Abstract
The study was conducted in order to determine if eradication of swine enzootic pneumoniae (SEP) had succeeded with different variants of partial depopulation during the eradication programme on swine farrowing farms joining a health class, LSO 2000. The farms in the health class need to be free from swine enzootic pneumoniae, swine dysentery, sarcoptic mange and atrophic rhinitis. Twenty-one eradication attempts for M. hyopneumoniae were carried out using different variants based on separating adult animals for 2 weeks from infected young pigs which were not returned to the herd. The infected young pigs were kept in the same building (variant 1) in 4 herds and on the same compound (variant 2) as disease-free pigs in 12 herds. The infected young pigs were finally all sold. In 5 herds only adult animals were present during the eradication (variant 3). The eradication attempt succeeded in 81% and failed or remained uncertain in 19% of the herds. The result was confirmed with 1) frequent clinical follow-up of the health status in the herds (both the farrowing and the finishing units) joining the LSO 2000 health class 2) milk and/or blood serology. Possible causes of the failure of the eradication attempt were described: a short distance between infected and uninfected animals, the time period between diagnosis of SEP and initiation of the programme, the age of the youngest animal kept on the farm, the period of time when animals with different status were reared close to each other, the medications used, the cleaning of the facilities during the programme and the season. Further, a good co-operation between the farmer, the local veterinarian and the animal health service of the slaughterhouse was an essential part of the initiation and the follow-up of the programme. The secondary aim of the study was to collect information about the expenses during the programme. Only 57% of the farmers gave some estimates for the expenses on their farms. For variants 1, 2 and 3 the expenses were 879, 1110 and 1274 FIM per sow (1 USD = 5.5 FIM), respectively (p>0.1).
Keywords: Enzootic pneumoniae, medication, ELISA
Sammanfattning
Saneringsresultat av smittosam grishosta (enzootisk pneumoni) studerades i suggbesättningar som ingick i hälsoklassen LSO 2000. Besättningarna i hälsoklassen behöver vara fria från grishosta, svindysenteri, skabb och nyssjuka. Tjugoen besättningar med grishosta (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) sanerades med olika varianter av programmet som baserade sig på separering av fullvuxna djur från unga djur under 2 veckors tid. De unga djuren återförenades inte med de fullvuxna djuren. Variant 1, där infekterade grisar hölls i samma byggnad som de fullvuxna djuren, användes i 4 besättningar. Variant 2, där infekterade grisar hölls i skild byggnad, men på samma gård som de fullvuxna djuren, användes på 12 gårdar. Variant 3, där bara de vuxna djuren hölls kvar på gården, användes i 5 besättningar. Saneringen lyckades i 81% och mislyckades eller gav motstridiga resultat i 19% av besättningarna. Resultatet följdes upp med hjälp av 1) ofta återkommande kliniska uppföljningsundersökningar av hälsotillståndet i besättningen och i slaktsvinbesättningarna av LSO 2000 hälsoklass dit grisarna transporterats 2) serologiska undersökningar av mjölk och serum prov. Derma studie beskriver möjliga riskfaktorer som leder till att saneringsprogrammet mislyckas: ett kort avstånd mellan de infekterade och oinfekterade djuren, tidperioden mellan upptäckten av infektionen och början av saneringsprogrammet, åldern av det yngsta djuret som hållits på besättningen i samband med saneringen, tidsperiodens längd då svin med olika hälsostatus behölls på gården, användadet av läkemedel, rengörning av svinstallet och inverkan av årstiden. Ett gott samarbete mellan djurägarna, den praktiserande Veterinären och slakteriorganisationens djurhälsovård var av avgörande betydelse för iniatieringen och uppföljningen av programmet. Det andra målet av denna undersökning var att samla information över kostnaderna for besättningarna som programmet medforde. Endast 57% av besättningarna gav information över kostnader som programmet medförde. För varianterna 1, 2 och 3 var de beräknade kostnaderna respektive 879, 1110 och 1274 finska mark (p>0.1) per sugga(1 USD = 5.5 FIM).
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.6 MB).
References
- Baekbo P, Madsen KS, Aagaard M and Szancer J: Eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from infected herds without restocking. Proc. Int. Pig Vet. Soc, Bangkok, Thailand, 1994, 135.
- Friis NF. Resistance of porcine mycoplasmas to drying. Acta vet. scand. 1973;14:489–491. doi: 10.1186/BF03547435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goodwin RF: The survival of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in liquid medium, on solid medium and in pneumonic tissue. Res. Vet. Sci. 1972, 13, 203– 204. [PubMed]
- Goodwin RF. Apparent reinfection of enzooticpneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes. Vet. Rec. 1985;116:690–694. doi: 10.1136/vr.116.26.690. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jorsal SE, Thomsen BL: A Cox regression analysis of risk factors related to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae reinfection in Danish SPF-herds. Acta vet. scand. 1988, Suppl. 84, 436–438. [PubMed]
- Laak EA, Pijpers A, Noordergraaf JH, Schoevers EC, Verheijden JHM. Comparison of methods for in vitro testing of susceptibility of porcine Mycoplasma species to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991;35:228–233. doi: 10.1128/AAC.35.2.228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levonen K. Detection of enzootic pneumonia in pig herds using an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay in sow colostrum. Res.Vet. Sci. 1994;56:111–113. doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(94)90205-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lium B, Skomsoy A, Jorgensen A, Austbo O, Loe B, Szancer J. Attempt to eradicate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from selected farrowing to finishing herds. Proc. XVII Nordic Vet. Congress. Reykjavik, Iceland, 1994;1:141. [Google Scholar]
- Madsen KS, Larsen K: Attempt to eradicate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from a sow herd, using a strategy with feed medication with Baytril ier (enrofloxacin) powder 2,5%. Proc. Int Pig Vet. Soc., Bologna, Italy, 1996, 227.
- Morris CR, Gardner IA, Hietala SK, Carpenter TE, Anderson RJ, Parker KM. Seroepidemiologic study of natural transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a swine herd. Prev. Vet. Med. 1995;21:323–337. doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(94)00384-U. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Rautiainen E, Nyberg M, Levonen K: The use of sow colostrum samples for regular herd health control of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. Proc Int. Pig Vet. Soc, Bologna, Italy, 1996, 219.
- Sorensen V, Barfod K, Feld NC. Evaluation of a monoclonal blocking ELISA and IHA for antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in SPF-pig herds. Vet. Rec. 1992;130:488–490. doi: 10.1136/vr.130.22.488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sorensen V, Barfod K: Establishing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae serological negative herd. Proc Int. Pig Vet. Soc., Hague, Netherlands, 1992, 316.
- Sorensen V, Barfod K, Feld NC, Vraa-Andersen L. Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the surveillance of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1993;12:593–604. doi: 10.20506/rst.12.2.699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stark KDC, Keller H, Eggenberger E. Risk factors for the reinfection of specific pathogen-free pig breeding herds with enzootic pneumonia. Vet. Rec. 1992;131:532–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tuovinen VK, Heinonen M, Suutari E. LSO 2000 quality chain produces non-medicated pork. Proc Int. Soc. An. Hyg., Helsinki, Finland. 1997;1:180–183. [Google Scholar]
- Waldmann O, Radtke G. Erster Bericht über Erfolge der Bekämpfung der Ferkelgrippe durch die Riemser Einzelhüttenanlage (in German) Berl. Tierärztl. Woschr. 1937;53:241–248. [Google Scholar]
- Wallgren P, Sahlander P, Hasslebäck G, Heldmer E: Control of infections with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine herds by disrupting the chain of infection, disinfection of buildings and strategic medical treatment. J. Vet. Med. B. 1993, 40, 157– 169. [DOI] [PubMed]
- Whittlestone P. Enzootic pneumonia of pigs (EPP) In: C. A. Brandly and C. E. Cornelius (Editors), Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine. Academic Press, New York. 1973;17:1–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmermann W, Odermatt W, Tschudi P. Enzootische Pneumonie (EP): die Teilsanierung EP-reinfizierter Schweinezuchtbetriebe als Alternative zur Totalsanierung (In German with English abstract) Enzootic pneumonia (EP): partial sanitation in EP-reinfected pig herds as an alternative method to total sanitation. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 1989;131:179–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmermann W: Erfahrungen mit der EP-Teilsanierung im Tilgungsprogramm des Schweizerischen Schweinegesundheitsdienstes (SGD) (In German with English abstract). Experience in the EP sanitation programme to eradicate EP. Tierärztl. Umschau 1990, 45, 556, 559–562.
- Zimmermann W, Weiskopf S: The use of lincomycin in an enzootic pneumonia eradication program in pig herds. Proc. Int. Pig Vet. Soc, Bologna, Italy, 1996, 235.