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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2021 Mar 20;41(3):430–438. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.03.17

基于有限元法分析钝力性脾损伤的机制

Mechanism of blunt spleen injury: a finite element analysis

Wenhu HU 1,2, Yu SHAO 2, Zhengdong LI 2, Donghua ZOU 2, Huijun WANG 1,*, Yijiu CHEN 1,2,*
PMCID: PMC8075776  PMID: 33849836

Abstract

Objective

To explore the biomechanical mechanism of blunt spleen injury based on finite element analysis.

Methods

A fist finite element model was used to simulate the impact at 4-8 m/s in the spleen area of THUMS4.0 human body model from the front of the left costal area, the left anterior axillary line and the rear scapular line. The strain distribution and damage of the spleen under different conditions were observed. The simulation results were compared with the clinical cases of spleen rupture to analyze the mechanism of spleen injury.

Results

The damage location and strain distribution of the spleen could vary under different conditions. Due to the special anatomical location of the spleen, a blunt impact at the speed of 4-8 m/s on the front side did not easily cause spleen injury, and the strain was distributed mainly in the front of the spleen and the spleen hilum; a similar blunt impact on the left side was likely to cause spleen diaphragmatic surface injury, the splenic visceral surface could be injured by the compression of the medial tissue and organs and the traction of the splenic pedicle, and the strain was distributed in the spleen diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces; an impact on the back side was likely to cause injuries in the posterior portion and hilum of the spleen, and the strain was mainly concentrated in the injured area.

Conclusion

Blunt spleen injuries caused by punches on the abdomen are mostly caused by direct impact on the ribs, the compression by the surrounding tissues and organs and the traction by the spleen pedicle.

Keywords: blunt spleen injury, injury mechanism, finite element method, blow, THUMS model


脾在钝性腹部外力易受冲击,脾损伤可能是由最轻微的外力所引起[1]。由于腹部外伤导致的肝脾等实质器官损伤可造成大量的失血,并且有很高的致残率和致死率[2],脾损伤的研究大多是与临床治疗有关,而对脾损伤机制的研究更为少见,有研究通过收集脾损伤案例,总结损伤原因、作用力接触部位和脾破裂部位,将其相互比较,以探索脾破裂的发生机制[3],但只利用尸体解剖和外伤手术记录进行静态的分析,此类实验得到的结论较为经验化,且无法阐明脾损伤的真实过程以及损伤机制。而且对于损伤机制的研究大多是利用人体和动物尸体的传统生物力学实验进行,并且由于实验样本的限制,动物或人体实验样本常会被用于多次测试,前一次实验无疑会对之后的研究造成影响,并且生理结构的差异以及相关的医学伦理问题,动物或者人体样本已经很少被用于生物力学研究[4-5]

有限元法是一种利用现代计算机科技进行应力、应变分析的数字化技术,并逐渐成为一种重要的模拟人体生物力学响应的实验工具,此方法与传统的生物力学实验相比,具有模型可重复使用、变量可控、结果准确客观的特点,有限元法可通过应力、应变等指标表现生物组织的生物力学特性及损伤响应情况,目前已广泛应用于临床和基础医学研究中[6-7]。在有限元模拟中,应力应变是可以计算的,并且通过建立失效准则去判定组织器官是否发生相应损伤。已有学者运用有限元模型进行人体损伤机制研究,通过建立人体躯干部有限元模型,通过不同方向下钝性打击肝区,研究在无肋骨骨折情况下肝脏的生物力学反应,得出了肝损伤的损伤机制可由肋骨直接撞击所致[8-10]。有研究分别建立了动物和人体的胸腹部有限元模型,用于分析钝性胸腹部损伤响应,证明了具有特定结构的有限元模型对研究钝性胸腹部创伤及损伤预防具有重要价值[11]。有学者利用具有详细解剖特征的医学图像建立了人类头部有限元模型,利用所建立的有限元模型去研究颅脑损伤的生物力学机制[12],因此有限元法已经成为了探索器官损伤的一种强有力的工具。

但目前并无利用有限元法对脾损伤机制进行研究的文献,且在法医学实践中,脾脏的损伤形成方式多样,成伤机制复杂,对钝力性脾损伤的解释主要依靠专家的经验判断,普通人难以理解其中的损伤机制和损伤过程,因此对于法医工作者来说,阐明钝力性脾损伤的形成机制具有重要意义。本研究采用有限元法和THUMS4.0有限元模型对钝力性脾损伤进行损伤重建及损伤生物力学机制分析,观察不同钝性致伤条件下的脾损伤特点,动态反映器官损伤的形变过程、力作用传导路径及器官间的相互作用。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 有限元模型

采用THUMS4.0人体有限元模型,该模型为站立位成人完整人体模型,构造模型所用数据来源于一名39岁男性,模型体长173 cm,体质量77.3 kg。THUMS4.0有限元模型准确地反映出人体的解剖学结构,内含软组织、内部器官以及骨骼组织,各组织结构均赋予相应的材料属性[13]。建立拳头有限元模型,赋予其刚体材料属性,密度为7830 kg/m3,杨氏模量为2.07e5,泊松比为0.3,打击模拟中的拳头的质量定义为489.393 g。

1.2. 案例

案例来源于司法鉴定科学研究院,据案情介绍,死者与人发生争执,随后发现伤者已死亡,死者年龄46岁,尸长158 cm,发育正常,为查明死因进行尸检。

尸体检验发现:死者躯干部未见明显皮肤损伤,尸斑浅淡,口唇粘膜苍白。解剖所见死者左侧季肋区皮肤青紫、皮下组织出血; 左侧第8、9、10肋骨于腋前线至腋中线处骨折,第11肋骨于近脊柱旁骨折,上述肋骨骨折处伴相应肋间肌出血; 腹腔积血及暗红色凝血块约2800 mL; 脾膈面包膜下出血,脏面不规则破裂(图 1); 余器官呈贫血貌。上述所见符合左侧季肋部遭受一定程度的钝性外力作用致脾破裂出血,并引起失血性休克病理学改变。根据尸体检验并结合案情分析:死者的死亡原因符合在左侧季肋部遭受钝性外力作用,致脾破裂出血,引起失血性休克。本研究经司法鉴定科学研究院伦理委员会审核通过。

1.

1

实际案例损伤情况

A cases of blunt spleen injury. A: Left side view of chest and abdomen. B: Right side view of the thorax and abdomen; C: Subcutaneous hemorrhage in the left costal region. D: Abdominal hematocele. E: Splenic visceral surface injury. F: Subcapsular hemorrhage of the spleen diaphragm surface.

1.3. 方法

运用有限元法进行脾区打击模拟,设置THUMS4.0人体模型为初始站立位姿态,为双足底所有单元添加边界设置,完全限制模型的平移及旋转。将有限元模型进行调整,确定拳头模型和人体模型解剖位置对应准确。模拟拳头以4、5、6、7、8 m/s分别沿左季肋区前侧、左侧及后侧击打[14](图 2)。应用LS-DYNAR11 (美国LSTC)软件进行模拟计算。使用LS-PrePost4.5 (美国LSTC)软件进行前、后处理及结果分析。本研究采用最大主应变作为脾损伤判定标准,当最大主应变数值超过0.3即判定脾脏发生损伤[15]。着重观察模拟结果中不同条件下脾损伤易发部位、脾脏表面应变分布情况以及脾脏在腹腔中与周围组织器官的相互作用。结果以数据、图片等形式输出; 统计仿真实验中不同条件下的脾损伤部位,并将模拟结果与实际案例相比较,以此分析脾损伤的致伤机制。

2.

2

不同方向打击脾区示意图

Schematic diagram of impact on the spleen from different directions. A: Impact on the splenic area on the front side; B: Impact of a fist in the spleen area on the left side. C: Impact of the spleen area on the back side.

2. 结果

2.1. 前侧打击脾区

前侧拳击模拟结果显示,当拳头与皮肤相接触后,皮肤、皮下软组织、肋骨等受到暴力作用共同向后运动,拳击部位的肋骨发生局部内凹变形,由于脾脏位置靠后,肋骨仅与脾脏发生轻微接触,随后发生回弹,回归原位,在此过程中,脾受力后轻度向后移动,后期随着胸腹壁组织回弹而移动归位(图 3)。最大主应变分布图显示,脾的应变首先集中于脾前端与肋骨接触部位,随后应变呈波动形式由受撞击部位沿表面向周围传播,并且由于脾脏在腹腔中受力发生移动,脾脏受到脾门区血管组织的牵拉,因此脾门区同样出现应变集中,整个过程中,最大主应变峰值出现在脾门区(图 4)。在所有打击速度下,脾脏没有预测到损伤。

3.

3

8 m/s前侧打击脾区运动趋势图

Motion of the spleen area in response to a frontal impact at 8 m/s. A: 0 ms; B: 9 ms; C: 12 ms; D: 19.5 ms.

4.

4

8 m/s前侧打击脾脏最大主应变分布

Distribution of maximum principal strain in the spleen during in the scenario of a frontal impact at 8 m/s. A: Distribution of maximum principal strain in splenic diaphragmatic surface at 30 ms; B: Distribution of maximum principal strain in splenic visceral surface at 30 ms.

2.2. 左侧打击脾区

在左侧打击过程中,左侧肋骨向内运动与脾膈面发生碰撞,同时推挤脾脏向内运动并与胃肠等腹内脏器发生接触(图 5);脾膈面首先形成应变集中,随后向周围传导扩散(图 6),在此过程中,脾脏受力向内侧运动,脾脏面与胃肠等组织接触部位形成应变集中,此外,由于脾蒂的牵拉作用,应变最后集中分布于脾门区(图 7)。根据模拟结果,预测脾损伤主要出现在脾膈面和脾脏面6 m/s的拳速即可造成脾膈面损伤,7 m/s及8/s的拳速可造成脾膈面、脏面损伤。

5.

5

7 m/s左侧打击脾区运动趋势图

Motion of the spleen area in response to a lateral impact at 7 m/s. A: 0 ms; B: 3 ms; C: 9 ms; D: 10.5 ms.

6.

6

7 m/s左侧打击脾膈面应变分布

Strain distribution on the splenic diaphragmatic surface in the scenario of a lateral impact at 7 m/s. A: 4.5 ms; B: 7.5 ms; C: 10.5 ms; D: 13.5 ms.

7.

7

7 m/s左侧打击脾脏面应变分布

Strain distribution on splenic visceral surface in the scenario of a lateral impact at 7 m/s. A: 12 ms; B: 15 ms; C: 18 ms; D: 21 ms.

2.3. 后侧打击脾区

左侧腰背部遭受打击后,在此过程中脾脏受到后侧肋骨的碰撞,脾脏在受力作用后向前运动,与胃肠的挤压作用并不明显,在运动过程中,脾脏受到脾蒂的牵拉; 由于肋骨受力发生变形并向前移位,脾脏应变首先分布于脾后端与变形肋骨接触部位,随后应变向周围传播(图 8),在整个过程中,脾脏受力整体向前运动,脾门区域由于牵拉作用同样出现长时间应变集中。预测脾损伤主要出现在脾后端和脾门区,5 m/s的拳速即可造成脾损伤。

8.

8

8 m/s后侧拳击脾应变分布

Distribution of the spleen strain in the scenario of a lateral impact at 8 m/s. A: Distribution of maximum principal strain in splenic diaphragmatic surface; B: Distribution of maximum principal strain in splenic visceral surface.

2.4. 不同方向、速度拳击结果比较

在脾脏受到前侧打击的情况下,8 m/s的拳速亦未造成脾损伤,在外侧及后侧暴力打击的情况下,预测造成脾损伤的最小拳速为6 m/s与5 m/s。根据动态模拟结果和应变分布情况推测,后侧及左侧拳击易导致脾损伤,在各个打击方向下,脾门区均出现应变集中,在左侧打击情况下,预测脾膈面及脾门区易发生损伤,与实际案例损伤情况一致(图 9~10)。后侧打击时,脾后端及脾门区易出现损伤。与之相比前侧拳击较难造成脾损伤(表 1)。当拳击方向一致时,拳击速度越快,脾损伤发生越快,损伤程度越重。

9.

9

模拟结果与脾膈面损伤比较

Comparison of the simulated results with the observed spleen diaphragmatic surface injury. A: Distribution of maximum principal strain in splenic diaphragmatic surface in the scenario of a lateral impact. B: Subcapsular hemorrhage of spleen diaphragm surface.

10.

10

模拟结果与脾脏面损伤比较

Comparison of simulated results and observed spleen visceral surface injury. A: Strain distribution of splenic visceral surface in the scenario of a lateral impact. B: Splenic visceral surface injury.

1.

拳击脾区模拟结果总结

Summary of simulation result of boxing splenic area

Boxing direction Speed (m/s) Initial damage time (ms) Peak value of maximum principal strain Site of initial splenic injury Prediction of splenic injury site under 4-8 m/s speed
Note: "▬ " means no damage occurred.
Frontal 4
5
6
7
8
4
5
Left 6 4.5 0.311 Diaphragmatic surface Spleen diaphragmatic surface
7 4.5 0.428 Diaphragmatic surface Diaphragmatic surface, visceral surface
8 4.5 0.458 Diaphragmatic surface Ddiaphragmatic surface, visceral surface
4
5 9 0.382 Spleen posterior Spleen posterior, spleen hilum
Lateral 6 7.5 0.408 Spleen posterior Spleen posterior, spleen hilum
7 6 0.446 Spleen posterior Spleen posterior, spleen hilum
8 6 0.476 Spleen posterior Spleen posterior, spleen hilum

3. 讨论

钝性脾损伤最常见的损伤原因是道路交通事故、高坠、重物砸压以及暴力打击等[16]。脾脏损伤也与常与左下肋骨骨折有关,有很大可能是受到肋骨的直接撞击或是肋骨断端的戳刺,但研究表明肋骨骨折数目与腹内器官损伤的发生率并无相关性[17-19]。虽然脾脏是腹部钝性损伤后最常见的损伤器官,但目前国内外对于脾损伤机制的研究较为少见,因此从法医学视角来看,探索钝力性脾损伤的损伤过程、损伤机制是很有必要的。传统研究方法主要采用动物实验、人造物理模型实验与人尸体实验来研究人体损伤相关的致伤机制,存在诸多限制,缺乏客观准确再现损伤事实的手段,实验动物与真实人体解剖学结构有显著差异,故动物实验结果难以直接用于人体损伤鉴定[20]。虽然可利用塑模技术快速制作几何形态相似的人体器官模型,但是其模型不能反映出人体组织的真实生物材料属性[21],虽然人尸体器官实验数据是生物力学研究的基础,但由于尸体样本缺乏、研究方法具有破坏性、不可重复性以及不符合伦理要求等限制因素,尸体实验已很少应用于生物力学研究。传统的法医病理学检验方法对钝性损伤的分析判断主要依靠个人的经验,无法真正明确解释器官损伤的具体损伤生物力学机制和损伤过程[22],对损伤生物力学响应情况无法给出清晰直观的解释,也难以满足科学证据客观量化的要求。有限元法刚好能弥补上述研究的不足,目前有限元法已广泛应用于临床和基础医学研究中,技术发展已趋向成熟[6]。但其中大部分研究属于对材料本构的开发及属性测定、临床手术模拟和汽车安全方面,上述研究目的与法医学鉴定中关注的致伤方式、损伤程度和损伤机制分析鉴定等存在本质的差别,其研究结果无法直接运用于法医损伤生物力学研究和法医损伤鉴定中。运用有限元法和有限元模型进行的人体损伤生物力学研究也已开展,有研究使用有限元模型预测和分析前侧撞击、侧面撞击与安全带载荷的人体胸部力学响应,发现通过有限元法应力-应变分析更加容易发现尸体实验中的内部器官损伤[23]。有学者运用有限元方法分别探究了高速钝性外力致主动脉破裂与肺挫伤的生物力学机制[24-25]。有文献为了研究在钝性腹部外伤中的肾损伤,建立了肾脏和腹部有限元模型,为研究和确定肾脏损伤生物力学机制提供了可能[26-7]。THUMS有限元人体模型最初被用来预测汽车-行人碰撞中人体损伤情况,并且在研究中也验证了模型的有效性[28]。国内外学者利用有限元法对人体器官损伤机制进行了大量研究,然而对于钝力性脾脏损伤机制的研究却不多见,目前有关脾损伤的机制多为经验判断或假说,尚缺乏实验的验证手段,对于脾脏损伤与钝性外力大小、方向和作用部位的关联性缺乏系统结论,本研究将运用人体有限元模型模拟钝性物体打击状态下的脾脏损伤,通过实验数据及真实案例验证,系统研究人体脾脏的致伤机制和生物力学指标。研究结果表明,借助有限元内脏器官模型和分析方法,能有效模拟内脏器官的特征性损伤,能够解释不同外力条件下(如不同速度、方向等)内脏损伤的生物力学特征,为脾损伤致伤机制研究和经验性分析提供新技术手段和支撑依据。

模拟结果显示,不同载荷条件下脾损伤部位、脾应变分布及脾在腹腔中与周围组织器官的作用关系均有差异。在遭受前侧打击时,脾脏发生向后位移,脾脏受到脾蒂的牵拉易造成损伤,脾脏应变主要分布于脾前端和脾门区,整个打击过程中最大主应变峰值出现在脾门区; 后侧打击时,受力部位肋骨推挤脾脏向前运动,脾门区易受脾蒂牵拉而形成损伤,脾脏应变主要形成在脾后端和脾门区,整个过程中最大主应变峰值出现在脾门区,在脾区遭到前侧和后侧打击的情况下,脾门区均会出现损伤。在脾区受到左侧外力作用后,内移的肋骨和脾内侧的胃肠等腹内脏器对脾造成挤压碰撞,脾脏应变主要出现在膈面和脏面,最大主应变峰值出现在脾膈面受肋骨撞击部位,脾脏应变分布与实际案例中脾损伤部位一致根据模拟结果推测,钝性外力致脾损伤的主要机制为遭受外力部位对应的肋骨的直接撞击、与脏面内侧胃肠等器官的挤压碰撞以及脾脏在腹腔中运动时受脾蒂的牵拉作用。

在本研究中,因案发现场无监控设备,具体伤者的体位信息无法确定,只能通过对死者的尸体检验来初步判断,然后通过本实验结合尸体检验情况进一步明确打击部位。胸腹腔内压力的急剧变化也是导致胸腹腔脏器发生损伤的机制之一,在拳击条件下,胸腹腔压力变化较小,因此考虑对脾脏损伤形成机制影响较小,无法与交通事故、高坠等巨大暴力造成的胸腹腔压力变化程度相比较,故考虑本研究中胸腹腔压力变化非脾损伤的主要形成机制,但是胸腹腔压力变化作为胸腹腔脏器损伤机制之一,在此后的继续研究中将会作为研究对象之一。

研究利用有限元法和全人类有限元模型,深化脾损伤机制研究,为法医学人体损伤鉴定提供新的技术手段,以及新的证据表现形式。通过对模型加载作用力、速度等初始条件,进行不同条件下的钝性脾损伤机制研究,为后续的有限元求解法医损伤生物力学机制研究建立了基础,研究成果为传统法医损伤学鉴定与研究提供力学理论基础,并可应用于法医学鉴定实践工作中。

Biography

胡文虎,硕士,E-mail: 164955078@qq.com

Funding Statement

十三五国家重点研发计划资助项目(2016YFC0800702);国家自然科学基金(81571851,81701863,81722027);上海市法医学重点实验室资助项目(17DZ2273200);上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台资助项目(19DZ2290900)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571851, 81701863, 81722027)

Contributor Information

胡 文虎 (Wenhu HU), Email: 164955078@qq.com.

王 慧君 (Huijun WANG), Email: hjwang@smu.edu.cn.

陈 忆九 (Yijiu CHEN), Email: chenyj@ssfjd.cn.

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