Abstract
Background
Psychological well-being assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The goal of this study is to evaluate fear of relapse, social support, and psychological well-being (depression, anxiety, and stress level) of Iranian patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic stage.
Methods
One hundred and sixty-five patients were enrolled. We asked all cases to fill valid and reliable Persian version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), perceived social support, and fear of relapse scale questionnaires.
Results
One hundred and sixty-five patients were enrolled. Female to male ratio was (F/M) = 4.6. Mean age and mean duration of disease were 35.3±8.6 and 7.1±5 years, respectively. Mean scores of social support, DASS, and FoR questionnaires were 63.1±16.8, 16.4±13.4, and 51.4±17.3, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between social support and FoR scores and also significant positive correlations between components of DASS and FoR. Linear regression analysis by considering FoR as dependent variable and age, sex, marital status, duration of the disease, and EDSS as dependent variables showed that sex was an independent predictor of FoR score.
Conclusion
Psychological well-being as well as fear of relapse should be considered in patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic stage.
Keywords: Relapse, Multiple sclerosis, Anxiety, Stress, COVID-19
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system which has effects on all aspect of life [1, 2]. The most common form of the disease is relapsing-remitting (RR) (85%) which is characterized by relapses (newly developed neurological symptoms or worsening of previous ones) and non-relapse phases [3–5]. Ozakbas et al. reported that patient in the relapse phase of the disease has impaired quality of life than cases without relapses [6].
Anxiety is common in chronic illnesses such as MS [7] which is related with disability level [8]. The role of stress in pathogenesis of MS is clear and stress level is related with worsening of the neurological manifestations [9]. Fear is the core part of anxious thoughts and MS patients experience fear especially in relapse phases, based on the unpredictable nature of the relapses [5, 10]. On the other hand, fear of progression of disabilities in MS is protruding and the patients need psychological support.
Recently, Khatibi et al. developed [10] a questionnaire that measures fear of relapses and disease activity in MS patients which seems to be useful for psychological evaluation of the patients and determines the possible leading factors. During the COVID-19 pandemic stage, patients with MS suffer more from anxiety due to worries of disease management and access to health care services in this period and more depression than healthy subjects [11]. On the other hand, physicians face challenges with monitoring of their patients, their disability status, and medication efficacy [12].
We designed this study during the COVID-19 pandemic stage to evaluate fear of relapse, social support, and psychological well-being (depression, anxiety, and stress level) of Iranian patients with MS in this period.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kashani Hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences between June and September 2020.
Inclusion criteria were age more than 18 and RR form of the disease.
Exclusion criteria were other forms of MS and no relapses during the last month.
All patients were asked to fill informed consent forms and the study was approved by the local ethics committee.
We asked all cases to fill valid and reliable Persian version of the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), perceived social support, and fear of relapse scale [10, 13, 14].
DASS-21 consists of 21 questions evaluating depression, anxiety, and stress. Each item is evaluated by 7 questions. Questions are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = did not apply to me at all; 3 = applied to me very much or most of the time). Sum of the scores of each item shows the final score. The higher the total scores, the higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms [13].
Perceived social support includes 12 questions which assesses different categories of support. Each item is graded from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly). The sum of the scores shows the final score [14].
Fear of relapse scale includes 26 questions each scored on a five-Likert scale ranging from 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = always. Three components were suggested by the authors: feeling related to another relapse, physiological effects of relapse, and fear associated with side effects of a relapse. The total score was the sum of the three components [10].
All data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We checked the normal distribution of continuous variables using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test.
Data is reported as mean ± SD for continuous or frequencies for categorical variables.
Pearson correlation coefficients between FoR score and other scores were calculated. Multivariate linear regression analysis by considering FoR score as dependent and age, sex, marital status, duration of the disease, and EDSS as independent variables was done.
A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
One hundred and sixty-five RRMS patients were enrolled. Female to male ratio was (F/M) = 4.6.
Mean age and disease duration were 35.3±8.6 and 7.1±5 years, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of enrolled patients
| Variables | Findings |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | 35.3±8.6 |
| Sex | |
| Female | 136 (82.4%) |
| Male | 29 (17.6%) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 29 (17.6%) |
| Married | 136 (82.4%) |
| Education level | |
| <12 years | 78 (47.2%) |
| ≥12 years | 87 (52.7%) |
| Occupation | |
| Employed | 103 (62.4%) |
| Unemployed | 62 (37.5%) |
| Disease duration (year) | 7.1±5 |
| EDSS | 0.5±0.8 |
Mean scores of social support, DASS, and FoR were 63.1±16.8, 16.4±13.4, and 51.4±17.3, respectively (Table 2). Depression, anxiety, and stress scores of DASS questionnaire were 6.1±5.8, 5.1±4.3, and 5.1±4.3, respectively.
Table 2.
Mean scores of questionnaires
| Variables | Findings |
|---|---|
| Social support | 63.1±16.8 |
| DASS | 16.4±13.4 |
| Depression | 6.1±5.8 |
| Anxiety | 5.1±4.3 |
| Stress | 8.8±5.5 |
| FoR | 51.4±17.3 |
| Feeling related to another relapse | 19.4±6.9 |
| Physiological effects of relapse | 18.2±8.7 |
| Fear associated with side effects of a relapse | 13.7±5.1 |
There was a significant negative correlation between social support and FoR score and also significant positive correlation between depression, anxiety, and stress components of DASS and FoR (Table 3).
Table 3.
Correlation coefficients between scores and For score
| R | p value | |
|---|---|---|
| Social support | −0.25 | 0.001 |
| Stress | 0.54 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 0.47 | <0.001 |
Linear regression analysis by considering FoR as dependent variable and age, sex, marital status, duration of the disease, and EDSS as dependent variables showed that sex was a significant positive independent predictor (Table 4).
Table 4.
Linear regression analysis by considering FoR as dependent variable and other variables
| Variable | B | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.06 | 0.7 |
| Sex | 7.3 | 0.04 |
| Marital status | −2.2 | 0.4 |
| Duration of the disease | 0.47 | 0.1 |
| EDSS | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating fear of relapse and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with MS.
Nearly 85% of MS patients suffer from RR form of the MS disease [3]. Patients with RRMS suffer from unpredictable relapses which affect all aspects of their lives as new clinical signs appear or old signs worsen [15]. Relapses are associated with progression of the disease and damages to the multiple functions. Patients in the relapse phase of the disease suffer from impaired different aspects of quality of life [5]. Considering fear in patients with MS will help them to manage their affairs and improve their self-esteem which will result in better self-care and health improvement [16]. As relapses are unpredictable, they are source of stress and anxiety in the patients. Our results show that there were significant positive correlations between anxiety and stress scores with FoR score which confirms Khatibi et al.’s findings [10]. On the other hand, psychological well-being is needed to be stable and decrease relapse occurrence in MS patients.
The results also show that there was a weak significant negative correlation between social support and FoR score.
Patients with MS suffer from a range of psychological problems such as depression and anxiety which are reported in up to half of the patients [17, 18]. It is obvious that stress could be the trigger of clinical relapses. Previous systematic review and meta-analysis showed that stress increases the risk of relapse by 4.8 (95% CI: 1.69-14.1) [19].
Different items such as social support help MS cases to adjust to the disease easily and protect themselves against negative outcomes [20]. Increased social support will result in reduced depressive symptoms, lower anxiety experience, and better quality of life [21–23].
A recent study which was conducted in Iran showed that nearly one-third of MS patients were worried about COVID-related relapses during the pandemic stage [24] which may exacerbate their psychological disturbances. An Italian study showed that nearly 50% of MS patients suffered from moderate-to-severe anxiety during the pandemic stage [25]. Stojanov et al. reported that 72% of the MS patients were worried about getting to the hospital during the pandemic stage [26].
The results also show that sex is an independent demographic predictor of FoR which indicates that women experience more fear of relapse than men. One explanation for this finding could be sexual hormone change during life for a woman. For instance, meta-analysis showed that pregnancy decreases the risk of relapse (RR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.84) while postpartum period increases the risk (1.43, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.72) and breast feeding period has no effect on relapse (RR, 1.32 [CI, 0.89 to 1.96]) [19]. It indicates that physicians should pay more attention to psychological well-being of female patients during this period.
Our study had some strengths. First, it is the first study assessing fear of relapse during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with MS. Second, we assessed depression, anxiety, stress, and social support along with fear of relapse in enrolled patients.
Conclusion
Psychological well-being as well as fear of relapse should be considered in patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic stage.
Declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
None
Informed consent
All completed informed consent forms.
Footnotes
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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