COVID-19-related disruptions to routine vaccination services in India: a survey of paediatric providers

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruptions in essential health services globally. We surveyed Indian paediatric providers on their perceptions of the impact of the pandemic on routine vaccination. Among 424 (survey 1) and 141 (survey 2) respondents representing 26 of 36 Indian states and union territories, complete suspension of vaccination services was reported by 33.4% and 7.8%, respectively. In April–June 2020, 83.1% perceived that vaccination services dropped by half, followed by 32.6% in September 2020, indicating slow resumption of services. Concerns that vaccine coverage gaps can lead to mortality were expressed by 76.6%. Concerted multipronged efforts are needed to sustain gains in vaccination coverage.

Introduction: Essential health services, including routine childhood immunisations, have been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.1 2 The nationwide lockdown in India, which was implemented on 24 March 2020, possibly slowed the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and averted deaths due to COVID-19.3 However the lockdown also resulted in severe movement restrictions and was associated with disruptions in healthcare service provision and health-seeking activities.4 In order to study how COVID-19 control measures may have impacted routine vaccination during this period, we surveyed paediatric healthcare providers in India at two timepoints, during and after the lockdown. The survey assessed the degree of disruption to vaccination services, explored barriers to healthcare provision and identified innovative ways to regain losses in vaccination coverage.

Methods: The surveys were jointly developed by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Survey 1 (April–June 2020) and survey 2 (September 2020) (online supplemental appendix 1) were launched virtually using Qualtrics and distributed to a network of paediatricians and other care providers. Surveys were anonymous, and distribution took place via email, text messages, telephone, in person and social media platforms such as WhatsApp. Results represented paediatricians’ perceptions about vaccination services and were analysed using Stata V.15.1.

Results: Survey 1 and survey 2 recorded 424 and 141 responses, respectively, representing 21 Indian states. Majority of the respondents (96.0% and 92.9%, respectively) were paediatricians who worked in predominantly urban and private healthcare centres (table 1). Complete or partial suspension of immunisation services at their respective centres was perceived by 33.4% (142 of 424) of respondents. In survey 1 (April–June 2020), vaccination services dropped by over half in 83.1%, followed by 32.6% in survey 2 (September 2020). Interruption of vaccine campaigns for measles, rubella and polio was reported by 37.7% (160 of 424). Only 38.7% (164 of 424) of the respondents reported having a plan for catch-up vaccination once these restrictions were eased.

Table 1.

Survey respondents’ characteristics and perceptions around routine vaccination in the context of COVID-19, April–June 2020 (survey 1) and September 2020 (survey 2)

	Survey 1 n=424	Survey 2 n=141
	n (%)	n (%)
Medical specialty
Paediatrician or primary care physician	408 (96.2)	136 (96.5)
Public health researcher/policy worker	5 (1.2)	3 (2.1)
Missing	11 (2.6)	2 (1.4)
Participated in survey 1	N/A	60 (42.6)
Institution/organisation type
Public	32 (7.5)	28 (19.8)
Private	369 (87.0)	102 (72.3)
Missing/other	23 (5.4)	11 (7.8)
Location type
Urban	363 (85.6)	104 (73.7)
Rural and semirural	24 (5.6)	35 (24.8)
Missing	37 (8.7)	2 (1.4)
Current volume of those seeking childhood vaccines (as proportion of the prepandemic volume)
80%–100%	7 (1.8)*	28 (19.8)
50%–79%	25 (6.3)*	28 (19.8)
25%–50%	168 (42.4)*	35 (24.8)
<25%	161 (40.7)	11 (7.8)
Missing	35 (8.8)	39 (27.7)
Reported barriers to caregiver demand
Unaware services are available	91 (21.4)	33 (23.4)
Only coming in for emergencies	73 (17.2)	N/A†
Transportation barriers	165 (38.9)	47 (33.3)
Afraid of contracting COVID-19	176 (41.5)	91 (64.5)
Financial constraints	N/A	48 (34.0)
Awareness and availability of a catch-up vaccination plan
Yes	164 (38.7)	39 (27.6)
No	75 (17.6)	30 (21.2)
Don’t know	108 (25.4)	60 (42.5)
Missing	77 (18.1)	12 (8.5)
What is the long-term impact of pandemic disruptions?
No impact	16 (3.7)	4 (2.8)
Temporary vaccine coverage gap	203 (47.9)	108 (76.6)
Vaccine-preventable outbreaks	137 (32.3)	35 (24.8)
Reduced health services leading to non-COVID-19 illness and death	116 (27.3)	40 (28.3)

*This question was asked to a subset of respondents and hence the denominator was 396.

†Not applicable as the question was not asked.

N/A, not applicable.

Notable supply-side (healthcare availability) barriers included low availability of healthcare workers, financial constraints and limited supplies such as personal protective equipment (figure 1). Barriers to caregiver vaccine uptake included low awareness of service availability, transportation limitations, fear of contracting COVID-19 from clinical settings and financial constraints (table 1). While 61.7% (87 of 141) of the respondents were aware of guidelines on safe provision of vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic, 42.5% (60 of 141) were unaware of national vaccination catch-up programmes. Perceptions that lockdown consequences would result in a vaccine coverage gap persisted in 76.6% of the respondents. Reported suggestions for catch-up vaccinations included special campaigns, localised communications, door-to-door outreach campaigns, text messaging of immunisation campaigns, and implementing affordable or free immunisation visits.

Figure 1.

Reported supply-side barriers to routine immunisation services, survey 2 (September 2020).

Discussion: Paediatricians and primary care providers in India indicated that substantial vaccination service disruptions were ongoing in 2020 and expressed concerns about the long-lasting impact of pandemic-related health access barriers. This study was limited by a small sample size and potential selection bias. The high proportion of private practitioners in the survey is not representative of national immunisation coverage, which is predominantly offered by the public health sector in India.5 Nevertheless, a majority of Indian states were represented, and early recovery of disruptions seen in the private sector would be reflected in the public sector as well. Similar reports from global surveys indicated substantial disruptions of vaccination services in many countries.6 While India has made tremendous progress in reducing vaccination inequities in recent years,7 these gains are now at risk of backsliding as a result of pandemic-related disruptions. The way forward should include an increased focus on catch-up campaigns, strong government engagement, effective surveillance and clear public health messaging, as these are critical to restoring immunisation and essential services for women and children.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication

Not required.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board (IRB) under IRB submission number 12405. The IRB determined that proposed activities were ‘key informant research’ as opposed to ‘human subjects research’ and determined that the study did not require IRB oversight.