Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Hospitalized in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran: A Twenty-Year Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background:

Over the last decade, a few cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in some provinces of northeastern Iran. We aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory findings of VL among children who admitted to the pediatric ward in a referral hospital in Mashhad, northeastern Iran.

Methods:

A retrospective study, between 1997 and 2017, was performed on the data sheet registered for children with confirmed VL at the referral Emam Reza Hospital in Mashhad. Hematological and biochemical profiles of the patients were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 35 children with VL, confirmed by the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania in Giemsa stained smears of the bone marrow, had been recorded through 20 yr. The mean age of patients was 3.7±4 yr. The majority of the patients suffered from hepatosplenomegaly (100%, n=35/35), followed by prolonged fever and pallor (91%, n=32/35), weight loss (85%, n=30/35). The main laboratory findings were anemia (94.1%), leukopenia (52.9%) and thrombocytopenia (70.5%). Almost one-third (37.1%; 13/35) of VL patients inhabited in rural areas of the Bojnoord district as a known VL endemic focus in northeastern Iran.

Conclusion:

Our preliminary data showed that the origin of VL is still in some districts other than Mashhad, where VL just will be diagnosed.

Introduction

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) also, named kala-azar is a neglected protozoan disease that transmitted by female Phlebotomus as the biological vector. Kala-azar (black fever) is the zoonotic infection in humans in Iran. Leishmania infantum is the main etiological agent of VL in Mediterranean regions such as Iran (1,2). An estimated 50,000 to 90,000 new cases and about 26,000 to 65,000 deaths occur each year worldwide (2). VL is principally endemic in the Northwestern and Southern areas of Iran (1). In addition, over the last decade, several cases were recorded from northeastern Iran, mainly from Bojnoord as the capital of North Khorasan Province (3). The classic clinical features of VL include fever, anemia, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss, jaundice (4). Laboratory findings include anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, neutropenia, hyponatremia and elevations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (5).

VL should be differentiated from all types of leukemia, lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders and some infectious diseases such as malaria and typhoid (6). The diagnosis of human VL is frequently defined by aggregating clinical signs with parasitological (such as bone marrow aspiration examination), or serological tests (such as direct agglutination test and or rapid diagnostic tests) (1,7).

Little information is known about originating of VL patients in Mashhad as the capital of Khorasan Razavi, northeastern Iran, thus the main purpose of our study was to investigate retrospectively clinical and laboratory findings of VL in children hospitalized in Mashhad, throughout a twenty-year study.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was performed on hospitalized patients during 20 yr with 35 VL patients consecutively admitted to the Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran. All patients were confirmed by the presence of amastigotes in Giemsa stained smears of bone marrow. Clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients were recorded from a patient’s medical records. Gender, age, WBC, RBC, HGB, ESR, Hct, PT, PLT, AST, ALT, Na, K, BUN, PR were evaluated.

This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUMS.FM.REC.1396.350). For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

The descriptive data analysis was performed throughout the distribution of frequency, mean and confidence interval of 95% (95% CI).

Results

Bone marrow aspiration revealed the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in all patients. The mean age of patients was 3.7±4. Twenty-four (68%) of the patients were male and others 11 (32%) were female. The male to female ratio was 2.2 and there was no statistically significant difference in gender. All patients had hepatosplenomegaly with one fatal outcome in our patients. The fever did not exist in all patients. The clinical manifestation of all patients in this study was summarized in Table 1. We do not have any information about the duration of the disease before VL diagnosis in our patients.

Table 1:

Clinical manifestation of pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Mashhad, northeastern Iran, during 1997–2017

Clinical manifestations	NO. of patients	Percentage (%)
Hepatosplenomegaly	35	100
Prolonged fever	32	91
Pallor	32	91
Weight loss	30	85
Sweat	26	74
Jaundice	21	60
Anorexia	17	48

Almost one–third (37.1%; 13/35) of VL patients lived in rural and or nomadic areas of Bojnord district as a known VL endemic focus in northeastern Iran.

Confidence interval obtained for HGB: (95% CI, 1.78 to 3.38), Hct: (95% CI, 2.89 to 10.41), ESR: (95% CI, 63.31 to 16.73), AST: (95% CI, 104.58 to 10.933), Na: (95% CI, 3.59 to 8.632), BUN: (95% CI, 4.79 to −15.74). Laboratory findings of VL patients were summarized in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2:

Biochemical parameters of pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Mashhad, northeastern Iran, during 1997–2017

Parameters	Patients (N=35)
BUN (mg/dl)	7.87±2.74
AST(IU/L)	40.5(23–117)
ALT(IU/L)	21.25±13.31
Na(mEq/L)	135.82±3.12
K(mEq/L)	4.40±0.69

Table 3:

Hematological parameters of pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Mashhad, northeastern Iran, during 1997–2017

Parameters	Patients (N=35)
HGB (g/dl)	8.56±1.60
Hct(g/dL)	26.25±6.27
ESR (mm/hr)	52(18.5–80.50)
RBC (106cells/μL )	3.58±0.72
WBC (103cells/μL )	3643.60±2575.39
PLT (103cells/μL )	131040±102826
PT(Sec)	13.20(12.93–17.50)

HGB hemoglobin, Hct hematocrit, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, RBC red blood cell, WBC white blood cell, PLT platelet, PT prothrombin time. The numerical values are presented as means± SD.

Discussion

In this hospitalized based study, clinical, hematological and biochemical features of 35 VL patients were investigated for twenty years in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. It is noteworthy that Imam Reza Hospital is an only VL referral hospital in Khorasan Province where all cases of VL are admitted here.

During the last 20 yr, the incidence rate of hospitalized VL patients was decreased in comparison with the last decade in Northeastern Iran. One hundred four VL patients have been reported (92% were less than ten yr old) in Khorasan Province between 1982- and 1996 (3). It seems that the municipal program to control the stray dog population has been influenced on reducing the number of affected subjects.

In Mashhad, a study showed that 1.04% (2/192) of stray dogs were infected by L. infantum (8). In addition, the seroprevalence of VL among dogs and humans was reported 7.9%, 2.4% respectively in this area (1). In another study in northeastern Iran, the seroprevalence of VL was recorded 31/3798 (0.8%) by direct agglutination test (DAT) (1). The incidence rate of human infection in northwestern Iran is 2.8% as the highest rate record (9). Early and accurate diagnosis of VL generally increases the chances for successful treatment, better care and helps avoid misdiagnosis, which may lead to death (10).

Approximately 99% of VL cases in Iran occur under 12 yr old with a mean age of 4 yr (1). In this study, the minimum and maximum age group range was four months and 20 yr, respectively, with 92% of cases under six yr.

Most studies, similar to our study, showing that males are at higher risk for VL as compared to females with a ratio of about 2:1 (1,11). It seems that more outdoor activities and sex-associated hormone in males to be linked with this phenomenon (12). The mortality rate of VL in Iran was reported from 2.8% to 5.3% (1) while, in our study was one out of 35 cases (4%).

Any liver infection, specific or non-specific can elevate the level of ALT and AST. However, ALT and AST were evaluated in most VL patients in the world because amastigotes invade the liver and cause hepatocyte damage. It seems that AST is the more reliable item for confirmation of VL and it is elevated in more cases in comparison with ALT (5, 13). In this study, ALT was not given as a clue reliable laboratory test in the diagnosis of VL. It proposes to measure the serum albumin factor evaluation instead of ALT measurement. Because of hypoalbuminemia was announced as the forecasters of death in VL patients with an odds ratio of 6.4 (11).

Decreasing Na serum level has been described as the reliable diagnostic laboratory item in VL patients in comparison with K, Ca, Cl and Mg electrolytes (13). Hyponatremia is presented as one of the mortality risk factors in human VL (14). Hyponatremia in 94.6% and hypokalemia in 26% of VL patients were reported. In this study, Na level decreased in all patients and, it is strong significantly associated with VL infection. Hyponatremia in all fifty-five of VL patients was seen significantly compared to twenty normal individuals (15). Although biochemical tests showed normal Na serum level in 2.5 yr-old boy who infected by L. infantum (2). K serum level measurement is not as an authentic laboratory test in the diagnosis of VL in agreement with our results (13).

Pancytopenia was introduced as an important laboratory finding in VL patients (16). None of the patients was immunocompromised in our study, and interestingly RBC, WBC, and Platelet counts were decreased significantly compared with the healthy group. Thrombocytopenia was reported as predictors of death in VL patients (17). Thrombocytopenia and anemia, both in 80.4% and leucopenia in 43.1% were recorded in Italian patients infected with L. infantum (18). We found a significantly higher level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) among patients probably because of releasing of acute phase reactants (5).

Evidence-based studies confirmed VL in Iran frequently occurs in nomadic populations (19). Moreover, some shreds of evidence showed that the majority of patients infected to VL in nomadic areas of Bojnoord, North Khorasan Province, where VL is endemic (3, 20).

Some limitations of our study are as follows, all patients were confirmed microscopically using bone marrow aspiration, but unfortunately, there are not available bone marrow abnormality patterns. Moreover, another limitation is a small sample size and lack of registered comprehensive data on the patient’s sheet.

Conclusion

Originating of VL is still in some districts other than Mashhad. As a whole, clinicians should be aware of reliable and available laboratory tests such as microscopic examination of bone marrow smears in VL patients particularly in a none-endemic area.

Abbreviation

VL=

Visceral leishmaniasis

ESR=

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ALT=

Alanine aminotransferase

AST=

Aspartate aminotransferase

WBC=

White blood cells

RBC=

Red blood cells

HGB=

Hemoglobin

Hct=

Hematocrit

PT=

Prothrombin time

PLT=

Platelet

Na=

Sodium

K=

Potassium

BUN=

Blood urea nitrogen

RR=

Respiratory rate.