Abstract
目的
探讨系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)伴间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)患者的临床特点、影像评分及疾病相关危险因素。
方法
收集2015年1月至2019年3月于包头医学院第一附属医院和台州市第一人民医院风湿免疫科住院且行肺高分辨率计算机断层扫描(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT)检查的60例SLE患者的临床资料,采用1 ∶1配比病例对照研究,两组患者年龄、性别匹配,其中SLE-ILD组的30例为病例组,SLE non-ILD(无ILD)组的30例为对照组。分析SLE-ILD患者的临床特点、影像学特征和肺HRCT评分,并分析SLE-ILD的相关危险因素。
结果
两组相比,胸闷/气短、雷诺现象、Velcro啰音差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);SLE-ILD组比SLE non-ILD组患者的血红蛋白及白蛋白有明显下降趋势,而尿素氮、红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、IgG这4个指标有上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);SLE-ILD患者最常见的类型为非特异性间质性肺炎,依次为普通型间质性肺炎和淋巴细胞间质性肺炎;不同ILD分型的临床-影像-生理评分之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同ILD分型的肺HRCT评分及肺功能之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,胸闷/气短、白蛋白下降是SLE-ILD发生的危险因素。
结论
SLE患者出现胸闷/气短、低白蛋白血症要警惕ILD的发生,非特异性间质性肺炎是SLE-ILD最常见的表现类型。
Keywords: 系统性红斑狼疮, 间质性肺疾病, 临床特点, 危险因素
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the clinical features, radiologic scores and clinically relevant risk factors prognosis of secondary interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
In this study, 60 SLE patients in Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College and Taizhou First People's Hospital from January 2015 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All of those 60 patients with SLE underwent lung high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) examination. We used a 1 ∶1 case-control study. There was a matching of age and gender between the two groups. Thirty patients with SLE related ILD (SLE-ILD) were in the case group, and 30 patients with SLE without ILE (SLE non-ILD) were in the control group. The clinical features, pulmonary function test, radiologic characteristic of SLE patients were collected and were used to analyze SLE-ILD.
Results
In this study, we reached the following conclusions: First, there were statistically significant differences in chest tightness/shortness of breath, Raynaud's phenomenon, and Velcro rale between SLE-ILD and SLE non-ILD patients (both P < 0.05); Second, hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (ALB) in the patients of SLE-ILD had a significant decrease compared with the patients of SLE non-ILD. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) increased in SLE-ILD patients compared with SLE non-ILD patients, the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05); Third, for SLE-ILD patients, the most common type was non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), followed by usual interstitial pneumonia and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia; Fourth, there was no significant difference in clinical-radiology-physiology scores between the different ILD types (P>0.05), similarly, the lung HRCT score and lung function between different ILD types had no significant difference (P>0.05); Fifth, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that decreased albumin and chest tightness/shortness of breath might be the risk factor for SLE-ILD.
Conclusion
There are statistically significant differences between the SLE-ILD group and SLE non-ILD group in terms of chest tightness/shortness of breath, Velcro rale and Raynaud's phenomenon. Decreased albumin and chest tightness/shortness of breath in SLE patients should be alerted to the occurrence of ILD. NSIP is the most common manifestation of SLE-ILD.
Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Interstitial lung diseases, Clinical features, Risk factors
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种累及多系统、多器官且有多种自身抗体出现的自身免疫疾病,肺是较常见的受累器官。SLE合并间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)的患病率为3%~9%[1],常见的肺部病变主要有胸膜炎、间质性肺炎、肺动脉高压、小气道病变、急性狼疮性肺炎、弥漫性肺泡出血、肺挛缩综合征、肺栓塞[2]。ILD是SLE常见的合并症,也是SLE患者预后不良的重要因素之一,SLE-ILD的死亡率占SLE患者死因的13.1%[3],因此,重视SLE的早期诊断,寻找SLE-ILD发病的相关危险因素,并根据不同的ILD类型给予早期干预,对于改善SLE-ILD患者的预后十分重要。本研究通过分析SLE-ILD的临床特点及影像学特征,寻找疾病相关危险因素,以期为深入了解SLE-ILD的疾病特征和疾病的评估提供依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
收集2015年1月至2019年3月于包头医学院第一附属医院和台州市第一人民医院风湿免疫科住院且行肺高分辨率CT(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT)检查的60例SLE患者临床资料,采用1 ∶1配比病例对照研究,严格按照病例与对照的纳入及排除标准选择30例SLE合并ILD的患者为病例组(SLE-ILD组),30例SLE不合并ILD的患者为对照组(SLE non-ILD组)。病例组中女28例、男2例,年龄24~70岁,平均(50.17±11.86)岁;对照组中女27例、男3例,年龄28~67岁,平均(51.9±12.75)岁。
纳入标准:60例SLE患者均符合2009年美国风湿病学会SLE分类诊断标准[4]。ILD主要结合临床症状及HRCT综合诊断,参照2013年美国胸科学会特发性肺纤维化的分类诊断标准[5]。收集所有患者的基本资料(包括年龄、性别、民族)、临床表现及实验室检查,评估ILD相关的指标:第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in first second, FEV1)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity, FVC)、肺总量(total lung capacity, TLC)、一氧化碳弥散量(carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity,DLCO)、HRCT。
排除标准:(1)排除由职业、环境、药物、遗传等其他因素引起的间质性肺炎;(2)排除合并其他心肺疾病,如肺部肿瘤、哮喘、支气管扩张、慢性阻塞性肺气肿、肺囊性纤维化、慢性上层气道疾病、左心功能衰竭等;(3)排除由感染引起的心肺部病变;(4)排除SLE合并干燥综合征、系统性硬化、类风湿关节炎等其他风湿免疫性疾病。
1.2. 临床特点
临床表现包括发热、干咳、胸闷/气短、胸痛、杵状指、皮疹、关节炎、口腔溃疡、雷诺现象、光过敏、Velcro啰音等。实验室检查包括血常规、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、空腹血糖、血脂、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)、抗双链DNA(double-stranded DNA, dsDNA)抗体、Sm抗体、SSA (Ro-52 kDa)抗体、SSA(60 kDa)抗体、SSB-La抗体、U1-nRNP抗体、补体等。
1.3. 肺HRCT检查
所有患者使用飞利浦Brilliance 64排螺旋CT机,HRCT扫描参数:140 kV、250 mAs、层厚l mm、矩阵1 024×1 024,骨算法重建肺窗图像,窗宽1 500 Hu,窗位-600 Hu。由两位放射学专家分别独立盲法读片,若结果不一致则由第三位放射学专家再次读片,直至意见统一。SLE患者肺HRCT影像学表现有:毛玻璃样渗出、小叶间隔增厚、不规则线状影、界面征、蜂窝肺、胸膜下线等。HRCT影像学评估ILD从主动脉弓起始处、气管分叉处、肺静脉汇合处、三五平面之间、横膈上1 cm这五个层面进行,为比较结缔组织病相关性ILD(connective tissue asso-ciated ILD,CTD-ILD)的程度和预后差异,评分参照Gay等[6]1998年提出的间质肺HRCT评分标准,对所有患者的CT片结果进行分析和计算评分。
1.4. 临床-影像-生理评分
临床-影像-生理评分是ILD相关评分,参照Watters评分标准将病情定量化,总分为100分,其中临床症状评分占50分,评估包括呼吸困难程度、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、呼吸频率、Velcro啰音、紫绀、杵状指等;影像评分占20分,本研究中涉及的图像分析主要在上文第1.3小节提及的五个层面上进行,对磨玻璃影(包括实变)、网织影(包括小叶间隔增厚、小叶内间质增厚、支气管血管周围间质增厚、胸膜下线、间质结节)、蜂窝影、肺气肿、支气管扩张进行判断;生理评分占30分,需测定FVC预测值的百分比(FVC%pred)和DLCO预测值的百分比(DLCO%pred)等指标进而给分,分值越高表明病情越重。测定患者平静、未吸氧状态下从桡动脉采动脉血测得的动脉血氧分压(PaO2)。
1.5. 肺功能检查
肺功能检查包括通气功能、肺容量、肺活量、最大通气量等方面,肺功能检查数据包括FEV1、FVC、TLC、DLCO等,肺功能测试以预测值的百分比表示。ILD患者的肺功能通过FVC%pred和DLCO%pred来评估,二者分别代表肺通气量和肺扩散能力,被认为是评估ILD患者肺功能的关键指标[7]。
1.6. 统计学分析
符合正态分布的计量资料两两比较采用t检验,以均数±标准差(x±s)表示;不符合正态分布的计量资料两两比较采用Mann-Whitney U法进行非参数秩和检验,以M(P25,P75)表示;计数资料以百分率表示,组间比较采用卡方(χ2)检验;对临床及实验室指标采用单因素Logistic回归进行分析,再对单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量采用多因素Logistic逐步回归(向前法),观察研究因素对回归模型的影响和交互作用;P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. SLE-ILD组患者HRCT下的影像学分型
30例SLE-ILD患者的HRCT表现可见非特异性间质性肺炎(non-specific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)、寻常型间质性肺炎(usual interstitial pneumonia, UIP)和淋巴细胞间质性肺炎(lymphocyte inters-titial pneumonia, LIP)3种类型,其中NSIP型23例、UIP型6例、LIP型1例,以NSIP更为多见。
2.2. SLE-ILD与SLE non-ILD患者一般情况的比较
SLE-ILD组30例中28例女性患者,平均年龄(50.17±11.86)岁,病程(65.57±51.7)个月;SLE non-ILD组30例中27例女性患者,平均年龄(51.9±12.75)岁,病程(86.5±59.1)个月。两组患者的性别、年龄、病程差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3. SLE-ILD与SLE non-ILD患者临床表现的比较
比较两组患者包括发热、干咳、胸闷/气短、胸痛、Velcro啰音、肌痛/肌无力、杵状指、皮疹、关节炎、口腔溃疡、雷诺现象、光过敏等ILD和SLE常见的临床表现,其中,胸闷/气短、Velcro啰音及雷诺现象两组相比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余临床表现差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
表 1.
Clinical manifestation |
Fever, n (%) | Dry cough, n (%) | Chest tightness, n (%) |
Chest pain, n (%) | Velcro, n (%) | Clubbing, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||||
* P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, compared between the two SLE groups. | ||||||||||||||||||||
SLE-ILD | 16 (53) | 14 (47) | 9 (30) | 21 (70) | 22 (73) | 8 (27) | 2 (6) | 28 (94) | 18 (60) | 12 (40) | 3 (10) | 27 (90) | ||||||||
SLE non-ILD | 14 (47) | 16 (53) | 9 (30) | 21 (70) | 12 (40) | 18 (60) | 3 (10) | 27 (90) | 10 (33) | 20 (67) | 1 (3) | 29 (97) | ||||||||
χ2 | 0.267 | 0.000 | 6.787 | 0.000 | 4.286 | 0.268 | ||||||||||||||
P | 0.606 | 1.000 | 0.009# | >0.999 | 0.038* | 0.605 | ||||||||||||||
Clinical manifestation |
Rash, n (%) | Arthritis, n (%) | Oral ulcer, n (%) |
Raynaud’s phenomenon, n (%) |
Light allergy, n (%) |
Myalgia/muscle weakness, n (%) |
Hair loss, n (%) |
|||||||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||
SLE-ILD | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | 17 (56) | 13 (44) | 10 (33) | 20 (67) | 17 (56) | 13 (44) | 1 (3) | 29 (97) | 16 (53) | 14 (47) | 10 (33) | 20 (67) | ||||||
SLE non-ILD | 16 (53) | 14 (47) | 19 (63) | 11 (37) | 9 (30) | 21 (70) | 8 (26) | 22 (74) | 6 (20) | 24 (80) | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | 5 (16) | 25 (84) | ||||||
χ2 | 0.067 | 0.278 | 0.077 | 5.554 | 2.588 | 0.067 | 2.222 | |||||||||||||
P | 0.796 | 0.598 | 0.781 | 0.018* | 0.108 | 0.796 | 0.136 |
2.4. SLE-ILD与SLE non-ILD患者实验室指标的比较
比较两组患者实验室指标的变化,其中SLE-ILD患者和SLE non-ILD患者的血红蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、IgG这4个指标差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 2)。由于两组患者在尿蛋白、ESR及CRP的分布不符合正态分布,采用非参数秩和检验得出ESR及CRP差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001,表 3),其余指标之间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。除此之外,两组患者在自身抗体方面的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 4)。
表 2.
Items | SLE-ILD (n=30) | SLE non-ILD (n=30) | F | P |
* P < 0.05, compared between the two SLE groups. WBC, white blood cell; Hb; hemoglobin; PLT, blood platelet; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; C3, complement 3; C4, complement 4; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgM, immunoglobulin M; IgG, immunoglobulin G. | ||||
WBC/(×109 cells/L) | 6.04±2.04 | 5.75±1.99 | 0.305 | 0.583 |
Hb/(g/L) | 121.73±24.27 | 135.03±14.25 | 6.700 | 0.012* |
PLT/(×109 cells/L) | 178.23±84.84 | 194.80±75.36 | 0.639 | 0.427 |
ALT/(U/L) | 24.76±20.23 | 25.06±12.67 | 0.005 | 0.944 |
ALB/(g/L) | 38.02±9.83 | 42.27±4.24 | 4.726 | 0.034* |
BUN/(mmol/L) | 9.90±8.94 | 6.34±2.91 | 4.303 | 0.042* |
Scr/(μmol/L) | 96.84±58.40 | 69.70±21.07 | 5.722 | 0.020* |
C3/(g/L) | 0.85±0.28 | 0.93±0.24 | 1.301 | 0.259 |
C4/(g/L) | 0.20±0.09 | 0.18±0.08 | 1.674 | 0.201 |
IgA/(g/L) | 3.03±1.12 | 3.10±1.23 | 0.054 | 0.817 |
IgM/(g/L) | 0.64±0.34 | 0.75±0.47 | 1.133 | 0.292 |
IgG/(g/L) | 14.02±5.24 | 11.76±2.97 | 4.219 | 0.044* |
表 3.
Items | SLE-ILD | SLE non-ILD | Statistics | P |
UTP, urinary protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein. | ||||
UTP | 0.30 (0.00, 0.97) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.21) | -0.673 | 0.501 |
ESR | 55 (15, 114) | 8 (7, 15) | -10.822 | < 0.001 |
CRP | 48.80 (12.20, 57.00) | 4.18 (3.13, 8.98) | -12.427 | < 0.001 |
表 4.
Group | ANA | dsDNA | Sm | SSA (Ro-52 kDa) |
SSA (60 kDa) |
SSB | RNP | nRNP/Sm | |||||||||||||||
+ | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | ||||||||
ANA, anti-nuclear antibody; dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody; Sm, anti-Sm; antibody; SSA (Ro-52 kDa), ribonucleoprotein antigen SSA/52 kDa-Ro antibody; SSA (60 kDa), ribonucleoprotein antigen SSA/60 kDa antibody; SSB, anti-Sjögren’s syndrome B antibody; RNP, anti-U1 small ribonucleoprotein antibody. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SLE-ILD, n | 28 | 2 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 8 | 22 | 8 | 22 | 15 | 15 | |||||||
SLE non-ILD, n | 26 | 4 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 9 | 21 | 12 | 18 | 4 | 26 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 15 | |||||||
χ2 | 0.185 | 0.067 | 0.635 | 0.184 | 0.436 | 0.938 | 1.832 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||
P | 0.667 | 0.796 | 0.426 | 1.763 | 0.606 | 0.333 | 0.176 | >0.999 |
2.5. SLE-ILD患者不同ILD分型的临床-影像-生理评分、肺HRCT评分及肺功能比较
为了进一步了解SLE-ILD患者的临床特点,我们还分析了不同ILD类型的SLE患者临床-影像-生理评分、影像学评分及肺功能之间的差异,结果显示不同ILD类型之间上述指标的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05,表 5)。
表 5.
Items | Clinical-radiology-physiology score | HRCT score | FVC/(%pred) | DLCO/(%pred) |
UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia; NSIP, non-specific interstitial pneumonia; HRCT, high resolution computed tomography; FVC, forced vital capacity; DLCO, carbon monoxide diffusion. | ||||
UIP | 19.29±8.34 | 2.43±2.15 | 90.71±25.76 | 66.71±14.95 |
NSIP | 19.00±12.73 | 1.00±0.62 | 69.00±29.70 | 53.00±39.60 |
F | 0.002 | 0.748 | 1.056 | 0.704 |
P | 0.97 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.43 |
2.6. SLE-ILD与SLE non-ILD患者各系统受累的比较
对SLE-ILD与SLE non-ILD两组患者常见系统受累情况进行了比较,包括血液、肾脏、神经、心血管系统,两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 6)。
表 6.
Group | Blood system, n (%) | Renal system, n (%) | Nervous system, n (%) | Cardiovascular system, n (%) | |||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
SLE-ILD | 23 (77) | 7 (23) | 10 (33) | 20 (67) | 4 (13) | 26 (87) | 6 (20) | 24 (80) | |||
SLE non-ILD | 21 (70) | 9 (30) | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | 2 (7) | 28 (93) | 7 (23) | 23 (77) | |||
χ2 | 0.559 | 0.190 | 0.667 | 0.754 | |||||||
P | 0.341 | 1.714 | 0.185 | 0.098 |
2.7. SLE-ILD影响因素的分析
2.7.1. SLE-ILD的单因素Logistic回归分析
对上述临床特点、实验室指标中差异有统计学意义的指标进行单因素Logistic回归分析,共有8个影响因素有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 7)。
表 7.
2.7.2. SLE-ILD的多因素Logistic回归分析
对单因素分析有统计学意义的变量采用多因素Logistic逐步回归(向前法),观察研究因素对回归模型的影响和交互作用(表 8),共有8个因素进入多因素分析模型,结果2个因素有统计学意义,胸闷/气短(OR=4.808,95%CI:1.414~16.348,P=0.012)、白蛋白下降(OR=17.255,95%CI:1.859~160.185,P=0.012)这2个因素成为SLE-ILD的独立危险因素。
表 8.
Items | B | SE | Wald | P | OR | 95%CI |
Chest tightness | 1.570 | 0.624 | 6.323 | 0.012 | 4.808 | 1.414-16.348 |
Albumin ↓ | 2.848 | 1.137 | 6.276 | 0.012 | 17.255 | 1.859-160.185 |
3. 讨论
肺脏是SLE累及的常见脏器之一,而ILD是肺脏受累的常见表现类型。SLE患者一旦出现ILD,会严重影响患者的生存率及生活质量,是SLE患者致死的主要原因之一[8]。SLE-ILD的临床表现多种多样,包括呼吸困难、干咳、胸闷/气短、胸痛、杵状指、Velcro啰音等ILD的症状及体征,以及发热、肌痛/肌无力、皮疹、关节炎、口腔溃疡、雷诺现象、光过敏等SLE常见的临床表现。本研究对上述临床表现进行了分析,除了胸闷/气短、Velcro啰音等ILD相关的临床表现,SLE-ILD患者更易出现雷诺现象,提示SLE患者出现雷诺现象要警惕ILD的发生。陈晓芳等[9]的研究发现,ILD组干咳、雷诺现象、Velcro啰音出现的比例更高,与本研究结果一致。呼吸困难是SLE-ILD患者最常见的临床表现,但早期ILD患者常不会出现典型的呼吸困难,因此单从临床症状上诊断ILD存在很大局限性。
本研究也分析了WBC、血红蛋白、血小板、谷丙转氨酶、白蛋白、CRP、ESR、尿素氮、血清肌酐、尿蛋白、补体C3、补体C4、IgA、IgG、IgM等实验室检查指标在SLE-ILD患者与SLE non-ILD患者之间的差异,发现SLE-ILD组患者的血红蛋白和白蛋白有明显下降趋势,而尿素氮、ESR、CRP、IgG明显升高,提示血红蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、ESR、CRP、IgG可能是SLE患者发生ILD的影响因素,这与Mittoo等[10]的研究结果一致。
有研究表明,SLE-ILD在疾病的任何阶段都可发生,在SLE确诊的同时至起病后20年的时间内均可发病[11]。ILD早期可无明显的临床症状或存在亚临床期,而HRCT检查对于ILD诊断的灵敏度高达80%以上[12],同时有研究证实HRCT与肺组织活检病理存在一致性[13]。SLE-ILD具有自身免疫因素,病理表现复杂多样,不同ILD类型的治疗原则不同且预后存在一定的差异。有文献报道,SLE-ILD最常见的病理类型包括NSIP、隐源性机化性肺炎和LIP,而UIP和淀粉样变性较少见[14]。本研究发现SLE患者最常见的ILD类型为NSIP,其次为UIP,最少见的类型为LIP,与上述文献报道不完全相符,考虑可能与样本量较少以及SLE-ILD表现类型多样有关,需要扩大样本量进一步证实。NSIP在影像学上多表现为毛玻璃样病变,UIP则更多表现为网格样及蜂窝样病变。ILD预后不良的最重要因素是纤维化的存在,UIP成纤维细胞灶较多,预后较差,而NSIP较UIP纤维化程度轻,其预后较好,5年生存率可达80%以上[15]。而在类风湿关节炎相关性间质性肺病(rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease,RA-ILD)中,最常见的病理类型是UIP,其预后较NSIP差很多,与SLE-ILD的类型不同,SLE-ILD以NSIP更为多见,提示SLE-ILD可能比RA-ILD的预后好。
本研究对不同ILD分型的SLE患者进行了临床-影像-生理评分、肺HRCT评分以及肺功能测定,发现SLE患者合并UIP及NSIP,上述指标比较无明显差别,这可能与SLE-ILD表现的复杂多样有关,如有些自身免疫病合并的ILD可以表现为多种类型的混合体,影像学表现中以UIP为主的有时可能会混合NSIP或LIP,也有的表现为NSIP,但以NSIP纤维化型[16]为主,提示一种ILD可能会出现多种影像学表现或病理类型,使其临床、影像及生理等的评估存在一定局限性和不平行性。
肺功能检测中,FVC %pred和DLCO %pred分别代表肺通气量和肺扩散能力,有文献报道,肺功能的改变往往早于HRCT的改变,因此肺功能也常用作ILD的筛查[17]。DLCO是预测ILD死亡率最敏感的一项指标[18],同时也是评价ILD疗效的指标[19]。Zhang等[20]关于RA-ILD的研究中观察到DLCO下降,当DLCO值小于52.95%时RA患者更容易发生ILD,而在RA non-ILD患者中未观察到下降,与Hamblin等[21]的观点相似,提示降低的DLCO可作为RA发展为ILD的独立预测因子。Mohammad等[22]发现,SLE-ILD患者的DLCO较SLE non-ILD患者下降27%~56%,而本研究中,不同ILD分型的肺功能之间相比差异无统计学意义,考虑可能与病例数较少且SLE-ILD表现复杂多样有关。
ILD是SLE患者致死的一大因素,探讨SLE-ILD疾病相关的危险因素,做到早期诊断、早期治疗具有重要临床意义。本研究通过Logistic回归分析发现,胸闷/气短、白蛋白减低是ILD发生的危险因素,提示SLE患者出现胸闷/气短及低蛋白血症要警惕ILD的发生。SLE-ILD在早期诊断上存在困难,早期难以与肺部感染相鉴别。由于目前缺乏对肺慢性纤维化切实有效的治疗方法,患者一旦发生弥漫性肺纤维化,则生存率明显下降[23],因此,应通过SLE-ILD的临床表现、影像学特征及相关危险因素等进行全面评估,尽可能早发现、早干预。本研究分析了SLE-ILD患者的临床、影像学特点以及疾病相关的危险因素,以期使风湿科医生更加关注和重视SLE患者发生ILD,减少漏诊率,继续扩大样本量并深入探讨SLE-ILD的影响因素是我们进一步的研究重点。
Funding Statement
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金[2017MS(LH)0812]和包头医学院科学研究基金(BYJJ-YF 2016100)
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia [2017MS (LH) 0812] and the Research Funds of Baotou Medical College (BYJJ-YF 2016100)
Contributor Information
杨 国安 (Guo-an YANG), Email: 0331004@163.com.
刘 媛 (Yuan LIU), Email: liuyuanem@163.com.
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