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. 2021 Apr 15;11(4):245. doi: 10.3390/metabo11040245

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed mechanisms that distinguish CD from UC pathophysiology based on differences in the urine metabolic phenotype of pediatric IBD subtypes prior to induction therapy. Key metabolic pathways include tryptophan/phenylalanine catabolism, mucin barrier function, and purine degradation pathways in the gut, liver and circulatory systems. Thick arrows represent enzymatic conversions and dotted arrow represent binding to AHR. AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; TnaA: tryptophanase, PAA: phenylacetic acid gene cluster; HGPRT: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.