Table 3.

The influence of varying parameters on yield of plant-biosynthesized podophyllotoxin.

Parameters	General Effect	Sub-Parameter	Podophyllotoxin Yield	Ref.
Light	Light can increase or decrease the biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin.	Red light	Substantial increase	[123]
		Blue light	Slight increase
		White light	Decrease
Chilling Temperature	Chilling temperature can increase or decrease the biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin	4 °C	5-folds increase	[124]
		10 °C	3.33-folds increase
Macro Nutrients	At different concentrations major nutrients can increase or decrease the biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin	Glucose concentration	Highest levels of yield at 60 g/L	[125]
		Phosphate concentration	Highest levels of yield at 1.25 mM
		Nitrogen concentration	Highest levels of yield at 60 mM
Micro Nutrients	Different ions can influence the yield of podophyllotoxin	NO3−, PO43−, Na+, Fe2+, Mn2+	Positive correlation	[126]
		SO42−, K+	Negative correlation
		Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu, Zn	No correlation
Soil Nutrients	Podophyllotoxin production can be increased or decreased by acidic or basic pH and nutrient availability	pH	Podophyllotoxin content was increased significantly (more than 6.62%) when pH of soil was 4.82	[127]
		Nitrogen	Podophyllotoxin content was increased significantly when nitrogen content was 2.7%
		Carbon	Podophyllotoxin content was increased significantly when soil organic carbon content was 3.32%