Inhibition of the NF-kB pathway by JSH-23 obstructs the astrocytic differentiation via Caspase 3 cleavage. (A) JSH-23 (1, 5, 10, 20 mM) induces the loss of cell viability by MTT assay after a 48 h treatment (n = 3, mean ± SEM). (B) JSH-23 decreases the cell viability during the first step of astrocyte differentiation. JSH-23 (10 mM) was added at different time points during astrocytic differentiation (0, 24, 48, 72 h) and the MTT assay was performed after 96 h (n = 3, mean ± SEM). * p < 0.05 (C) Analysis of the expression levels of Caspase3 after treatment with JSH-23 at different concentrations by RT-PCR (6 h) (C, n = 5, mean ± SEM) and by Western blot (3 and 6 h) (D, n = 3). α-tubulin was used as a loading control. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 (D) TUNEL assay was performed to explore cell death induced by JSH-23 (10, 20 mM) at 3 and 6 h. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) and TUNEL positive cells display green nuclei. Scale bar: 50 µm.