Figure 1.

Kinetic survey of fecal pathogen burdens following clove essential oil (EO) treatment of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni infected interleukin-10 deficient (IL-10^−/−) mice. Microbiota-depleted IL-10^−/− mice were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81-176 on day (d) 0 and d1. From d2 until d6 post-infection (p.i.), mice were perorally challenged with clove EO or received placebo (PLC) via drinking water. The pathogen numbers were determined in fecal samples over time by culture and expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per g). Box plots indicate the 75th and the 25th percentiles of the median (black bar within box). The total range, significance levels (p values) determined by the Mann–Whitney U test and the total numbers of analyzed mice (in parentheses) are given. Data were pooled from four independent experiments.