Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Parameters | All patients (n=203) |
Big ET-1 <0.42 pmol/L group (n=100) |
Big ET-1 ≥0.42 pmol/L group (n=103) |
P value |
| Age (year) | 44 (29–58) | 47 (33–60) | 42 (25–56) | 0.150 |
| Male, n (%) | 144 (70.9) | 64 (64.0) | 80 (77.7) | 0.032 |
| Unexplained syncope, n (%) | 25 (12.3) | 12 (12.0) | 13 (12.6) | 0.893 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 85 (77–94) | 88 (78–98) | 83 (77–90) | 0.075 |
| Previous systemic thromboembolism, n (%) | 31 (15.3) | 9 (9.0) | 22 (21.4) | 0.014 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 92 (45.3) | 45 (45.0) | 47 (45.6) | 0.928 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 84 (41.4) | 41 (41.0) | 43 (41.7) | 0.914 |
| Cardiomyopathy family history, n (%) | 37 (18.2) | 17 (17.0) | 20 (19.4) | 0.656 |
| SCD family history, n (%) | 13 (6.4) | 3 (3.0) | 10 (9.7) | 0.051 |
| NYHA functional class III/IV, n (%) | 115 (56.7) | 37 (37.0) | 78 (75.7) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 23 (11.3) | 11 (11.0) | 12 (11.7) | 0.884 |
| Congenital heart disease, n (%) | 8 (3.9) | 5 (5.0) | 3 (2.9) | 0.494 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 54 (26.6) | 31 (31.0) | 23 (22.3) | 0.162 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 22 (10.8) | 8 (8.0) | 14 (13.6) | 0.200 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 27 (13.3) | 10 (10.0) | 17 (16.5) | 0.172 |
| Sustained VT/VF, n (%) | 6 (3.0) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (3.9) | 0.683 |
| NT-pro-BNP (fmol/mL) | 1424.0 (376.0–2521.3) | 540.6 (99.2–1943.5) | 2290.0 (1160.0–3945.0) | <0.001 |
| CMR | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 25 (17–41) | 33 (21–46) | 20 (15–32) | <0.001 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 240.4 (174.2–317.0) | 195.6 (156.7–264.3) | 289.5 (216.3–387.4) | <0.001 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 67.8±11.7 | 63.7±10.2 | 71.8±11.6 | <0.001 |
| LGE, n (%) | 143 (70.4) | 60 (60.0) | 83 (80.6) | 0.001 |
| ICD implantation, n (%) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (2.9) | 1.000 |
| CRT-D implantation, n (%) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (2.9) | 1.000 |
Bold and italic values are statistically significant (p<0.05).
Big ET-1, big endothelin-1; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillation; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SCD, sudden cardiac death; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation.