Table 1.

Main clinical and experimental studies and principal strain-specific effects of bifidobacteria, used alone and in combination with lactobacilli, on hypercholesterolemia and atopic dermatitis.

Strain	Dosage/Dye	Study Design/Subjects	Principal Results	References
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12	1 × 109 CFU/g 1	Infants	↓ Neutral lipids in plasma ↑ Phospholipids	Kankaanpaa et al. (2002) [130]
Bifidobacterium longum BB536	3 × 107 CFU/mL 3	Rat model	↓ Total cholesterol ↓ Liver lipids deposition ↓ Adipocyte size	Al-Sheraji et al. (2015) [111]
Bifidobacterium infantis 35624	1 × 1010 CFU/mL 3	Human	↓ C-reactive protein level ↓ TNF-alfa	Groeger et al. (2013) [131]
Bifidobacterium breve B-3	2 × 109 CFU/mouse 2	Mouse model	↓ IL-1beta ↓ Claudin-1 ↓ skin damage ↑ TJs integrity	Satoh et al. (2015) [128]
Bifidobacterium adolescentis Ad1-6	1 × 109 CFU/0.2 mL	Mouse model 4	↓ IgE ↓ IL-4 ↓ AD-simptoms	Fang et al. (2019) [131]
Bifidobacterium breve BR03 Lactobacillus salivarius LS01	1x109 CFU/g 5	Human	↓ SCORAD	Iemoli et al. (2012) [132]
Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 Bifidobacterium lactis CECT 8145 Lactobacillus casei CECT 9104	1 × 109 CFU/mL 6	Human 7	↓ AD SCORAD	Navarro-López et al. (2018) [133]
Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. shermanii JD	2 × 108 CFU/mL 5 × 109 CFU/mL 5 × 109 CFU/mL 2 × 109 CFU/mL 8	Infants	↓ AD rates	Kukkonen et al. (2007) [127]
Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CUL34 Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 Lactobacillus salivarius CUL61 Lactobacillus paracasei CUL08	1 × 1010 CFU/mL 9	Infants	↑ AD prevention	Allen et al. 2014 [134]
Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 Lactobacillus paracasei LPC37	1 × 1010 CFU/mL 9	Infants 10	↓ SCORAD ↓ BSA ↓ FDLQI	Lise et al. (1992) [96]
Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. shermanii JD	2 × 108 CFU/mL 5 × 109 CFU/mL 5 × 109 CFU/mL 2 × 1010 CFU/mL 8	Children 11	↑ AD prevention	Kuitunen et al. (2009) [135]
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	1 × 1010 CFU/mL	Human adults 12	↑ AD prevention	Rautava et al. 2006 [136]
Bifidobacterium longum BL999 Lactobacillus rhamnosus LPR	1 × 1010 CFU/mL	Human adults 12	↑ AD prevention	Rautava et al. 2012 [137]
Bifidobacterium lactis BB-13 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	1 × 1010 CFU/mL	Human adults 12	↑ AD prevention	Huurre et al. (2008) [138]
Bifidobacterium lactis Lactobacillus rhamnosus	2 × 1010 CFU/g 6	Children 13	↓ SCORAD	Sistek et al. (2006) [139]
Bifidobacterium breve YIT 12272 Lactococcus lactis YIT 2027 Streptococcus thermophilus YIT 2021	5–6 × 1010 CFU/100 mL 14	Human adults 12	↑ Cathepsin L-like activity ↑ Hydration level ↓ Serum phenol ↓ Urine phenol	Kano et al. (2013) [129]

¹ Administration: 73 mL/kg daily for 7.3 months; ² administration: once a day for 7 weeks; ³ administration: daily for 8 weeks; ⁴ six-week-old, female, and specific pathogen-free grade C57bl/6 mice; ⁵ ratio (1:2) twice a day for 12 weeks; ⁶ ratio (1:1:1) administered for 12 weeks; ⁷ topical treatment; ⁸ administration: twice daily 2–4 weeks; ⁹ total amount administered daily for two weeks; ¹⁰ female infants aged 18 months; ¹¹ <5 years Double-lind randomized placebo controlled; ¹² Double-blind randomized placebo controlled; ¹³ 1–10 years of age; ¹⁴ administered daily for 4 weeks.