Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo trisomy 20p detected by noninvasive prenatal testing

Abstract

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 20p seems to be difficult, considering the capacity of ultrasound to detect mild dysmorphic. NIPT has good performance in detecting fetal trisomy 20p combined with low coverage WGS and karyotype analysis.

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 20p seems to be difficult, considering the capacity of ultrasound to detect mild dysmorphic. NIPT has good performance in detecting fetal trisomy 20p combined with low coverage WGS and karyotype analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION

Trisomy 20p, resulting from duplication of all or part of the short arm of chromosome 20, is a rare chromosomal disorder while there is a little case of trisomy 20p in prenatal diagnosis. Here, we report firstly a case of de novo trisomy 20p detected by noninvasive prenatal testing.

Trisomy 20p manifesting as intellectual disability and speech delay is a rare genetic disorder. ¹ , ² The cases of trisomy 20p previously reported mostly focused on the patients after birth, and there is little information about prenatal screening of trisomy 20p considering the lack of effective detection technology.

Since 2011, NIPT has been introduced into clinical practice for the detection of fetal trisomy 21, 18, and 13 via massively parallel sequencing of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma. ³ The fetal CNVs can also be detected due to the statistical power of the methods published and bigger sequencing depth. ⁴ Using two to eight million reads, Chen et al detected fetal CNVs bigger than 10 Mb. ⁵ The trisomy 20p can be screened theoretically considering the short arm of chromosome 20 is bigger than 10 Mb and the mean sequencing reads of NIPT is bigger than 3.5 million reads.

Here, we firstly report a case of de novo trisomy 20p detected by NIPT in a 27 years pregnant women, confirmed by prenatal diagnosis.

2. CLINICAL REPORT

A 27‐year‐old pregnant woman (G1P0) with gestational age (GA) of 16 weeks 2 days accepted NIPT in reproductive medicine center of Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. The couple with no special face and normal intelligence is not consanguineous and both healthy. The fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness is 1.2 mm with GA of 13 weeks.

5 ml blood was collected in cfDNA storage tube (CW2814M) from the pregnant woman. The cfDNA was extracted from plasma, followed by end repair, adaptors ligation, and PCR amplification according to the instruction. Single‐ended sequencing was performed on BGISEQ‐500 (BGI‐Wuhan, Wuhan, China) with the 35 bp length. The raw sequence reads is 11.91 million, of which 74.2% is blasted to the human genome. The effective reads is 7.98 million, and the fetal fraction in the maternal plasma is 9.35%. The Z‐score of T21, T18, and T13 was less than 3 which suggested 21‐trisomy, 18‐trisomy, and 13‐trisomy were negative while the Z value of T20 is 5.508 which means that there was about a duplication of chromosome 20 (Figure 1A).

Figure 1.

The prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis results of patient(A‐The T‐score of chromosome 20 detected by NIPT; B‐Karyotype analysis of maternal amniotic fluid (46, XX, add(21)(p12)); C‐Copy number variation of maternal amniotic fluid showing that duplication of 21.41Mb on chromosome 20p11.22‐p13)

Following genetic counseling, the amniocentesis was performed at 17 weeks of gestation under the guidance of ultrasound. STR analysis via Multiple STR genotyping kit (DARUI biotechnology) suggested there was no maternal cell contamination in amniotic fluid which was used to cell culture analysis of fetal amniotic fluid karyotype and CNVs analysis by LC‐WGS. ⁶ , ⁷ , ⁸

Cytogenetic analysis by G‐banding shows the karyotype of the fetus with 46, XX, add(21)(p12) (Figure 1B). The karyotype analysis of the couple showed no obvious abnormalities.

CNVs sequencing was performed on a BGISeq‐500 platform (BGI‐Wuhan, Wuhan, China) as previously reported. In brief, 1μg genomic DNA extracted from fetal amniotic fluid cell was randomly fragmented. Library was conducted according to the standard instruction and sequenced with a minimum of ~15 million reads (single‐end 50 bp) per sample. ⁸ The homozygous/heterozygous duplication and deletion were detected by reported method6. The CNV‐Seq analysis results were seq[GRCh37/hg19]20p11.22p13 (60,001‐21,474,604)×3, indicating a 21.4 Mb duplication on chromosome 20p11.22‐p13 (Figure 1C).

At 22 weeks of gestation, an isolated choroid plexus cyst measuring 0.41cm x 0.36cm in fetal brain was identified during routine sonography.

3. DISCUSSION

Since the 1980s, chromosomal microdeletions/microduplications have been be identified to associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability. ⁹ The common use of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in diagnostics has led to an increase of known pathogenic CNVs. ¹⁰ Thanks to the application of NIPT, fetal chromosomal aneuploidies subchromosomal abnormalities can be screening with high sensitivity and specificity. ¹¹ , ¹²

Trisomy 20p is a rare chromosomal duplication manifesting as poor coordination, mental retardation with speech delay, and moderate facial dysmorphisms which emerged from postnatal observations. ¹³ , ¹⁴ Little information was known about prenatal clinical features of trisomy 20p and moderate facial dysmorphisms, and the minor malformation of the fetal heart and/or kidneys is not hard to detect by ultrasonic testing. Besides, no biochemical markers reported can be used to predict trisomy 20. There is only one prenatal case of trisomy 20p resulting from maternal inversion [46,XX,inv(20)(p11.2q13.3)] in chromosome 20. The only ultrasonographic anomaly was an increased NT of 3.6 mm at 12 weeks. ¹⁵

Here, we report firstly a case of prenatal diagnosis of de novo trisomy 20p result from the parents with normal karyotype. The fetal karyotype was 46, XX, add(21)(p12), indicating additional unknown origin was attached to band 21p12. The CNV‐Seq result revealed the additional unknown origin may be 20p11.22‐p13. The only ultrasonographic anomaly at 21 weeks was an choroid plexus cyst located on the left side of the brain while the NT value is normal. The fetus after termination of pregnancy had normal phenotypes. According to postnatal phenotypes described, prenatal diagnosis of such partial trisomy 20p seems to be difficult, considering the capacity of ultrasound to detect mild dysmorphic. However, NIPT has good performance in detecting fetal trisomy 20p combined with LC‐WGS of amniotic fluid cell.

Further via deeper sequencing fetal subchromosomal CNVs can be detected by NIPT for the lower sequencing cost. NIPT, combined with karyotype analysis and NGS, may be a efficient screening strategy for fetal trisomy 20p syndrome.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None declared.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

XY and CJZ: contributed to conception and design. XY and HYP: analyzed and interpreted the data. HYP: collected the data. XY: contributed to statistical analysis and wrote the article. CJZ: contributed to critical revision of the article and final approval of the article.

ETHICAL APPROVAL

Informed consent was obtained from the fetal parents regarding the report of his clinical scenario data in an anonymous way.

Yan X, Peng H, Zhang C. Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo trisomy 20p detected by noninvasive prenatal testing. Clin Case Rep.2021;9:1845–1848. 10.1002/ccr3.3587

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.