Diagnosing MonoMAC Syndrome in GATA2 Germline Mutated Myelodysplastic Syndrome via Next-Generation Sequencing in a Patient with Refractory and Complex Infection: Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) syndrome is a rare disease. Herein, we reported a 65-year-old Asian woman, previously diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), suffering from recurrent pneumonia, intermittent fever, fatigue, and chest tightness lasting for five months. She was ultimately diagnosed with MonoMAC syndrome with Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii) infection and GATA2 mutation through metagenomic generation sequencing (mNGS) of peripheral blood specimen, for which she was given anti-NTM therapy. Her situation significantly improved within 2 weeks of therapy. We discussed the clinical features, genetic characteristic, and prognosis of this disorder, aiming to further elucidate this rare syndrome. For MDS/AML patient with recurrent mixed infection and pancytopenia (especially with monocyte absence), MonoMAC syndrome should be highly suspected, and germline mutation and pathogen sequencing should be performed.

Introduction

Monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome associated with monocytopenia, deficiency of B and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as mycobacterial, viral, fungal, and bacterial opportunistic infections. More than 50% of the patients with MonoMAC are diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).^1,2 Patients with MonoMAC syndrome typically present with severe or recurrent infection of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) or opportunistic fungal infection;¹ the mortality rate in those patients is 28%.¹

The allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been shown to be an effective treatment to reconstitute the depleted hematopoietic systems and reverse the clinical phenotype seen in affected patients.² However, if the diagnosis is performed too late, the treatment may not be effective. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial. Herein, we diagnosed a MonoMAC syndrome in a MDS patient with GATA2 mutation by next-generation sequencing of the blood specimen, and the mutation was further confirmed as germline mutation with oral mucosal specimen from her son. To better understand the sensitivity and specificity of a blood specimen by NTM detection, we further reviewed the available reported MonoMAC cases and analyzed the disease’s diagnosing process, which may hopefully help clinicians perform earlier diagnoses of this kind of rare disease.

Case Report

A 65-year-old Asian woman was admitted to our clinic in August 2019 due to fever (38.3–39 °C), chest tightness, cough producing sputum, and shortness of breath for one day. Her clinical history could be defined by long-term leukopenia. She was diagnosed with MDS in 2014, after which she received supportive treatments. In 2019, she was admitted to the hospital with increased bone marrow blasts (10% vs 4%) and decreased megakaryocytes with small round separated nuclei (Figure 1A–E, Table 1). She received four courses of amifostine, but her symptoms did not improve. During hospitalization, she was infected with recurrent pneumonia, which could be relieved by multiple antibiotic treatments (Figure 2A and B). She received voriconazole after the last course in July 2019. Two months later, the symptoms of fever and pneumonia re-appeared again (Figure 2C).

Figure 1.

Bone marrow images at the first admission. Pathological change with multi-lineage myelodysplasia, including erythropathy (megaloblastic changes, (A)), granulocytopathy (rod thickening of neutrophils, (B); binuclear, (C)), megakaryocytopathy (binuclear, (D)) and blasts (E).

Table 1.

Changes in Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow During the Disease Process

Date	Hemogram	Absolute Value of Monocyte (0/dl)	NK Cell Count (CD3-/CD16+56+) (40–1000×106/L)	B Cell Count (CD19+) (50–670×106/L)	Bone Marrow Blasts%	Myelodysplasia
24 July 2014	WBC 3,000/dl; HB 10.3g/dl PLT 86,000/dl	0	Unknow	Unknow	3	Dysplasia granulocyte and erythrocyte
19 July 2017	WBC 1,500/dl; HB 9.8g/dl PLT 50,000/dl	0	Unknow	Unknow	2.5	Trilineage Dysplasia
11 April 2019	WBC 1,700/dl; HB 8.8g/dl PLT 45,000/dl	0	34×106/L	6×106/L	10	Trilineage Dysplasia
4 June 2019	WBC 2,000/dl; HB 8.1g/dl PLT 26,000/dl	0	Not detected	Not detected	5.5	Dysplasia granulocyte and erythrocyte
24 July 2019	WBC 2,300/dl; HB 9.2g/dl PLT 31,000/dl (Platelet transfusion dependent)	0	19×106/L	11×106/L	5	Dysplasia granulocyte and erythrocyte

Figure 2.

Computed tomography (CT) manifestation of recurrent pulmonary infection. The recurrent pneumonia was observed during the hospitalization (A), and could be relieved by multiple antibiotic treatments (B). (C) showed exacerbation of infection before the detection of mycobacterium kansasii (with air bronchogram and pulmonary consolidation), and the situation did not get improved after multiple treatments (D).

On admission, she presented with fever and chest pain, and blood cell count at that time revealed lymphocytopenia and monocytopenia. The blood routine test showed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 1800 cells/mm³, a low monocyte count of 0–0.1 cells/mm³; a hemoglobin level of 7.6 g/dL; and a platelet count of 17 × 10⁹/L. The absolute count of B cell (CD19⁺) was 6×10⁶/L (50–670×10⁶), NK cell (CD3-/CD16+56+) count was 34×10⁶/L(40–1000×10⁶/L). The CD4⁺ T-cell count was 141 cells/mm³ and the CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.99. She also had splenomegaly (4.1 cm in size) and iron overload (ferritin: 2361.4ng/mL). The results of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA were negative. Next, the patient was treated with tigecycline, ceftazidime, and voriconazole according to the manifestation of lung computed tomography (CT) scan (Figure 2D). Furthermore, Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was confirmed by sputum culture analysis, after which she received therapy with caspofungin, posaconazole, cefoperazone, linezolid, ganciclovir, sulfamethoxazole, amphotericin B, and polymyxin subsequently. However, no significant improvement was observed with reference to fever and pneumonia. During this time, she developed chest tightness and dyspnea which required continuous high-flow oxygen inhalation. She was not able to undergo a bronchoscopy. Complicated with severe infection, the patient also developed acute heart failure. Eventually, we sequenced the patient’s peripheral blood specimens despite her repeated negative sputum culture, after which the M. kansasii infection was confirmed. Consequently, she was given antibiotic therapy, consisting of ethambutol, rifabutin, and clarithromycin as recommended.³ Her situation significantly improved within 2 weeks of therapy (without fever). C-reactive protein (CRP) level remarkably decreased from 250.87 mg/L to an almost normal level. According to the above-mentioned signs and symptoms, the patient was suspected of having MonoMAC syndrome. The next-generation sequencing (NGS, peripheral blood) found a heterozygous mutation in GATA2 (exon6:c.1126_1128del:p.K376del) along with U2AF1 (exon2:c.C101T:p.S34F), SETBP1 (exon4, cG2602A:pD868N, exon4:cG2608A:pG870S), ASXL1 (exon12:c.G2548T:p.E850X) as well as KMT2D, BRAF, EPPK1, and ETV6. Her son was further confirmed with the same GATA2 mutation with oral mucosal specimen. Unfortunately, the patient died of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection on October 2019, 41 days after the MonoMAC diagnosing.

Discussion

MonoMAC syndrome was firstly reported in 2010. Approximately 50% of MonoMAC patients reported so far presented with MDS or AML. Studies have found that MonoMAC syndrome is closely related to GATA2 germline mutation. Heterozygous mutation in GATA2 causes the loss of gene function that regulates many aspects of development from hematopoiesis to lymphatic, leading to immunodeficiency and bone marrow failure.⁴ Among individuals with GATA2 deficiency progressing to MDS/AML, acquired secondary mutations in the ASXL1 that encode chromatin-binding protein ASXL1 have been detected in approximately 30% of cases;⁵ this was also a case of our patient. Up to date, at least 30 cases of MonoMAC in MDS patients have been reported, some of whom were confirmed based on family GATA2 mutation. Various GATA mutation site have been reported, mostly in exon 6 and exon 7, and some in exon 4 and5^6–15 (Figure 3). In our case, a GATA2 mutation (p.K376 del), located in exon6 was found. The results showed that there might not be a close relationship between mutation site and the prognosis. Although HSCT has been shown to be an effective treatment for MonoMAC, the overall survival rate of 57% at 36 months.¹⁶

Figure 3.

Distribution of GATA2 germline mutation sites in MonoMAC syndrome. Various site of GATA germline mutation had been reported, mostly in exon 6 (45%) and exon7 (32%), and some in exon 4 (14%) and exon 5 (9%).

Early diagnosis improves prognosis and treatment outcomes. Unlike other microbial infection s, culturing nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) is challenging ad requires a long time for analysis (7days to several weeks),¹⁷ while the rate of positive sputum test is mostly under 35%.¹⁸ In order to increase the specificity and sensitivity of detection, NGS assays are very commonly used for gene screening in those with predisposition syndrome. Usually, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is an ideal specimen for mNGS detection. However, patients with hematological disorders, especially those with severe thrombocytopenia, cannot tolerant bronchoscopy.¹⁹ In our case, we preferred the peripheral blood specimen; other reported specimen including secretion and tissue fluid, were optional samples for mNGS (Table 2).

Table 2.

Mutation Sites of the Related Literature in MDS Patients with MonoMAC Syndrome

Case	Study	Age(Years)/Gender	Pathogenic Specimens Type	Genotyping Specimens	Mutation and Site	Prognosis
1	Portich et al,20207	16/F	Unreported	Unreported	Exon6: Chr3:128200759C>T (or alternatively c.1.046G>A), p.Cys349Tyr	Unreported
2	Mendes-de-Almeida,et al,20198	43/M	(NTM)Blood culture and arthrocentesis	PB	Exon6: c.1061 C > T; p.T354 M	Died(unknow)
3	Simonis,et al,20189	17/F	(Mycobacterium) Skin secretions	BM	Exon6: 1045T>G C349G	Alive(HSCT)
4	Damian,et al,201810	19/M	(NTM)clinical diagnosis	PB	Exon6: p.C349R	Alive(HSCT)
5	Sologuren, et al,201811	54/M	(H1N1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae)blood test	Unknow	Exon7:R396L	Died(infection)
6	Yamamoto,et al,201812	18/M	Unreported	BM and control cells (buccal swab)	Exon4: p.R230Hfs*44	Alive(HSCT)
7	Eguchi,et al,201713	14/M	(Mycobacterium kansasii)BM and peripheral blood cultures	Unknow	Exon6: c.1077_1078insA	Alive(HSCT)
8	Vila,et al,201614	24/F	(NTM)Blood,sputum,BAL cultures	PB	Exon5: (c.1009C>T, p.R337X)	Died(infection)
9	Ganapathi, et al,201615	39/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon7: c.1192C>T	Unknow
10	Ganapathi, et al,201615	44/F	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon6: c.1061C>T	Unknow
11	Ganapathi, et al,201615	33/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon4: c.243_244delAinsGC	Unknow
12	Ganapathi, et al,201615	22/M	(M. fortuitum) unreported	PB & BM	Exon7: c.1192C>T	Unknow
13	Ganapathi, et al,201615	14/F	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon7: c.1186C>T	Unknow
14	Ganapathi, et al,201615	32/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon6: c.1061C>T	Unknow
15	Ganapathi, et al,201615	15/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon4: c.769_778dup	Unknow
16	Ganapathi, et al,201615	33/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon7: c.1192C>T	Unknow
17	Ganapathi, et al,201615	45/F	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon6: c.1018–1G>A	Unknow
18	Ganapathi, et al,201615	24/M	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon7: c.1186C>T	Unknow
19	Ganapathi, et al,201615	17/F	(MAC) unreported	PB & BM	Exon6: c.1099insG	Unknow
20	Ganapathi, et al,201615	27/M	(M. kansasii) unreported	PB & BM	Exon6: c.1083_1094del12	Unknow
21	Ganapathi, et al,201615	26/F	(M. kansasii) unreported	PB & BM	Exon5: c.941_951dup	Unknow
22	Ishida, et al,20126	19/F	(Severe varicella and/or Salmonella infection) unreported	BM	Exon7: 1187 G > A	Unknow
23	Our case	65/F	(M. kansasii) peripheral blood	BM	Exon6: c.1126> T; p.k376del	Died(infection)

Abbreviations: MAC, M. avium intracellulare complex; BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood.

In our case, the NTM was finally confirmed as M. kansasii, which was firstly isolated in 1953.¹⁹ M. kansasii is ubiquitous in the environment as a group I non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM).²⁰ The M. kansasii extrapulmonary disease is rare.²¹ In patients with poor immunity, M. kansasii infection may lead to underlying systemic disease or abscess formation,²² with a 1-year mortality rate of 43% and median survival of 71 days.²³ The current therapies for M. kansasii infection are similar but not the same. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommends daily two-drug therapy with rifampicin (450–600mg/day) and ethambutol (15mg/kg) for 9 months.²⁴ The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend daily therapy with isoniazid (5mg/kg/day), rifampicin (10mg/kg/day), ethambutol (15mg/kg/day) and pyridoxine (50mg/d)) until sputum culture is negative for at least 12 months.²⁵ The standard treatment regimen is usually effective, but is always time-consuming and not suitable for all the patients.²⁶ Alternative therapies include clarithromycin (500–1000mg/day) plus rifampicin (10mg/kg/day) and ethambutol (15–25mg/kg/day).²⁷ Rifampicin is the main drug of the therapy; ethambutol can prevent acute resistance to rifampicin. If rifampicin resistance occurs, varonones, macrolides, nitroimidazoles and clofazimine can be used as therapeutic options. Physicians should make the therapeutic schedule individually considering the hepatorenal function and bone marrow hematopoiesis during the practice. In our case, Rifampicin, ethambutol and clarithromycin were selected, and the fever, respiratory, constitutional symptoms were improved within 2 weeks.

In conclusion, we reported a case of a rare MDS patient with refractory infection and immune deficiency ascribe to MonoMAC syndrome. The sequencing of NTM and germline GATA2 mutation should be performed as early as possible.

Funding Statement

This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 81603573), Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Foundation (NO. 2020ZB085) and Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Research Foundation (NO.2019C03047).

Data Sharing Statement

The data used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This study was approved by the ethical committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University.

Patient Consent for Publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s son for the publication of clinical results.

Author Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.