan et al. (4) reported that IH originated from CD133+ hemangioma-derived stem cells (HemSCs). Previous studies have repeatedly emphasized that the existence of HemSCs are necessary for IH formation (4,5). HemSCs function as stem cells. They can differentiate into hemangioma-derived endothelial cells (HemECs), pericytes, and adipocytes in the involuted phase (6,7), playing a pivotal role in the whole IH progression. In addition, previous studies documented that HemSCs could interact with other IH cells. HemSCs regulated blood vessel formation via the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) (8). VEGF-A bound with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which was constitutively activated among HemECs (9). Conversely, it was reported that HemECs affected the biological viability of HemSCs alike. Smadja et al. (10) discovered that HemECs in proliferating phase IH expressed E-selectin, stimulating the migration and adhesion of HemSCs. E-selectin expression would be enhanced when HemECs were exposed to VEGF-A.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells participate in the process of intercellular communication and material exchange in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes are specific subtype of EVs characterized by a size of 40–150 nm in diameter and cup-shaped microvesicles under an electron microscope (11,12). Exosomes biogenesis relies on the endocytic pathway (13). Briefly, they originate from endosomal packaging into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Then, exosomes are generated inside MVBs and released extracellularly after MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane. Though the detailed mechanism has not been well characterized, the process of exosomes formation is driven by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) as described previously (14). Exosomes contain distinct bioactive materials such as RNA, DNA, lipids, proteins (15) enclosed by cholesterol-rich membrane. Secreted by most cells, exosomes can target neighboring and distant cells by trafficking in TME and circulation. Recipient cells selectively internalize exosomes via exosomal specific markers such as CD63. Therefore, exosomes have a significant role in regulating several physiological or pathological processes (16). Though, according to previous studies, there was no direct correlation between IH and exosomes, emerging evidence suggested that exosomes secreted by endothelial cells participated in the endothelium regulation in various tissues (17-20). Moreover, it was proved that components in tumors’ exosomes could regulate angiogenesis (21). Since IH is mainly composed of atypical endothelial cells, and angiogenesis is indispensable for IH formation (22), it is worthwhile to explore whether exosomes are involved in IH progression.

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are a series of short non-coding small RNAs with an average length of 22 nucleotides (23). By binding to the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of the target mRNA after silencing complex formation (24,25), miRNAs can generate translational repression or degradation at the posttranscriptional level, thus affecting distinct biological processes (26). miRNAs can be encapsulated by exosomes and then transported to target cells to promote intercellular communication (27). A growing number of exosomes-derived miRNAs have been identified to be able to participate in various processes of cancer (28), they can also promote endothelial regeneration (29-31). However, how exosomes-derived miRNAs affect the formation or development of IH remains to be further investigated.

Since the interaction between HemSCs and HemECs has not been fully discovered, the current study intended to explore the intercellular interaction and whether exosomes participated in this process. Possible findings are helpful to develop potential therapeutic targets for IH treatment.

We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6456).

Methods

Cell culture and identification

Proliferating IH tissues were obtained from Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital under a human subject protocol that was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (SH9H-2019-TK168-1). All patients were provided with informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

HemSCs and HemECs were isolated from proliferating IH tissues as described previously (32). Briefly, IH tissues were digested with 0.2% collagenase A (Roche Diagnostics, USA) in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Hyclone, USA) for 30 min at 37 °C. Then, tissues were filtered through a 100-μm cell strainer. Erythrocytes were lysed by NH4Cl (0.8% NH4Cl/0.1 mM EDTA) (StemCell Technologies, CAN) for 10 min on ice. CD133+ cells and CD133- cells were isolated using anti-CD133-coated magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, USA) and cultured on fibronectin-coated plates with Endothelial Basal Medium (EBM-2) (Cambrex Bio Science, USA). EBM-2 was supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), SingleQuot (Cambrex Bio Science, USA), PSF. CD133+ and CD133- cells were used as HemSCs and HemECs, respectively.

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (CRL-1730, Manassas, USA) and were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS (Hyclone, USA) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in a 37 °C humidified atmosphere containing 95% air, 5% CO2 (33).

Single cell clonogenic and differentiation assay

HemSCs were cultured and a single-cell suspension of HemSCs was diluted to 10 cells/mL and plated in each well of a 96-well plate. The cell number was calculated on day 2, 5, 7, 10, 14 after single-cell dilution. For adipogenesis, HemSCs were cultured in adipogenic media (Cyagen Biosciences, USA) for 14 days. Lipid droplets were detected with Oil‐Red‐O staining; For osteogenesis, HemSCs were cultured in osteogenic media (Cyagen Biosciences, USA) for 14 days. Alizarin Red S staining was used for osteogenesis analysis.

Exosome isolation and identification

After HemSCs and HUVECs reaching 70–80% confluent, HemSCs and HUVECs were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cultured in EBM-2 medium with 10% exosome-depleted FBS (System Biosciences, USA) for an additional 48 h. Cell supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 300 g for 5 min and 3,000 g for 15 min to remove cellular debris. Then, the supernatants were filtered through a 0.22-μm filter (Millipore, USA). Next, the exosomes were isolated at 120,000 g for 60 min. The pelleted exosomes were resuspended in PBS and repeatedly centrifuged once. Finally, the exosomes were stored at −80 °C for subsequent use. All procedures were performed at 4 °C. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot were used to identify the exosomes (34,35). The size and concentration were measured by NTA software (Nanosight, v2.3, UK). The morphology of exosomes was observed under TEM (HITACHI, H-7650, Japan). The specific surface markers of exosomes including CD63, TSG101, HSP70 were analyzed by Western blot. Calnexin served as the negative control.

miRNA sequencing and differentially expressed miRNA analysis

HemSCs-exos and HUVECs-exos were harvested and the RNA in exosomes was sequenced by Novogene (Beijing, China). Briefly, the sequencing library of miRNA was prepared from total RNA by using NEBNext Small RNA Library Prep Set for Illumina (NEB, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, RNA was ligated with 5'-RNA and 3'-RNA adapters, reversely transcribed into cDNAs by M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) and PCR amplified. Library quality was assessed on the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system using DNA High Sensitivity Chips. After quality control, the PCR products were sequenced by an Illumina Hiseq 2500/2000 platform, and 50-bp single-end reads were generated. Differentially expressed miRNAs between groups were analyzed using the DESeq R package (1.8.3). A corrected P value of 0.05 and at least 1.5-fold change were set as the threshold for significantly differential expression. Target genes prediction was performed by RNAhybrid, miRanda and TargetScan.

Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay

The normal sequence of CDKN1B-3' UTR containing a miR-196b-5p binding site and its mutated 3' UTR sequence were synthesized by PCR amplification and integrated into luciferase pmirGLO vectors (Promega, USA), named CDKN1B-wild type (Wt) and CDKN1B-mutant (Mut), respectively. Then, they were co-transfected into HEK-293T cells with miR-196b-5p mimic or negative controls. After transfection for 48 h, cells were lysed to evaluate luciferase activity using the Dual luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA).

Exosome uptake assay

HemSCs-Exos and HUVECs-exos were stained with membrane fluorescent dye PKH26 (Sigma Aldrich, USA). Briefly, exosomes from HemSCs or HUVECs were resuspended and labeled with PKH26. Then, the exosomes were added to HemECs at the same dose for 24 h of incubation. Cells were washed with PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and stained with DAPI for 5 min at room temperature. Cellular uptake of exosomes was observed under a laser confocal microscope (×400) (Leica Microsystems, Germany).

qRT-PCR analysis

Total RNA from the tissues, prepared cells was extracted using RNAiso Plus (TaKaRa, China). The obtained RNA was then reversely transcribed into cDNA by PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time) (TaKaRa, China), and miRNA reverse transcription kit (Harbin Xinhai Gene Co., Ltd., China) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Next, qPCR was performed using TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II (Tli RNaseH Plus) (TaKaRa, China), and the Applied Biosystems 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) was employed for the examination of stem cell marker CD133, CD44, SOX2, LGR5, NANOG, and CDKN1B mRNA expression levels as well as miR-196b-5p, miR-1301-3p, miR-1307-3p, miR-92b-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-374a-3p expression level. GAPDH was used as the internal reference. For exosomes, procedures were basically identical except U6 was used as the internal reference. 2-ΔΔCt was used to analyze the relative expression levels. Primers used were synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The primer sequences for miR-196b-5p, U6, CDKN1B, GAPDH were detailed as follows: miR-196b-5p: F: 5'- GCGCGTAGGTAGTTTCCTGTT-3', R: 5'- AGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATT-3'; U6: F: 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3', R: 5'-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3'; CDKN1B: F: 5'-AGATGTCAAACGTGCGAGTG-3', R: 5'-CCATGTCTCTGC AGTGCTTC-3'; GAPDH: F: 5'-TCATGGGTGTGAACCATGAGAA-3', R: 5'-GGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAG-3'.

Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotech, China) for 15 min at 4 °C. Next, the protein concentration was analyzed by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (Beyotime Biotech, China). The protein was then separated by PAGE and then transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (0.22 µm) (Millipore, USA). The membrane was blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies against: CD63 (Abcam Cat# ab134045, RRID: AB_2800495), TSG101 (Abcam Cat# ab125011, RRID: AB_10974262), HSP70 (Abcam Cat# ab2787, RRID:AB_303300), cyclin E (Abcam Cat# ab33911, RRID:AB_731787), bcl-2 (Abcam Cat# ab32124, RRID:AB_725644), Bax (Abcam Cat# ab32503, RRID:AB_725631), p27 (Abcam Cat# ab32034, RRID:AB_2244732). GAPDH (Abcam Cat# ab9485, RRID: AB_307275) was served as the internal control. The membrane was then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 7074, RRID: AB_2099233) for 1 h. The protein bands were visualized using SuperSignal enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) substrate (Pierce, USA), and analyzed by Image Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, USA) software.

Cells proliferation assay

Cell counting kit-8 (Dojindo, USA) was used to examine cell proliferation ability. HemECs were planted into 96-well plates (5,000 cells/well). The CCK-8 reagent was added to each well at 24, 48, and 72 h after culturing with exosomes, followed by incubation for 1–4 h at 37 °C. A spectrophotometer was applied to read the OD values at 450 nm.

Cell apoptosis and cell cycle assay

HemECs were cultured in 6-well plates and then cultured with exosomes derived from HemSCs or HUVECs when the density reached 105 cells/well. After 48 h, cells were harvested and centrifuged at 1,000 r at 4 °C, and resuspended again in 1× binding buffer. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay kit (Nanjing KeyGen Biotech. Co. Ltd., China) was used to analyze cell apoptosis within 15 min in the dark. Flow cytometry (Agilent Technology, USA) was utilized to determine the apoptotic rate.

HemECs were cultured in 6-well plates (2×105 cells/well) and then cultured with exosomes derived from HemSCs or HUVECs. After 48 h, the cells were digested and collected. After being fixed in 75% ethanol for 2 h, the cells were treated with RNase A (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and stained in 500 mL PI (Sigma Aldrich, USA). Flow cytometry (Agilent Technology, USA) was employed to analyze the cell distribution in each phase, and cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases in each group were counted.

Tube formation assay

HemECs were cultured in 96-well plates and then cultured with exosomes derived from HemSCs or HUVECs for 48 h. Matrigel (BD Biosciences, USA) was thawed at 4 °C overnight and used to coat 96-well plates. Then, plates were incubated at room temperature for 30–60 min. Next, HemECs were plated on the Matrigel (105 cells/well). After incubation for 6 h, the cells were visualized under a light microscope (×100) to assess the capillary-like structures formation. The branch points of the formed tubes were scanned and quantified in at least 5 fields.

Cell transfection

HemSCs and HemECs were seeded into 6-well plates and grown to 60–80% in confluence for preparation. MiR-196b-5p mimic, miR-196b-5p inhibitor, oe-CDKN1B and their negative controls (NC) were all procured from Genomeditech (Shanghai, China). Target plasmids and Lipofectamin2000 (Invitrogen, USA) were diluted using serum-free Opti-MEM (Gibco, USA) and sequentially mixed. The miR-196b-5p mimic, inhibitor was used at a dose of 100 pmol for miRNA up- and down-regulation. Next, the cells were transfected with the mixture and collected for the following analysis after 36–48 h of transfection.

Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software (Chicago, USA). The measurement data were described as mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test was applied for assessing multiple independent groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between CDKN1B expression and miR-196b-5p. Each experiment was repeated at least three times, and P<0.05 was considered to represent statistical significance.

Results

Characterization of HemSCs and exosomes

HemSCs were obtained from proliferating phase IH tissues as described above. In vitro clonal expansion was shown by diluting a single-cell suspension of HemSCs (Figure 1A). Differentiation assay indicated that HemSCs could differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes (Figure 1B). In addition, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that HemSCs highly expressed stem cell marker CD133, as well as CD44, SOX2, LGR5, and NANOG (Figure 1C).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Identification of HemSCs. (A) The clonogenic proliferation ability of HemSCs was analyzed using single cell clonogenic assay. The cell number was calculated on day 2, 5, 7, 10, 14 after single-cell dilution. (B) To examine HemSCs’ multiple differentiation ability, HemSCs were cultured in adipogenic, osteogenic media, respectively. Adipogenic ability (left) and osteogenic ability (right) were observed in HemSCs. (C) Stem cell specific markers (CD133, CD44, SOX2, LGR5, NANOG) were examined via qRT-PCR. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results were shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Exosomes were successfully extracted from HemSCs and HUVECs. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observed specific exosome morphology (Figure 2A). Nanoparticle size analysis (NTA) showed that the diameter of exosomes was around 100 nm (Figure 2B). In addition, Western blot confirmed the expression of exosomes’ specific surface markers CD63, TSG101, and HSP70 (Figure 2C).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Identification of exosomes derived from HemSCs. (A) Observation of exosome morphology from HemSCs by TEM (scale bar =200 nm) (left) (scale bar =100 nm) (right). (B) Nanoparticle size analysis displayed that the diameter of the extracted exosomes was around 100 nm. (C) Expression of exosome specific surface markers was determined by Western blot. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently.

HemSCs-derived exosomes regulated proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and angiogenesis of HemECs

To prove whether HemSCs could exert intercellular effects on HemECs, HemECs were co-cultured with HemSCs-exos (HemSCs-exos group), HUVECs-exos (HUVECs-exos group), or cultured independently (HemECs group). First, exosome uptake assay showed that HemECs successfully internalized PKH26-labeled exosomes observed under confocal microscope (Figure 3A). CCK-8 assay displayed that cell proliferation ability of HemECs in the HemSCs-exos group was significantly higher than the HUVECs-exos group and the HemECs group after exosomes were taken in for 24–72 h (Figure 3B). In the cell apoptosis assay, cell apoptotic rate was significantly decreased in the HemSCs-exos group than the other two groups (Figure 3C). In addition, there were significantly lower cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase in the HemSCs-exos group compared with the other two groups according to cell cycle assay (Figure 3D). The tube formation ability of the HemSCs-exos group was enhanced likewise (P<0.05) (Figure 3E). Western blot showed that cyclin E, bcl-2 were significantly highly expressed, while the expression of p27, Bax were evidently down-regulated in the HemSCs-exos group (P<0.05) (Figure 3F). Bax/bcl-2 play a profound role in cell apoptosis, while cyclin E/p27 are closely associated with cell cycle regulation. p27 is encoded by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B). Western blot result was inconsistent with the cell apoptosis assay and cell cycle assay. Notably, HemECs co-cultured with HUVECs-exos for 72 h showed significantly higher proliferation ability than the HemECs group, but lower than the HemSCs-exos group (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed in cell apoptosis assay. Collectively, these data reflected that the proliferation and angiogenesis abilities of HemECs were enhanced, while cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were attenuated in the HemSCs-exos and HemECs co-culture system.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Co-culturing HemECs with HemSCs-exos and HUVECs-exos. (A) Laser confocal microscope (×400) confirmed the internalization of HemSCs-Exos and HUVECs-exos in HemECs. (B) CCK-8 assay reflected the viability of HemECs. (C, D) Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the cell apoptosis rate and the cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase. (E) Tube formation assay was conducted to examine the angiogenesis ability of HemECs. a, b, c represented HemSCs-exos group, HUVECs-group, HemECs group, respectively. Scale bar =100 µm. (F) Western blot showed the expression levels of cyclin E, bcl-2, p27, Bax. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. # represented that there was no significant difference between groups. *P<0.05.

High expression of exosomes derived miR-196b-5p Is detected in HemSCs

To explore how exosomes regulate intercellular effects between IH cells, this study detected the exosomes-derived miRNAs in HemSCs by RNA sequencing analysis. miRNA profiles were compared between exosomes from HemSCs and HUVECs. The miRNAs reached a significance level of corrected P<0.05 and had a fold change >1.5 were selected and displayed in the volcano plot (Figure 4A). Ranked by TPM values, the heatmap showed the top 27 differentially expressed miRNAs (Figure 4B). High expression of 6 miRNAs depicted in the heatmap (miR-196b-5p, miR-1301-3p, miR-1307-3p, miR-92b-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-374a-3p) were further confirmed by qRT-PCR in IH tissue or adjacent normal tissue of 5 patients (Figure 4C).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

miR-196b-5p was highly expressed in HemSCs-exos and IH tissues. (A) The volcano plot depicted the differentially expressed miRNAs in HemSCs-exos and HUVECs-exos. The up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs in HemSCs-exos reaching a significance level of corrected P<0.05 and a fold change > 1.5 were selected. (B) Differentially expressed miRNAs ranked by TPM values were shown in the heatmap. (C) qRT-PCR detected that the expression level of miRNAs in IH tissues. Among 6 miRNAs, miR-196b-5p was the most abundantly expressed miRNA. (D) qRT-PCR showed the expression level of miR-196b-5p in HemSCs-exos and HUVECs-exos. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05.

Both RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR results revealed that miR-196b-5p was one of the most abundantly expressed miRNAs. Moreover, qRT-PCR confirmed that miR-196b-5p exhibited remarkable difference between HemSCs-exos and HUVECs-exos (Figure 4D). Therefore, miR-196b-5p was chosen for further study.

Identification of CDKN1B as a binding target of miR-196b-5p

To further demonstrate the downstream target of miR-196b-5p, based on the target prediction from RNAhybrid, miRanda, CDKN1B was considered a potential target in this study. Generally, CDKN1B/p27 inhibited normal cell cycle by interacting with both cyclin and CDK subunits (36), especially cyclin E–cdk2 (37), thus inducing cell cycle arrest by stopping the cell cycle from G1 to S phase and regulating cell proliferation. TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org) was also used to illustrate the direct binding site between miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B (Figure 5A). In addition, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify the direct binding (Figure 5B). Moreover, a negative correlation was also identified between miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B expression in HemSCs via qRT-PCR (Figure 5C).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

CDKN1B was identified as a binding target of miR-196b-5p. (A) TargetScan database was used to predict the binding sites of miR-196b-5p on CDKN1B. (B) The binding relationship between miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. (C) Correlation analysis revealed that there was a negative correlation between miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B in HemSCs. (D) qRT-PCR confirmed the expression level of miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05.

To analyze whether miR-196b-5p played an important role in the HemSCs-exos and HemECs co-culture system by binding with CDKN1B, qRT-PCR was performed and confirmed miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B expression level variation (Figure 5D). These results indicated that miR-196b-5p derived from HemSCs-exos generated proliferation, angiogenesis and reduced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest of HemECs via binding with CDKN1B.

Exosomal miR-196b-5p in HemSCs plays a crucial role in the regulation of HemECs

To further investigate the intercellular role of HemSCs-exos-derived miR-196b-5p, HemSCs in the experimental groups were primarily transfected with miR-196b-5p mimic (miR-196b-5p mimic group) or inhibitor (miR-196b-5p inhibitor group) to alter endogenous miR-196b-5p level, while HemSCs in the control groups were transfected with NC mimic (NC mimic group) or NC inhibitor (NC inhibitor group). qRT-PCR showed that expression of miR-196b-5p was up-regulated or down-regulated in exosomes derived from miR-196b-5p mimic or miR-196b-5p inhibitor transfected HemSCs (Figure 6A). After co-culturing HemECs with exosomes derived from HemSCs for 48 h, the proliferating rate in the miR-196b-5p mimic group was significantly increased compared with the miR-196b-5p inhibitor group (Figure 6B). Conversely, apoptosis rate in the miR-196b-5p inhibitor group was dramatically higher than the miR-196b-5p mimic group (P<0.05) (Figure 6C). Cell cycle assay showed significantly more cells in the G0/G1 phase in the miR-196b-5p inhibitor group (Figure 6D). In the miR-196b-5p mimic group, tube formation assay indicated the enhancement of angiogenesis ability, whereas the tube formation was evidently decreased in the miR-196b-5p inhibitor group (P<0.05) (Figure 6E). qRT-PCR manifested that miRNA-196b-5p were overtly up-regulated and CDKN1B were down-regulated in the miR-196b-5p mimic group, whereas the miR-196b-5p inhibitor group produced a converse result (P<0.05) (Figure 6F). Western blot revealed that the expression of cyclin E, bcl-2 were significantly increased whereas p27, Bax were decreased in the miR-196b-5p mimic group (P<0.05) (Figure 6G). Taken together, these data confirmed that exosomes derived miR-196b-5p from HemSCs could facilitate intercellular communication between HemSCs and HemECs.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

HemECs internalized HemSCs-exos transfected with miR-196b-5p mimic or inhibitor. (A) qRT-PCR confirmed HemSCs-exos were successfully transfected with miR-196b-5p mimic or inhibitor. (B) CCK-8 assay reflected the viability of HemECs. (C,D) Flow cytometry was used to determine cell apoptosis rate and the cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase. (E) Tube formation assay was conducted to examine the angiogenesis ability of HemECs. a, b, c, d represented miR-196b-5p mimic, NC mimic, NC inhibitor and miR-196b-5p inhibitor group, respectively. Scale bar = 100 µm. (F,G) qRT-PCR showed the expression pattern of miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B. Western blot presented that the expression levels of cyclin E, bcl-2, p27, Bax. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05.

MiR-196b-5p functions in HemECs via down-regulating CDKN1B

In the HemSCs-exos group, qRT-PCR and Western blot displayed significantly lower expression of CDKN1B at both transcription and protein level compared with the other the two groups as described above. To verify whether miR-196b-5p inhibited CDKN1B expression to alter HemECs’ abilities, HemECs were transfected with oe-CDKN1B (oe-CDKN1B group) or oe-NC (oe-NC group) and co-cultured with exosomes from HemSCs transfected with miR-196b-5p mimics for 48 h. First, qRT-PCR was performed to detect the transfection efficiency in HemECs (Figure 7A). In CCK-8 assay and tube formation assay, the oe-CDKN1B group had significantly lower proliferation and angiogenesis ability in contrast to the oe-NC group (Figure 7B,C). Flow cytometry illustrated significantly lower apoptosis and cell cycle repression rate in the oe-NC group (Figure 7D,E). The transcription level of CDKN1B in HemECs was detected by qRT-PCR (Figure 7F). Similarly, cyclin E, Bcl-2 were expressed significantly higher in the oe-NC group, whereas p27, Bax were expressed significantly higher in the oe-CDKN1B group (Figure 7G). Collectively, CDKN1B was identified as a downstream binding target of miR-196b-5p, capable of regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis abilities of HemECs.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Open in a new tab

HemECs were transfected with oe-CDKNIB. (A) qRT-PCR confirmed that HemECs were successfully transfected with oe-CDKNIB. (B) CCK-8 assay reflected cell viability. (C) Tube formation assay was conducted to examine the angiogenesis ability of HemECs. a, b, c represented miR-196b-5p mimic, oe-NC and oe-CDKN1B group, respectively. Scale bar =100 µm. (D,E) Flow cytometry was used to determine cell apoptosis rate and the cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase. (F,G) qRT-PCR showed the expression level of CDKN1B. Western blot presented the expression levels of cyclin E, bcl-2, p27, Bax. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times independently. Results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05.

Discussion

IH is a benign vascular neoplasm and the most common soft tissue tumor of infancy. However, the pathogenesis of IH remains unclear. Hence, it’s essential to further investigate the underlying mechanism, and explore novel biomarkers for targeted therapy. In this study, exosomes from HemSCs were proved to play an indispensable role in IH progression. HemSCs could regulate HemECs’ proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and angiogenesis via exosomes. miR-196b-5p from HemSCs-exos was a pivotal factor in this process because it directly bound with CDKN1B and regulate various abilities of HemECs.

Increasing evidence showed that tumor cells-derived exosomes facilitated intercellular communications and promoted tumor progression via TME. TME is a complicated biosystem comprised blood vessels, nerve fibers, immune cells, other nonmalignant cells, and EVs (38). Numerous studies have demonstrated that EVs, especially exosomes, in TME could promote crosstalk between distinct cells. Pang et al. (39) revealed that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells derived-exosomes stimulated M2-like macrophage polarization in OSCC microenvironment, resulting in malignant progression. Moreover, it was reported that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) endowed chemotherapy resistance to head and neck cancer cells via autocrine exosomes in TME (40). To investigate the interaction effects between HemSCs and HemECs in IH microenvironment, HemECs were cultured with HemSCs’ exosomes. We surprisingly found that the proliferation and angiogenesis ability of HemECs were significantly increased in comparison with the HUVECs-exos group and the HemECs group. In addition, apoptosis rate and cell percentages at G0/G1 phases were reduced in the HemSCs-exos group, too. Few studies have focused on the relationship between exosomes and pathogenesis of IH. According to our knowledge, this study might be the first to explore the function of exosomes between hemangioma cells. HUVECs are common cell lines used as the negative control in many IH studies. HUVECs do not have the stem cell property, which HemSCs are endowed with. Notably, in the present study, HUVECs-exos also exerted positive effect on HemECs under certain conditions, though the effect was significantly lower than that in the HemSCs-exos group. The anti-apoptotic effect of HUVECs-exos was in consistent with previous results. Evidence has shown that HUVECs-exos could induce anti-apoptotic influence on neural cells (41,42). Inhibition of miR-21-3p’s binding target ATG12 regulated the apoptotic pathway by suppressing autophagy or inactivating Bcl-2 family members (42).

It has been frequently reported that miR-196b-5p was involved in tumor progression. Abundantly expressed miR-196b-5p was observed in several tumors, such as colorectal cancer (43), lung cancer (44,45), and liver cancer (46). miR-196b-5p could directly target the tumor suppressor, thus accelerating tumor cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle (43,44). In addition, it was reported that miR-196b-5p was remarkably enriched in cells-derived exosomes, generating crosstalk between different types of cell (47,48). This study found that miR-196b-5p was a potential highly expressed miRNA in HemSCs-exos by RNA sequencing analysis. According to these results, we speculated that miR-196b-5p might be essential for the interaction between HemSCs and HemECs. To further validate this presumption, HemSCs were transfected with miR-196b-5p mimic or miR-196b-5p inhibitor. In the miR-196b-5p mimic group, the proliferation and angiogenesis ability of HemECs were evidently increased whereas apoptosis rate and cell percentages at G0/G1 phases were significantly decreased. The miR-196b-5p inhibitor group displayed an opposite result. The impact of miRNAs in IH has not been fully discovered yet. Zeng et al. (49) suggested that miR-501 had an oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of IH. MiR-501 promoted IH cell line proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting homeobox D10 (HOXD10). Li et al. (50) identified that the downregulation of miR-382 by propranolol prohibited the progression of IH through the PTEN-mediated AKT/mTOR pathway. Few studies have connected IH with miR-196. The specific function of IH related exosomal miR-196b-5p remains unclear.

Next, the current study aimed to find the direct target of miR-196b-5p. According to several databases, CDKN1B was considered the potential target gene. Generally, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) encodes p27, which is a well-known tumor-inhibiting factor from the Kinase Inhibitory Protein (Kip) family (51,52). Because of the ability to regulate the cell cycle and growth, CDKN1B is known as a tumor suppressor (53). Previous studies documented the participation of p27 in IH progression. Pan et al. (54) demonstrated that propranolol disrupted the cell cycle of HemECs through positively altering p27 expression, thus inducing IH regression. In this study, to verify that CDKN1B was the pivotal target of miR-196b-5p, orchestrating the interaction between HemSCs and HemECs, HemECs were transfected with oe-CDKN1B or oe-NC and co-cultured with exosomes from miR-196b-5p over-expressed HemSCs. In the oe-CDKN1B group, over-expressed CDKN1B compensated miR-196b-5p’s inhibitory effects on CDKN1B, hence HemECs’ proliferation and angiogenesis ability were significantly attenuated. In contrast, apoptosis assay and cell cycle assay exhibited a higher apoptosis rate and cell percentages at G0/G1 phases. The negative effect of CDKN1B on cell apoptosis and cell cycle was confirmed by p27, cycle E, bcl-2, and Bax expression levels. From these results, the present study reflected that miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B played a crucial role in HemSCs-exos’ regulation of HemECs.

Apart from cell cycle repression ability, previous studies also found that CDKN1B could induce cell apoptosis (55,56) independent of its CDK inhibitory action. Several studies reported that CDKN1B induced cell apoptosis via suppressing hsp27 and hsp70 transcriptional expression (57), or it might be related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway (58). It must be noted that there are controversies over CDKN1B’s effect on cell apoptosis. Chen et al. (51) demonstrated that oxyhemoglobin reduced the level of CDKN1B in neuronal cells, inducing apoptosis and inflammation. CDKN1B overexpression would reverse the negative effect of oxyhemoglobin. Liang et al. (37) reported that p27 is downstream of LKB1–AMPK energy-sensing pathway. p27 depletion led to cell apoptosis, while stabilized p27 wound permit cells survived. However, this study showed that p27 apparently induced HemECs apoptosis. This apoptosis induction tendency is identical to previous studies (55-58). Moreover, this study found that miR-196b-5p facilitated the tube formation via down-regulating CDKN1B. According to relevant previous studies, we speculated that angiogenesis suppression was probably due to CDKN1B’s negative effect on endothelial cell proliferation and migration (59-62). This study displayed a similar result as well. miR-196b-5p exerted the anti-angiogenesis influence on HemECs. This might be due to the decline of CDKN1B, inducing the suppression of HemECs proliferation ability, other than classical angiogenesis signaling pathway regulation.

Briefly, the current study discovered the role of exosomes in IH progression. HemSCs-exos derived miR-196b-5p could exert intercellular effects on HemECs via directly targeting CDKN1B. This is the first report on the case of exosomes in IH. However, whether HemECs could regulate HemSCs conversely, via exosomes or other ways, needs to be investigated in the future. Moreover, nude mouse models ought to be constructed in further studies to evaluate the effect of miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B on tumor development in vivo.

Conclusions

This study found a negative correlation between miR-196b-5p and CDKN1B expression in IH microenvironment and confirmed that HemSCs-exos-derived miR-196b-5p was crucial for exerting intercellular effect on HemECs. In addition, CDKN1B was confirmed as the direct target of miR-196b-5p. miR-196b-5p from HemSCs-exos regulated proliferation, cell cycle, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of HemECs by directly binding with CDKN1B. These findings can probably provide a novel predictor and potential therapeutic target for IH diagnosis and treatment.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

atm-09-05-394-rc.pdf (102.4KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456
atm-09-05-394-dss.pdf (50.1KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456
atm-09-05-394-coif.pdf (169.1KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456

Acknowledgments

Funding: This study was financially supported by the grants of National Natural Science Foundation of China [81771087, 81901021].

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital (SH9H-2019-TK168-1) and informed consent was taken from all individual participants.

Footnotes

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the MDAR checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6456

Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6456

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6456). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

  • 1.Solman L, Glover M, Beattie PE, et al. Oral propranolol in the treatment of proliferating infantile haemangiomas: British Society for Paediatric Dermatology consensus guidelines. Br J Dermatol 2018;179:582-9. 10.1111/bjd.16779 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Léauté-Labrèze C, Hoeger P, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of oral propranolol in infantile hemangioma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:735-46. 10.1056/NEJMoa1404710 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Liu C, Zhao Z, Ji Z, et al. MiR-187-3p Enhances Propranolol Sensitivity of Hemangioma Stem Cells. Cell Struct Funct 2019;44:41-50. 10.1247/csf.18041 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Khan ZA, Boscolo E, Picard A, et al. Multipotential stem cells recapitulate human infantile hemangioma in immunodeficient mice. J Clin Invest 2008;118:2592-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Harbi S, Wang R, Gregory M, et al. Infantile Hemangioma Originates from A Dysregulated but Not Fully Trans-formed Multipotent Stem Cell. Sci Rep 2016;6:35811. 10.1038/srep35811 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Kleiman A, Keats EC, Chan NG, et al. Evolution of hemangioma endothelium. Exp Mol Pathol 2012;93:264-72. 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.020 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Edwards AK, Glithero K, Grzesik P, et al. NOTCH3 regulates stem-to-mural cell differentiation in infantile hemangioma. JCI Insight 2017;2:e93764. 10.1172/jci.insight.93764 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Greenberger S, Boscolo E, Adini I, et al. Corticosteroid suppression of VEGF-A in infantile hemangioma-derived stem cells. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1005-13. 10.1056/NEJMoa0903036 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Jinnin M, Medici D, Park L, et al. Suppressed NFAT-dependent VEGFR1 expression and constitutive VEGFR2 signaling in infantile hemangioma. Nat Med 2008;14:1236-46. 10.1038/nm.1877 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Smadja DM, Mulliken JB, Bischoff J. E-selectin mediates stem cell adhesion and formation of blood vessels in a murine model of infantile hemangioma. Am J Pathol 2012;181:2239-47. 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.030 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Jeppesen DK, Fenix AM, Franklin JL, et al. Reassessment of Exosome Composition. Cell 2019;177:428-45.e18. 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.029 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Crewe C, Joffin N, Rutkowski JM, et al. An Endothelial-to-Adipocyte Extracellular Vesicle Axis Governed by Metabolic State. Cell 2018;175:695-708.e13. 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.005 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Wortzel I, Dror S, Kenific CM, et al. Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: Communication from a Distance. Dev Cell 2019;49:347-60. 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.011 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Shimoda M, Khokha R. Metalloproteinases in extracellular vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017;1864:1989-2000. 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.027 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Xu R, Greening DW, Zhu HJ, et al. Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization: toward clinical application. J Clin Invest 2016;126:1152-62. 10.1172/JCI81129 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Lakhter AJ, Pratt RE, Moore RE, et al. Beta cell extracellular vesicle miR-21-5p cargo is increased in response to inflammatory cytokines and serves as a biomarker of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018;61:1124-34. 10.1007/s00125-018-4559-5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Letsiou E, Bauer N. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles in Pulmonary Function and Disease. Curr Top Membr 2018;82:197-256. 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.09.002 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Zhan R, Leng X, Liu X, et al. Heat shock protein 70 is secreted from endothelial cells by a non-classical pathway involving exosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;387:229-33. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.095 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Sun J, Zhang Z, Ma T, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes, loaded with miR-126, promoted deep vein thrombosis resolution and recanalization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018;9:223. 10.1186/s13287-018-0952-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
  • 20.Ke X, Yang D, Liang J, et al. Human Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes Increase Proliferation and Angiogenesis in Cardiac Fibroblasts by Promoting the Mesenchymal-Endothelial Transition and Reducing High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein B1 Expression. DNA Cell Biol 2017;36:1018-28. 10.1089/dna.2017.3836 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Du J, Liang Y, Li J, et al. Gastric Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNA-23a Promotes Angiogenesis by Targeting PTEN. Front Oncol 2020;10:326. 10.3389/fonc.2020.00326 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Huang L, Nakayama H, Klagsbrun M, et al. Glucose transporter 1-positive endothelial cells in infantile hemangioma exhibit features of facultative stem cells. Stem Cells 2015;33:133-45. 10.1002/stem.1841 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Herter EK, Xu Landén N. Non-Coding RNAs: New Players in Skin Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017;6:93-107. 10.1089/wound.2016.0711 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Xu Y, Wu D, Jiang Z, et al. MiR-616-3p modulates cell proliferation and migration through targeting tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 in preeclampsia. Cell Prolif 2018;51: e12490. 10.1111/cpr.12490 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Wu L, Song WY, Xie Y, et al. miR-181a-5p suppresses invasion and migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells by directly targeting IGF2BP2. Cell Death Dis 2018;9:16. 10.1038/s41419-017-0045-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Yang H, Zhang H, Ge S, et al. Exosome-Derived miR-130a Activates Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer by Targeting C-MYB in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Mol Ther 2018;26:2466-75. 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.023 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
  • 27.Tkach M, Théry C. Communication by Extracellular Vesicles: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cell 2016;164:1226-32. 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.043 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Yang F, Ning Z, Ma L, et al. Exosomal miRNAs and miRNA dysregulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Cancer 2017;16:148. 10.1186/s12943-017-0718-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Mathiyalagan P, Liang Y, Kim D, et al. Angiogenic Mechanisms of Human CD34+ Stem Cell Exosomes in the Repair of Ischemic Hindlimb. Circ Res 2017;120:1466-76. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.310557 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Dellett M, Brown ED, Guduric-Fuchs J, et al. MicroRNA-containing extracellular vesicles released from endothelial colony-forming cells modulate angiogenesis during ischaemic retinopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2017;21:3405-19. 10.1111/jcmm.13251 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Hu H, Wang B, Jiang C, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes facilitate vascular endothelial cell repair through shuttling miR-21-5p to modulate Thrombospondin-1 expression. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019;133:1629-44. 10.1042/CS20190188 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Khan ZA, Melero-Martin JM, Wu X, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells from infantile hemangioma and umbilical cord blood display unique cellular responses to endostatin. Blood 2006;108:915-21. 10.1182/blood-2006-03-006478 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Wang Q, Liu J, Guo T, et al. Epidermal Growth Factor Reverses the Inhibitory Effects of the Bisphosphonate, Zoledronic Acid, on Human Oral Keratinocytes and Human Vascular Endothelial Cells In Vitro via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/Akt/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019;25:700-10. 10.12659/MSM.911579 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Liu H, Liu Y, Sun P, et al. Colorectal cancer-derived exosomal miR-106b-3p promotes metastasis by down-regulating DLC-1 expression. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020;134:419-34. 10.1042/CS20191087 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Chen Y, Song Y, Huang J, et al. Increased Circulating Exosomal miRNA-223 Is Associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2017;8:57. 10.3389/fneur.2017.00057 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Chu IM, Hengst L, Slingerland JM. The Cdk inhibitor p27 in human cancer: prognostic potential and relevance to anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:253-67. 10.1038/nrc2347 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Liang J, Shao SH, Xu ZX, et al. The energy sensing LKB1-AMPK pathway regulates p27(kip1) phosphorylation mediating the decision to enter autophagy or apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2007;9:218-24. 10.1038/ncb1537 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Kok VC, Yu CC. Cancer-Derived Exosomes: Their Role in Cancer Biology and Biomarker Development. Int J Nanomedicine 2020;15:8019-36. 10.2147/IJN.S272378 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Pang X, Wang SS, Zhang M, et al. OSCC cell-secreted exosomal CMTM6 induced M2-like macrophages polarization via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: . 10.1007/s00262-020-02741-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Qin X, Guo H, Wang X, et al. Exosomal miR-196a derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts confers cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancer through targeting CDKN1B and ING5. Genome Biol 2019;20:12. 10.1186/s13059-018-1604-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Yu Y, Zhou H, Xiong Y, et al. Exosomal miR-199a-5p derived from endothelial cells attenuates apoptosis and inflammation in neural cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Brain Res 2020;1726:146515. 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146515 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Jiang Y, Xie H, Tu W, et al. Exosomes secreted by HUVECs attenuate hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in neural cells by suppressing miR-21-3p. Am J Transl Res 2018;10:3529-41. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Xin H, Wang C, Chi Y, et al. MicroRNA-196b-5p promotes malignant progression of colorectal cancer by targeting ING5. Cancer Cell Int 2020;20:119. 10.1186/s12935-020-01200-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Liang G, Meng W, Huang X, et al. miR-196b-5p-mediated downregulation of TSPAN12 and GATA6 promotes tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:4347-57. 10.1073/pnas.1917531117 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Mao X, Zhou X, Liu J, et al. Up-regulated Linc00472 suppresses development of lung cancer cell via inhibition of MiR-196b-5p. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019:1-13. doi: . 10.1080/09168451.2019.1694404 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Zhang L, Luo B, Dang YW, et al. Clinical Significance of microRNA-196b-5p in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Potential Molecular Mechanism J Cancer. 2019;10:5355-70. 10.7150/jca.29293 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Hu R, Li X, Peng C, et al. miR-196b-5p-enriched extracellular vesicles from tubular epithelial cells mediated aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis in mice with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020;8: e001101. 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001101 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Marinaro F, Gómez-Serrano M, Jorge I, et al. Unraveling the Molecular Signature of Extracellular Vesicles from Endometrial-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Modulatory Effects and Therapeutic Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019;7:431. 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00431 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Zeng Z, Liu S, Cai J, et al. miR-501 promotes hemangioma progression by targeting HOXD10. Am J Transl Res 2019;11:2439-46. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Li D, Li P, Guo Z, et al. Downregulation of miR-382 by propranolol inhibits the progression of infantile hemangioma via the PTEN-mediated AKT/mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017;39:757-63. 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2863 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Chen D, Wang X, Huang J, et al. CDKN1B Mediates Apoptosis of Neuronal Cells and Inflammation Induced by Oxyhemoglobin via miR-502-5p After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Mol Neurosci 2020;70:1073-80. 10.1007/s12031-020-01512-z [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Razavipour SF, Harikumar KB, Slingerland JM. p27 as a transcriptional regulator: New roles in development and cancer. Cancer Res 2020;80:3451-8. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3663 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Peng M, Wang J, Tian Z, et al. Autophagy-mediated Mir6981 degradation exhibits CDKN1B promotion of PHLPP1 protein translation. Autophagy 2019;15:1523-38. 10.1080/15548627.2019.1586254 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Pan WK, Li P, Guo ZT, et al. Propranolol induces regression of hemangioma cells via the down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/VEGF pathway. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1414-20. 10.1002/pbc.25453 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Hu XH, Zhao ZX, Dai J, et al. MicroRNA-221 regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion by targeting CDKN1B/p27. J Cell Biochem 2019;120:4665-74. 10.1002/jcb.27755 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Yang K, Chen Y, Cui Z, et al. MicroRNA-222-3p participates in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting CDKN1B. J Oral Pathol Med 2020;49:621-9. 10.1111/jop.12986 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Liu J, Zhang D, Mi X, et al. p27 suppresses arsenite-induced Hsp27/Hsp70 expression through inhibiting JNK2/c-Jun- and HSF-1-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem 2010;285:26058-65. 10.1074/jbc.M110.100271 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Wander SA, Zhao D, Slingerland JM. p27: a barometer of signaling deregulation and potential predictor of response to targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:12-8. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0752 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Nicoli S, Knyphausen CP, Zhu LJ, et al. miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development. Dev Cell 2012;22:418-29. 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Lee S, Bui Nguyen TM, Kovalenko D, et al. Sprouty1 inhibits angiogenesis in association with up-regulation of p21 and p27. Mol Cell Biochem 2010;338:255-61. 10.1007/s11010-009-0359-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Panopoulou E, Murphy C, Rasmussen H, et al. Activin A suppresses neuroblastoma xenograft tumor growth via antimitotic and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res 2005;65:1877-86. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2828 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Hu H, Xu H, Lu F, et al. Exosome-Derived miR-486-5p Regulates Cell Cycle, Proliferation and Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Targeting NEK2. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:259. 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00259 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

The article’s supplementary files as

atm-09-05-394-rc.pdf (102.4KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456
atm-09-05-394-dss.pdf (50.1KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456
atm-09-05-394-coif.pdf (169.1KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6456

Articles from Annals of Translational Medicine are provided here courtesy of AME Publications

RESOURCES