Topical mydriatics as adjunctive therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis

Abstract

Background

Traumatic eye complaints account for 3% of all hospital emergency department visits. The most common traumatic injury to the eye is blunt trauma, which accounts for 30% of these visits. Blunt trauma frequently leads to traumatic iridocyclitis, thus causing anterior uveitis. Iridocyclitis frequently causes tearing, photophobia, eye pain, and vision loss. These symptoms are a result of the inflammatory processes and ciliary spasms to iris muscles and sphincter. The inflammatory process is usually managed with topical corticosteroids, while the ciliary spasm is blunted by dilating the pupils with topical mydriatic agents, an adjuvant therapy. However, the effectiveness of mydriatic agents has not been quantified in terms of reduction of ocular pain and visual acuity loss.

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical mydriatics as adjunctive therapy to topical corticosteroids for traumatic iridocyclitis.

Search methods

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register (2019, issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Embase.com; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus; PubMed; ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic search for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 12 June 2019.

Selection criteria

We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared topical mydriatic agents in conjunction with topical corticosteroid therapy versus topical corticosteroids alone, in participants with traumatic iridocyclitis.

Data collection and analysis

Two review authors (JH, MK) independently screened titles and abstracts, then full‐text reports, against eligibility criteria. We planned to have two authors independently extract data from included studies. We resolved differences in opinion by discussion.

Main results

There were no eligible RCTs that compared the interventions of interest in people with traumatic iridocyclitis.

Authors' conclusions

We did not find any evidence from RCTs about the efficacy of topical mydriatic agents as an adjunctive therapy with topical corticosteroids for treating traumatic iridocyclitis. In the absence of these types of studies, we cannot draw any firm conclusions. Controlled trials that compare the combined use of topical mydriatic agents and corticosteroid drops against standard corticosteroid drops alone, in people with traumatic iridocyclitis are required. These may provide evidence about the efficacy and risk of topical mydriatic drops as adjuvant therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis.

Plain language summary

What are the benefits and risks of eye drops that widen the pupil as an additional treatment for inflammation after a blow to the eye?

Why this question is important
Hospital emergency departments often treat people with eye injuries. There are two main types of eye injuries:

• blunt trauma injuries, when an object or force strikes the eye. Common causes of blunt trauma to the eye include motor vehicle accidents, sports‐ or work‐related accidents, or fights;

• penetrating trauma injuries, when a sharp object or an object traveling at high speed (for example, from pellets fired by air‐powered guns) pierces the eye.

Blunt trauma is the more common form of eye injury. People who have these injuries often develop traumatic iridocyclitis, an inflammation of the iris (the colored part of the eye that surrounds the black pupil) and the ciliary body (the muscles and tissue around the iris). Traumatic iridocyclitis can develop after both major and minor blunt trauma, and can affect children as well as adults. Symptoms associated with damage to the iris and ciliary body include eye pain and sensitivity to light. If the inflammation goes unnoticed or is not treated properly, it can cause vision loss.

The standard treatment for traumatic iridocyclitis is anti‐inflammatory eye drops (corticosteroids). Eye drops that widen the pupil (mydriatics) are usually used as an additional treatment, to reduce eye pain and discomfort, and to shorten the duration of symptoms.

We aimed to find out whether the use of mydriatics plus corticosteroids to treat traumatic iridocyclitis is beneficial or causes more unwanted effects than corticosteroids alone by reviewing the research evidence. Specifically, we wanted to know if mydriatics relieve eye pain and inflammation and improve vision. We also wanted to find out if mydriatics cause complications such as chronic pain, and if they have any serious negative effects on sight (including blindness).

How we searched for evidence
Our team of researchers searched the medical literature for:

• randomized controlled trials: these are medical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups. This type of study provides the most reliable evidence about whether a treatment makes a difference;

• studies on people of all ages with traumatic iridocyclitis;

• studies that compared the effects of mydriatics plus corticosteroids against corticosteroids alone.

What we found
We found no randomized controlled trials to help us answer our question. Therefore, we do not know whether the addition of mydriatics to corticosteroids is beneficial or causes more unwanted effects than corticosteroids alone in the treatment of traumatic iridocyclitis. We need researchers to conduct future studies that compare mydriatics plus corticosteroids against corticosteroids, so that we can assess the benefits and risks of mydriatics as an additional treatment for traumatic iridocyclitis.

How up‐to‐date is this review? 
We last searched for evidence on 12 June 2019. This review covered research that was available up to that date, but did not consider any evidence that may have been produced since then.

Background

Description of the condition

Ocular trauma

Hospital emergency department visits for eye‐related complaints are common. Eye trauma accounts for 3% of all emergency department visits in the USA (Romaniuk 2013), with an estimated average of 2.4 million visits for ocular complaints each year (Brandt 2001; Haring 2016). The admission rate for eye injuries has been estimated as 3.1% of emergency department visits, compared with 8.1% for all other types of trauma (Owens 2011). The typical individual experiencing ocular trauma is a 20‐year‐old man (Haring 2016; May 2000).

The types and patterns of ocular injury present differently, depending on whether the trauma is blunt or penetrating. The most common mechanisms of ocular injury are blunt trauma (30%) and sharp objects (18%); in terms of specific events, motor vehicle collisions account for 9% of ocular injuries and gunshot wounds account for 6% (May 2000). Most ocular injuries occur in the home (41%), whereas 14% occur in the industrial setting (May 2000).

Eye injuries can lead to significant changes in an individual's life, in terms of morbidity and quality of life. Although eyes represent only 0.3% of a person's total body surface area, the loss of one eye leads to approximately 24% of whole‐person impairment (i.e. significant malfunction or loss of use), whereas the loss of both eyes leads to 85% disability (Brandt 2001).

Traumatic iridocyclitis

One consequence of ocular trauma is traumatic iridocyclitis (inflammation of the iris), which is associated with significant morbidity and vision loss when not recognized and managed properly. Iridocyclitis can develop even after minor non‐penetrating ocular trauma. Reported rates of traumatic iridocyclitis range from 0.4% to 49% (Macewen 1989; Oner 2006). Differences in time periods, geographic locations (London 2010), and surveillance methodology and countries' income level account for the variability in reported rates (London 2010; Macewen 1989; Oner 2006; Soliman 2008).

Traumatic iridocyclitis is one of the most common types of anterior uveitis (inflammation of the uvea — the middle layer of the eyeball consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid). Engelhard 2015a reported that 12.2% of all uveitis cases were attributed to trauma during a 30‐year surveillance period.

Children are an important subgroup of individuals who suffer ocular trauma, and they experience greater morbidity from traumatic iridocyclitis. Children represent a diagnostic challenge because of their inability to communicate their symptoms and to comply with the required physical examination (Engelhard 2015a). Traumatic iridocyclitis is one of the most common identifiable reasons for uveitis in this age group, along with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and undifferentiated causes (Engelhard 2015b). Traumatic iridocyclitis represents about 25% of all pediatric non‐JIA uveitis (Engelhard 2015b), with a prevalence of 9.1% (BenEzra 2005).

Presentation and diagnosis

The pathophysiology of traumatic iridocyclitis involves the unmasking or worsening of an underlying inflammatory process arising from a systemic or infectious cause (Sepah 2013). As the anterior chamber fills with white blood cells and pigmented cells, individuals describe a dull or aching eye pain, photophobia, diminished vision, and tearing within three days of the eye injury (Logothetis 2014). Traumatic iridocyclitis presents as a red eye, characterized by ciliary flush, cells, and flare in the anterior chamber, and poorly dilated pupils (miosis). Other findings include alterations in intraocular pressure (IOP), mydriasis (dilation of the pupil), conjunctival injection surrounding the limbus, decreased vision, and floaters.

The symptoms and physical findings are a result of ciliary spasms, which cause inflammation of the iris dilator muscle and the iris sphincter. Inflammation of the iris can cause the iris to tear, cut, and bruise, and can increase IOP. Damage to the ciliary body can lead to accumulation of debris in the trabecular meshwork (Dunn 2015). Cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment are possible complications of traumatic iridocyclitis.

Description of the intervention

The standard therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis, the application of topical corticosteroids, acts by reducing the cyclo‐oxygenase inflammatory response (inflammation associated with increased blood flow). Mydriatic agents are usually applied topically to make the pupil dilate by one of two mechanisms: either by temporarily paralyzing the iris sphincter muscles (parasympathetic antagonists) or stimulating the iris dilator muscle (sympathetic agonists). Parasympathetic antagonists (e.g. tropicamide) tend to have a longer duration of action than sympathetic agonists (e.g. phenylephrine).

How the intervention might work

The adjuvant use of topical mydriatic agents, also administered topically, may help to stabilize blood flow and mitigate ciliary spasm by paralyzing the iris and ciliary body. In addition, mydriatic agents may prevent iris‐lens adhesions (i.e. posterior synechiae) by keeping the iris dilated and minimizing contact between them. The net effect is to reduce pain and discomfort, and shorten the duration of ciliary spasms.

Why it is important to do this review

There is clinical uncertainty about the benefits and harms of adjunctive topical mydriatics. Given that significant ocular pain and diminished visual acuity can occur with traumatic iridocyclitis, it is important to evaluate the role of adjunctive topical mydriatics in the management of this condition. No Cochrane Review on this topic exits and the only systematic review on this topic published ten years ago found no eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs)e.

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical mydriatics as adjunctive therapy to topical corticosteroids for traumatic iridocyclitis.

Methods

Criteria for considering studies for this review

Types of studies

We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We excluded cross‐over trials, within‐person trials, and n‐of‐1 trials (single person clinical trials).

Types of participants

We planned to include trials that enrolled participants of any age with traumatic iridocyclitis. We excluded trials that enrolled participants with open globe injuries or injuries that involved the posterior segments of the eye, because these injuries require surgical intervention.

Types of interventions

The primary intervention group in eligible trials would have received topical mydriatic agents in conjunction with topical corticosteroids. The comparison group would have been treated with topical corticosteroids alone, regardless of dose, frequency, or length of administration. We excluded placebo‐controlled trials, with the planned exception of multi‐armed trials which reported outcomes separately for the two targeted interventions.

Types of outcome measures

Primary outcomes

• Proportion of participants with resolution of signs and symptoms at one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators. Typical definitions of resolution include absence of signs (anterior chamber cells, ciliary flushing) and symptoms (ocular pain, floaters).

Secondary outcomes

• Proportion of participants with resolution of signs and symptoms at two weeks and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with ocular pain at one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with evidence of ocular inflammation (such as cells in the anterior chamber, ciliary flushing, and floaters) at one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with synechiae at one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Mean change in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators. When possible, we considered using Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR) visual acuity values, with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters or logMAR acuity of 0.1 be a clinically meaningful difference.

• Mean change in IOP from baseline to one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment, as defined by trial investigators. We considered 2 mmHg to be a clinically meaningful difference.

If mean change from baseline data were not available for BCVA or IOP outcomes, we planned to calculate the mean difference in measurements taken at each time point to estimate between‐group effects.

Adverse events

We planned to compare the proportion of participants with serious ocular adverse events, such as blindness and chronic pain, and systemic adverse events between the two groups at one week, two weeks, and one month after treatment. We planned to include both spontaneously reported and systematically collected adverse events.

Search methods for identification of studies

Electronic searches

The Cochrane Eyes and Vision (CEV) Information Specialist searched the following electronic databases for RCTs and controlled clinical trials. There were no restrictions to language or year of publication. We last searched the electronic databases on 12 June 2019.

• Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 6, which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) in the Cochrane Library (searched 12 June 2019) (Appendix 1).

• MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 12 June 2019) (Appendix 2).

• Embase.com (1947 to 12 June 2019) (Appendix 3).

• CINAHL Plus (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; January 1937 to 12 June 2019) (Appendix 4).

• PubMed (1948 to 12 June 2019) (Appendix 5).

• US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov; searched 12 June 2019) (Appendix 6).

• World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp; searched 12 June 2019) (Appendix 7).

Searching other resources

We searched the reference lists of review articles, relevant trials, and textbooks to identify additional trials. We did not impose any language or date restrictions.

Data collection and analysis

Selection of studies

Two review authors (JH and MK) independently screened the titles and abstracts of all records and assessed the relevance of each. We obtained full‐text copies of reports from potentially relevant studies. Two review authors (JH and MK) independently assessed the full‐text reports to determine the final eligibility of studies. At all stages, we resolved any discrepancies by discussion or by consulting a third review author (SS) whenever necessary. We listed the excluded studies and their reasons for exclusion in the ‘Characteristics of excluded studies' table. We illustrated the study selection process in a PRISMA diagram (Figure 1).

1.

Study flow diagram.

Data extraction and management

We planned to have two review authors (JH and YS) independently extract data from each eligible study using forms developed and piloted by CEV. We planned to extract and enter the following information into a systematic review data repository (see also Appendix 8).

• Study characteristics: country, setting, publication year, status of publication, title, authors, source, language of publication, and funding sources.

• Methods: study duration, randomization technique, allocation concealment method, masking (participants, provider, outcome assessors), analysis (intention‐to‐treat versus per protocol or other).

• Participants: source, sampling (random or convenience), number in comparison groups, age, gender, similarity of groups at baseline, withdrawals/losses to follow‐up (reasons), and subgroups for which outcomes were reported.

• Interventions: description of adjuvant mydriatics used plus topical corticosteroids and topical corticosteroids alone (dose and duration).

• Outcomes: primary and secondary outcomes, times of assessment, and length of participant follow‐up (planned and actual).

If we had found outcome data that were shown only in figures (e.g. means and standard deviations), we had planned to use GetData Graph Digitizer 2.24 (getdata-graph-digitizer.com) to estimate data values from the figures. We would have requested confirmation from study investigators. If they had not replied within two weeks, we had planned to use the data values we had estimated.

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

We planned that two review authors (JH and MK) would independently assess the risk of bias for each included trial, according to Chapter 8 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2019). We would have assessed risk of bias using domain‐based evaluations regarding selection bias (random sequence generation, allocation concealment before randomization), performance bias (masking of participants and study personnel), detection bias (masking of outcome assessors), attrition bias (amount and appropriate handling of missing data), reporting bias (lack of selective outcome reporting), and 'other' potential sources of bias. We would have judged each trial for each ‘Risk of bias' domain as ‘low risk', ‘high risk', or ‘unclear risk'.

Measures of treatment effect

We planned to analyze dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dichotomous outcomes for this review included the proportion of participants with resolution of signs and symptoms, the proportion of participants with ocular pain, the proportion of participants with evidence of ocular inflammation, the proportion of participants with synechiae, and the proportion of participants with serious ocular or systemic adverse events.

We would have analyzed continuous outcomes as mean differences with 95% CIs. Continuous outcomes for this review included mean change in BCVA and IOP.

Unit of analysis issues

The ideal unit of analysis was to have been the individual, such as when trial participants had only one eye affected, or when the trial treated both affected eyes in the same way and analyzed them as a unit. For any studies that used a within‐person design, in which they randomized both participants' (affected) eyes separately, we had planned to use estimates that accounted for the paired design in the analysis. For eligible multi‐arm trials, we planned to provide study characteristics for all groups and include only relevant groups for analysis, without double‐counting participants.

Dealing with missing data

We had planned to contact the trial authors to obtain supplemental information on missing data. This was to be done via email, and if no response had been received within two weeks of the request, we had planned to use the information available in the study reports. We did not plan to impute data for the purposes of this review; however, if the trial investigators had reported imputed outcome data, we would have used this. We would then have performed a sensitivity analysis, in which we would have excluded studies with high attrition rates (greater than 20%).

Assessment of heterogeneity

We planned to assess clinical and methodological heterogeneity among included trials to determine whether meta‐analysis was appropriate. If we observed substantial clinical or methodological heterogeneity, we had planned to present a narrative summary of the trial results. When trials were clinically and methodologically homogeneous, we would have combined data using meta‐analysis and evaluated statistical heterogeneity using a Chi² test (with a 10% level of statistical significance), the I² statistic (with ≥ 50% representing substantial statistical heterogeneity), and examination of forest plots for overlapping CIs (McKenzie 2019).

Assessment of reporting biases

We had planned to assess small study effects using funnel plots when 10 or more trials were included in a meta‐analysis. We would have considered that an asymmetrical funnel plot may have been the result of reporting bias, heterogeneity, and differences in the methodological quality of studies. We would have assessed selective outcome reporting as part of our assessment of the risk of bias in the included studies.

Data synthesis

We had planned to conduct meta‐analyses using Review Manager 5 (Review Manager 2014), using a random‐effects model unless there were fewer than three trials, in which case we would have used the fixed‐effect model.

Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity

Whenever sufficient data were reported, we had planned to perform subgroup analyses according to the following participant and treatment characteristics: age (less than 18 years, 18 years or older), and level and type of injury (e.g. Glasgow coma scale, other trauma severity score, blunt injury). We planned to investigate differences between subgroups using tests for interaction (with P < 0.1 to indicate a treatment‐characteristic interaction). We had also planned to report any post hoc subgroup analyses, and the number of analyses that we had performed.

Sensitivity analysis

The plan was to use sensitivity analyses to examine the impact of excluding studies at high risk of selection, detection, and attrition biases, studies that had provided only unpublished data, and industry‐funded studies. However, we did not undertake this because we did not identify any eligible studies for inclusion in the review.

‘Summary of findings' table

The plan was to construct a ‘Summary of findings' table that included effect estimates for the following primary outcome and key secondary outcomes.

• Proportion of participants with resolution of signs and symptoms at one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with ocular pain at one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with evidence of ocular inflammation (such as cells in the anterior chamber, ciliary flushing, and floaters) at one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with synechiae at one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Mean change in BCVA from baseline to one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Mean change in IOP from baseline to one week after treatment, as defined by trial investigators.

• Proportion of participants with serious ocular adverse events at one week after treatment.

We had also planned to use the GRADE approach and its five major domains (risk of bias, inconsistency, directness, imprecision, and publication bias) to grade the certainty of evidence (very low, low, medium, high) for each outcome included in the ‘Summary of findings' table (Schünemann 2011).

Results

Description of studies

We did not find any eligible studies for this review.

Results of the search

The electronic search conducted on 12 June 2019 identified a total of 724 records (Figure 1). After removing 106 duplicates, we screened the remaining 618 records. We excluded 615 records that did not meet eligibility criteria after screening their titles and abstracts. We obtained three potentially eligible full‐text records for further evaluation. We excluded all three full‐text records with reasons after full‐text review, on the basis of their study design or the type of participants included.

Included studies

We did not identify eligible studies for inclusion in this review.

Excluded studies

We excluded three studies and documented their reasons for exclusion in the Characteristics of excluded studies table. Dunne 1979 did not include our population of interest, and the remaining two studies were not RCTs (Islam 2010; Melton 1991).

Risk of bias in included studies

We did not identify any eligible studies, so could not assess their risk of bias in this review.

Effects of interventions

We did not identify any eligible studies, so could not assess the effects of the intervention in this review.

Discussion

Summary of main results

Our literature search did not find any randomized controlled trial (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria for this review. We found one empty review article on this topic (see Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews).

Overall completeness and applicability of evidence

The benefits and harms of the use of adjunctive topical mydriatics still remain uncertain. Although we performed a robust literature search of seven electronic medical databases, aided by an Information Specialist, we found no studies that met the inclusion criteria. These findings highlight the need for RCT evidence. Given the lack of evidence, there is no basis upon which we can draw conclusions about the applicability of evidence.

Quality of the evidence

We did not find any eligible studies for this review, hence the quality of evidence remains uncertain.

Potential biases in the review process

In order to minimize any potential biases that may have arisen during the review process, we followed the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2011), and the Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR) Standards for the reporting of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews (editorial-unit.cochrane.org/mecir). A trained Cochrane Eyes and Vision Information Specialist performed a highly comprehensive search for trials for this review, without publication date or language limitations. Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full text. We did not include non‐randomized studies, due to their potential risk for bias.

Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews

In agreement with our review, the authors of another systematic review were unable to comment on the effectiveness of mydriatic agents for traumatic iridocyclitis as they found no eligible RCTs (Islam 2010).

Authors' conclusions

Implications for practice.

There is no evidence available from RCTs to support the use of mydriatic drops as an adjuvant therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis. Consequently, there is no basis for recommendations to either support or oppose the use of mydriatic drops as an adjuvant therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis.

Implications for research.

It is evident from this review that well‐designed RCTs are needed to evaluate the benefits and risks of mydriatic agents as adjuvant therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis. We recommend that future trials should evaluate standard therapy with topical corticosteroids compared with therapy that includes mydriatic agents along with topical corticosteroids. Such trials should also assess other factors, such as time to initiation of therapy, co‐injuries (ocular and non‐ocular) as well as other underlying medical conditions. Since traumatic iridocyclitis often causes pain and may lead to diminished visual acuity or blindness, future trials should also consider evaluating visual acuity and other short‐term (one week) or long‐term (two weeks to one month) clinical measures of vision, quality of life and outcomes that are important to people with this condition. Data on adverse outcomes, including serious ocular adverse events (such as elevated intraocular pressure, lens opacity, blindness, chronic pain), and systemic adverse events at one week, two weeks and one month after treatment initiation should also be collected.

History

Protocol first published: Issue 3, 2019
Review first published: Issue 8, 2020

Appendices

Appendix 1. CENTRAL search strategy

#1 MeSH descriptor: [Uveitis] explode all trees
#2 Iridocycliti*
#3 iritis* or iritide*
#4 Cycliti*
#5 scleriti*
#6 uveiti*
#7 (sclera or iris or ciliary) and (inflam*)
#8 {or #1‐#7}
#9 MeSH descriptor: [Mydriatics] explode all trees
#10 mydriatic*
#11 cycloplegic*
#12 MeSH descriptor: [Atropine] explode all trees
#13 Atropine or atrinal or "atro‐polygyl" or atrop or atropen or atropin or atropina or "atropini sulfas" or atropinol or atropisol or atropt or atroptol or atrospan or "atrosulf‐1" or "bar bropin" or "bellpino‐artin" or "cendo tropine" or "dextro levo hyosciamine" or "ichtho bellol" or "isopto" or isoptoAtropine or "ocu‐tropine" or "sal‐tropine" or skiatropine or "tropine dextro levo tropate" or ximex or "51‐55‐8" or "55‐48‐1"
#14 berefrine or POPD or "105567‐83‐7"
#15 MeSH descriptor: [Cyclopentolate] explode all trees
#16 Cyclopentolate or "ak‐pentolate" or akpentolate or "bell pentolate" or ciclolux or cyclogyl or cyclomydri or cyclopentol or cyclopentolat or cylate or cyplegin or diopentolate or midriodavi or mydrilate or "ocu‐pentolate" or ocucyclo or "oftan‐syklo" or pentolair or "refractyl ofeno" or skiacol or zyklolat or "512‐15‐2" or "5870‐29‐1"
#17 MeSH descriptor: [Epinephrine] explode all trees
#18 Epinephrine or Adrenaline or adrenalin or Epitrate or Lyophrin or Epifrin or adnephrin or adnephrine or "adrenal hydrochloride" or adrenalina or adrenamine or adrenapax or adrenazin or adrenine or adrin or adrine or advaradin or balmadren or biorenine or bosmin or chelafrin or dylephrin or epiglaufrin or epimephrine or epinefrina or epinephran or epinephrin or epirenamine or epirenan or exadrin or glaucon or glaucosan or glaufrin or "glin epin" or glycirenan or haemostatin or hemisine or hemostasin or hemostatin or hypernephrin or "isopto epinal" or levoadrenalin or levoadrenaline or levoepinephrine or levorenin or levorenine or methylaminoethanolcatechol or methylarterenol or mucidrina or myosthenine or "n methylnoradrenalin" or nephridine or nieraline or paranephrin or posumin or renaglandin or renaglandulin or renaleptine or renalina or renaline or renoform or renostypticin or renostyptin or scurenaline or simplene or soladren or sphygmogenin or styptirenal or supracapsulin or supranephrane or supranephrin or supranol or suprarenaline or suprarenin or suprarenine or suprel or surenine or surrenine or "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free" or susphrine or "sympathin I" or takamina or tonogen or vasoconstrictine or vasodrine or vasotonin or weradren or "51‐43‐4" or "55‐31‐2" or "6912‐68‐1"
#19 MeSH descriptor: [Ethylmorphine] explode all trees
#20 Ethylmorphine or Ethomorphine or Trachyl or codethyline or diolan or dionine or "ethyl morphine" or ethylmorfine or ethylmorphin or "morphine ethyl ether" or "125‐30‐4" or "76‐58‐4"
#21 Eucatropine or euphthalmine or "100‐91‐4" or "536‐93‐6"
#22 Homatropine or homatro or homatrocil or homatropaire or homatropin or homatropina or isoptoHomatropine or "I Homatrine" or "mandelyl tropeine" or mandelyltropeine or "mydryn eye" or "omatropina lux" or "tropine mandelate" or "51‐56‐9" or "87‐00‐3"
#23 MeSH descriptor: [Hyoscyamine] explode all trees
#24 Hyoscyamine or anaspaz or cystospaz or cytospaz or daturine or donnamar or duboisine or egacen or hyoscamine or hyosciamine or hyoscyanin or hyosyne or "ib‐stat" or levbid or levsin or "levsinex sr" or neosol or nulev or spasdel or "symax sl" or "symax sr" or "tropine l tropate" or "101‐31‐5" or "306‐03‐6"
#25 Ibopamine or "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate" or "SB 7505" or "SB7505" or Escandine or Inopamil or "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester" or scandine or "skf 100168" or "skf 100168 a" or "66195‐31‐1" or "75011‐65‐3"
#26 Methylatropine or "8‐methylatropinium nitrate" or "31610‐87‐4"
#27 MeSH descriptor: [Naphazoline] explode all trees
#28 Naphazoline or "Afazol Grin" or "AK Con" or AKCon or Albalon or albasol or "All Clear" or allersol or antan or benil or cefasan or "Clear Eyes" or coldan or "Colirio Alfa" or "comfort eye drops" or dazolin or "degest 2" or derinox or Idril or imidin or minha or Miraclar or mirafrin or Nafazair or nafazoline or naftazolina or "naphacel ofteno" or naphasal or naphazolin or Naphcon or "naphozoline hydrochloride" or naphtears or naphthazoline or naphthizine or naphthyzin or nastizol or "nazil ofteno" or niazol or "ocu‐zoline" or opcon or Optazine or Privin or privina or Privine or privine or Proculin or rhinantin or rhinazin or rhinoperd or rimidol or sanorin or sanotin or Siozwo or strictylon or "Tele Stulln" or TeleStulln or Vasoclear or Vasocon or "Vasoconstrictor Pensa" or VasoNit or vistalbalon or vistobalon or "5144‐52‐5" or "550‐99‐2" or "835‐31‐4"
#29 Oxedrine or Synephrine or Sympaethamin or Synephrin or aetaphen or pentedrine or vasoton or "94‐07‐5"
#30 MeSH descriptor: [Synephrine] explode all trees
#31 MeSH descriptor: [Oxyphenonium] explode all trees
#32 Oxyphenonium or Methacin or Oxyphenon or Atrenyl or Spastrex or antrenyl or "ba 5473" or ba5473 or "c 5473" or c5473 or helkamon or metacin or metacinum or oxyphenium or "oxyphenomium bromide" or spasmofen or spasmophen or "14214‐84‐7" or "50‐10‐2"
#33 MeSH descriptor: [Phenylephrine] explode all trees
#34 Phenylephrine or adrianol or "af‐taf" or "ak‐dilate" or "albalon relief" or alconefrin or almefrin or altafrin or biomidrin or biomydrin or derizene or "despec‐sf" or drosin or "efrin‐10" or efrisel or fenylephrine or idrianol or isonefrine or isophrin or isophrine or "isopto frin" or isoptofrin or lexatol or "m synephrine" or mesaton or "meta sympathol" or "meta synephrine" or Metaoxedrin or metaoxedrine or Metasympatol or metasynephrine or Mezaton or "murucoll 2" or mydfrin or "n 105 to" or "nefrin‐ofteno" or "Neo Synephrine" or neofrin or neooxedrine or neophryn or neosynephrin or Neosynephrine or "neosynephrin‐pos" or neosynesin or neosynesine or "ocu‐phrin" or "oftan‐metaoksedrin" or optistin or phenoptic or phenylefrine or phenylephedrine or prefrin or "pupiletto forte" or rectasol or "rhinall 10" or "slv 325" or slv325 or sucraphen or vazculep or visadron or vistafrin or vistosan or "532‐38‐7" or "59‐42‐7" or "61‐76‐7"
#35 Pholedrine or "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine" or "4 hydroxymethamphetamine" or adyston or "para hydroxymethamphetamine" or "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine" or paredrinol or "Pholedrin liquidum" or "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis" or pulsotyl or venosan or veritol or "370‐14‐9"
#36 MeSH descriptor: [p‐Hydroxyamphetamine] explode all trees
#37 p‐Hydroxyamphetamine or "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "alpha methyl para tyramine" or "alpha methyl tyramine" or "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "h 66 37" or "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or Hydroxyamfetamine or Hydroxyamphetamin or Hydroxyamphetamine or Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine or Methyltyramine or Norpholedrin or norpholedrine or oxamphetamine or Oxyamphetamine or paradrine or parahydroxyamphetamine or Paredrine or paredrinea or paredrinex or pedrolone or pulsoton or "103‐86‐6" or "1518‐86‐1" or "306‐21‐8"
#38 MeSH descriptor: [Racepinephrine] explode all trees
#39 Racepinephrine or Micronefrin or micronefrine or Micronephrine or mikronephrin or racadrenalin or "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride" or racinephrine or Vaponefrin or vaponefrine or vaponephrin or "329‐65‐7"
#40 MeSH descriptor: [Scopolamine Hydrobromide] explode all trees
#41 Scopolamine or "Boro Scopol" or BoroScopol or Hyoscine or Kwells or "levo hyoscinehydrobromide" or Scoburen or Scopace or scopos or "Travacalm HO" or Vorigeno or "114‐49‐8" or atrochin or atroquin or atroscine or hyosceine or hyscoor "l epoxytropine tropate" or "n methylhyoscine" or oscine or scopalamine or "scopine tropate" or scopolamin or transcop or "tropic acid ester with scopine" or "138‐12‐5" or "51‐34‐3" or "55‐16‐3"
#42 MeSH descriptor: [Tropicamide] explode all trees
#43 Tropicamide or "alcon‐mydril" or bistropamide or "cendo mydriatyl" or "Colircusi Tropicamida" or midriaticum or mydiacyl or mydral or mydramide or mydriacyl or Mydriafair or Mydriaticum or "mydrin m" or "mydrin p" or Mydrum or "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide" or "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide" or "Ocu‐Tropic" or OcuTropic or opticyl or sandol or sintropic or "tropamid forte" or "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide" or Tropicacyl or tropicamid or "tropico eye" or tropicol or tropikamid or tropimil or visumidriatic or "1508‐75‐4"
#44 MeSH descriptor: [Tyramine] explode all trees
#45 Tyramine or "4 hydroxyphenethylamine" or lyramine or mydrial or "para hydroxyphenethylamine" or paratyramine or systogene or tiramine or tocosine or tyramin or tyrosamine or uteramine or "51‐67‐2" or "60‐19‐5"
#46 Vibrocil or "8059‐14‐1"
#47 MeSH descriptor: [Yohimbine] explode all trees
#48 Yohimbine or actibine or aphrodine or aphrodyne or Corynanthine or "corynine hydrochloride" or "dayto‐himbin" or "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate" or "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate" or Pluriviron or quebrachin or "quebrachine hydrochloride" or Rauhimbine or Rauwolscine or urobine or yobin or yobinol or yocan or yocaral or Yocon or yocon or yohimbe or "yohimbic acid methyl ester" or yohimbin or Yohimex or yohimex or yohimibin or yovital or "146‐48‐5" or "65‐19‐0"
#49 {or #9‐#48}
#50 #8 and #49

Appendix 2. MEDLINE Ovid search strategy

1. Randomized Controlled Trial.pt.
2. Controlled Clinical Trial.pt.
3. (randomized or randomised).ab,ti.
4. placebo.ab,ti.
5. drug therapy.fs.
6. randomly.ab,ti.
7. trial.ab,ti.
8. groups.ab,ti.
9. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8
10. exp animals/ not humans.sh.
11. 9 not 10
12. exp Uveitis/
13. Iridocycliti*.tw.
14. (iritis* or iritide*).tw.
15. Cycliti*.tw.
16. scleriti*.tw.
17. uveiti*.tw.
18. ((sclera or iris or ciliary) and inflam*).tw.
19. or/12‐18
20. exp Mydriatics/
21. mydriatic*.tw.
22. cycloplegic*.tw.
23. exp Atropine/
24. (Atropine or atrinal or "atro‐polygyl" or atrop or atropen or atropin or atropina or "atropini sulfas" or atropinol or atropisol or atropt or atroptol or atrospan or "atrosulf‐1" or "bar bropin" or "bellpino‐artin" or "cendo tropine" or "dextro levo hyosciamine" or "ichtho bellol" or "isopto" or isoptoAtropine or "ocu‐tropine" or "sal‐tropine" or skiatropine or "tropine dextro levo tropate" or ximex or "51‐55‐8" or "55‐48‐1").tw.
25. ("51‐55‐8" or "55‐48‐1").rn.
26. (berefrine or POPD or "105567‐83‐7").tw.
27. "105567‐83‐7".rn.
28. exp Cyclopentolate/
29. (Cyclopentolate or "ak‐pentolate" or akpentolate or "bell pentolate" or ciclolux or cyclogyl or cyclomydri or cyclopentol or cyclopentolat or cylate or cyplegin or diopentolate or midriodavi or mydrilate or "ocu‐pentolate" or ocucyclo or "oftan‐syklo" or pentolair or "refractyl ofeno" or skiacol or zyklolat or "512‐15‐2" or "5870‐29‐1").tw.
30. ("512‐15‐2" or "5870‐29‐1").rn.
31. exp Epinephrine/
32. (Epinephrine or Adrenaline or adrenalin or Epitrate or Lyophrin or Epifrin or adnephrin or adnephrine or "adrenal hydrochloride" or adrenalina or adrenamine or adrenapax or adrenazin or adrenine or adrin or adrine or advaradin or balmadren or biorenine or bosmin or chelafrin or dylephrin or epiglaufrin or epimephrine or epinefrina or epinephran or epinephrin or epirenamine or epirenan or exadrin or glaucon or glaucosan or glaufrin or "glin epin" or glycirenan or haemostatin or hemisine or hemostasin or hemostatin or hypernephrin or "isopto epinal" or levoadrenalin or levoadrenaline or levoepinephrine or levorenin or levorenine or methylaminoethanolcatechol or methylarterenol or mucidrina or myosthenine or "n methylnoradrenalin" or nephridine or nieraline or paranephrin or posumin or renaglandin or renaglandulin or renaleptine or renalina or renaline or renoform or renostypticin or renostyptin or scurenaline or simplene or soladren or sphygmogenin or styptirenal or supracapsulin or supranephrane or supranephrin or supranol or suprarenaline or suprarenin or suprarenine or suprel or surenine or surrenine or "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free" or susphrine or "sympathin I" or takamina or tonogen or vasoconstrictine or vasodrine or vasotonin or weradren or "51‐43‐4" or "55‐31‐2" or "6912‐68‐1").tw.
33. ("51‐43‐4" or "55‐31‐2" or "6912‐68‐1").rn.
34. exp Ethylmorphine/
35. (Ethylmorphine or Ethomorphine or Trachyl or codethyline or diolan or dionine or "ethyl morphine" or ethylmorfine or ethylmorphin or "morphine ethyl ether" or "125‐30‐4" or "76‐58‐4").tw.
36. ("125‐30‐4" or "76‐58‐4").rn.
37. (Eucatropine or euphthalmine or "100‐91‐4" or "536‐93‐6").tw.
38. ("100‐91‐4" or "536‐93‐6").rn.
39. (Homatropine or homatro or homatrocil or homatropaire or homatropin or homatropina or isoptoHomatropine or "I Homatrine" or "mandelyl tropeine" or mandelyltropeine or "mydryn eye" or "omatropina lux" or "tropine mandelate" or "51‐56‐9" or "87‐00‐3").tw.
40. ("51‐56‐9" or "87‐00‐3").rn.
41. exp Hyoscyamine/
42. (Hyoscyamine or anaspaz or cystospaz or cytospaz or daturine or donnamar or duboisine or egacen or hyoscamine or hyosciamine or hyoscyanin or hyosyne or "ib‐stat" or levbid or levsin or "levsinex sr" or neosol or nulev or spasdel or "symax sl" or "symax sr" or "tropine l tropate" or "101‐31‐5" or "306‐03‐6").tw.
43. ("101‐31‐5" or "306‐03‐6").rn.
44. (Ibopamine or "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate" or "SB 7505" or "SB7505" or Escandine or Inopamil or "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester" or scandine or "skf 100168" or "skf 100168 a" or "66195‐31‐1" or "75011‐65‐3").tw.
45. ("66195‐31‐1" or "75011‐65‐3").rn.
46. (Methylatropine or "8‐methylatropinium nitrate" or "31610‐87‐4").tw.
47. "31610‐87‐4".rn.
48. exp Naphazoline/
49. (Naphazoline or "Afazol Grin" or "AK Con" or AKCon or Albalon or albasol or "All Clear" or allersol or antan or benil or cefasan or "Clear Eyes" or coldan or "Colirio Alfa" or "comfort eye drops" or dazolin or "degest 2" or derinox or Idril or imidin or minha or Miraclar or mirafrin or Nafazair or nafazoline or naftazolina or "naphacel ofteno" or naphasal or naphazolin or Naphcon or "naphozoline hydrochloride" or naphtears or naphthazoline or naphthizine or naphthyzin or nastizol or "nazil ofteno" or niazol or "ocu‐zoline" or opcon or Optazine or Privin or privina or Privine or privine or Proculin or rhinantin or rhinazin or rhinoperd or rimidol or sanorin or sanotin or Siozwo or strictylon or "Tele Stulln" or TeleStulln or Vasoclear or Vasocon or "Vasoconstrictor Pensa" or VasoNit or vistalbalon or vistobalon or "5144‐52‐5" or "550‐99‐2" or "835‐31‐4").tw.
50. ("5144‐52‐5" or "550‐99‐2" or "835‐31‐4").rn.
51. (Oxedrine or Synephrine or Sympaethamin or Synephrin or aetaphen or pentedrine or vasoton or "94‐07‐5").tw.
52. "94‐07‐5".rn.
53. exp Synephrine/
54. exp Oxyphenonium/
55. (Oxyphenonium or Methacin or Oxyphenon or Atrenyl or Spastrex or antrenyl or "ba 5473" or ba5473 or "c 5473" or c5473 or helkamon or metacin or metacinum or oxyphenium or "oxyphenomium bromide" or spasmofen or spasmophen or "14214‐84‐7" or "50‐10‐2").tw.
56. ("14214‐84‐7" or "50‐10‐2").rn.
57. exp Phenylephrine/
58. (Phenylephrine or adrianol or "af‐taf" or "ak‐dilate" or "albalon relief" or alconefrin or almefrin or altafrin or biomidrin or biomydrin or derizene or "despec‐sf" or drosin or "efrin‐10" or efrisel or fenylephrine or idrianol or isonefrine or isophrin or isophrine or "isopto frin" or isoptofrin or lexatol or "m synephrine" or mesaton or "meta sympathol" or "meta synephrine" or Metaoxedrin or metaoxedrine or Metasympatol or metasynephrine or Mezaton or "murucoll 2" or mydfrin or "n 105 to" or "nefrin‐ofteno" or "Neo Synephrine" or neofrin or neooxedrine or neophryn or neosynephrin or Neosynephrine or "neosynephrin‐pos" or neosynesin or neosynesine or "ocu‐phrin" or "oftan‐metaoksedrin" or optistin or phenoptic or phenylefrine or phenylephedrine or prefrin or "pupiletto forte" or rectasol or "rhinall 10" or "slv 325" or slv325 or sucraphen or vazculep or visadron or vistafrin or vistosan or "532‐38‐7" or "59‐42‐7" or "61‐76‐7").tw.
59. ("532‐38‐7" or "59‐42‐7" or "61‐76‐7").rn.
60. (Pholedrine or "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine" or "4 hydroxymethamphetamine" or adyston or "para hydroxymethamphetamine" or "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine" or paredrinol or "Pholedrin liquidum" or "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis" or pulsotyl or venosan or veritol or "370‐14‐9").tw.
61. "370‐14‐9".rn.
62. exp p‐Hydroxyamphetamine/
63. (p‐Hydroxyamphetamine or "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "alpha methyl para tyramine" or "alpha methyl tyramine" or "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "h 66 37" or "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or Hydroxyamfetamine or Hydroxyamphetamin or Hydroxyamphetamine or Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine or Methyltyramine or Norpholedrin or norpholedrine or oxamphetamine or Oxyamphetamine or paradrine or parahydroxyamphetamine or Paredrine or paredrinea or paredrinex or pedrolone or pulsoton or "103‐86‐6" or "1518‐86‐1" or "306‐21‐8").tw.
64. ("103‐86‐6" or "1518‐86‐1" or "306‐21‐8").rn.
65. exp Racepinephrine/
66. (Racepinephrine or Micronefrin or micronefrine or Micronephrine or mikronephrin or racadrenalin or "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride" or racinephrine or Vaponefrin or vaponefrine or vaponephrin or "329‐65‐7").tw.
67. "329‐65‐7".rn.
68. exp Scopolamine Hydrobromide/
69. (Scopolamine or "Boro Scopol" or BoroScopol or Hyoscine or Kwells or "levo hyoscinehydrobromide" or Scoburen or Scopace or scopos or "Travacalm HO" or Vorigeno or "114‐49‐8" or atrochin or atroquin or atroscine or hyosceine or hysco or "l epoxytropine tropate" or "n methylhyoscine" or oscine or scopalamine or "scopine tropate" or scopolamin or transcop or "tropic acid ester with scopine" or "138‐12‐5" or "51‐34‐3" or "55‐16‐3").tw.
70. ("114‐49‐8" or "138‐12‐5" or "51‐34‐3" or "55‐16‐3").rn.
71. exp Tropicamide/
72. (Tropicamide or "alcon‐mydril" or bistropamide or "cendo mydriatyl" or "Colircusi Tropicamida" or midriaticum or mydiacyl or mydral or mydramide or mydriacyl or Mydriafair or Mydriaticum or "mydrin m" or "mydrin p" or Mydrum or "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide" or "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide" or "Ocu‐Tropic" or OcuTropic or opticyl or sandol or sintropic or "tropamid forte" or "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide" or Tropicacyl or tropicamid or "tropico eye" or tropicol or tropikamid or tropimil or visumidriatic or "1508‐75‐4").tw.
73. "1508‐75‐4".rn.
74. exp Tyramine/
75. (Tyramine or "4 hydroxyphenethylamine" or lyramine or mydrial or "para hydroxyphenethylamine" or paratyramine or systogene or tiramine or tocosine or tyramin or tyrosamine or uteramine or "51‐67‐2" or "60‐19‐5").tw.
76. ("51‐67‐2" or "60‐19‐5").rn.
77. (Vibrocil or "8059‐14‐1").tw.
78. "8059‐14‐1".rn.
79. exp Yohimbine/
80. (Yohimbine or actibine or aphrodine or aphrodyne or Corynanthine or "corynine hydrochloride" or "dayto‐himbin" or "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate" or "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate" or Pluriviron or quebrachin or "quebrachine hydrochloride" or Rauhimbine or Rauwolscine or urobine or yobin or yobinol or yocan or yocaral or Yocon or yocon or yohimbe or "yohimbic acid methyl ester" or yohimbin or Yohimex or yohimex or yohimibin or yovital or "146‐48‐5" or "65‐19‐0").tw.
81. ("146‐48‐5" or "65‐19‐0").rn.
82. or/20‐81
83. 19 and 82
84. 11 and 83

The search filter for trials at the beginning of the MEDLINE strategy is from the published paper by Glanville 2006.

Appendix 3. Embase.com search strategy

#1 'randomized controlled trial'/exp
#2 'randomization'/exp
#3 'double blind procedure'/exp
#4 'single blind procedure'/exp
#5 random*:ab,ti
#6 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5
#7 'animal'/exp OR 'animal experiment'/exp
#8 'human'/exp
#9 #7 AND #8
#10 #7 NOT #9
#11 #6 NOT #10
#12 'clinical trial'/exp
#13 (clin* NEAR/3 trial*):ab,ti
#14 ((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) NEAR/3 (blind* OR mask*)):ab,ti
#15 'placebo'/exp
#16 placebo*:ab,ti
#17 random*:ab,ti
#18 'experimental design'/exp
#19 'crossover procedure'/exp
#20 'control group'/exp
#21 'latin square design'/exp
#22 #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21
#23 #22 NOT #10
#24 #23 NOT #11
#25 'comparative study'/exp
#26 'evaluation'/exp
#27 'prospective study'/exp
#28 control*:ab,ti OR prospectiv*:ab,ti OR volunteer*:ab,ti
#29 #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28
#30 #29 NOT #10
#31 #30 NOT (#11 OR #23)
#32 #11 OR #24 OR #31
#33 'uveitis'/exp
#34 Iridocycliti*:ti,ab
#35 (iritis* OR iritide*):ti,ab
#36 Cycliti*:ti,ab
#37 scleriti*:ti,ab
#38 uveiti*:ti,ab
#39 ((sclera OR iris OR ciliary) AND inflam*):ti,ab
#40 #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39
#41 'mydriatic agent'/exp
#42 mydriatic*:ti,ab
#43 cycloplegic*:ti,ab
#44 (Atropine OR atrinal OR "atro‐polygyl" OR atrop OR atropen OR atropin OR atropina OR "atropini sulfas" OR atropinol OR atropisol OR atropt OR atroptol OR atrospan OR "atrosulf‐1" OR "bar bropin" OR "bellpino‐artin" OR "cendo tropine" OR "dextro levo hyosciamine" OR "ichtho bellol" OR "isopto" OR isoptoAtropine OR "ocu‐tropine" OR "sal‐tropine" OR skiatropine OR "tropine dextro levo tropate" OR ximex OR "51‐55‐8" OR "55‐48‐1"):ab,ti,tn
#45 (berefrine OR POPD OR "105567‐83‐7"):ab,ti,tn
#46 (Cyclopentolate OR "ak‐pentolate" OR akpentolate OR "bell pentolate" OR ciclolux OR cyclogyl OR cyclomydri OR cyclopentol OR cyclopentolat OR cylate OR cyplegin OR diopentolate OR midriodavi OR mydrilate OR "ocu‐pentolate" OR ocucyclo OR "oftan‐syklo" OR pentolair OR "refractyl ofeno" OR skiacol OR zyklolat OR "512‐15‐2" OR "5870‐29‐1"):ab,ti,tn
#47 'epinephrine'/exp
#48 (Epinephrine OR Adrenaline OR adrenalin OR Epitrate OR Lyophrin OR Epifrin OR adnephrin OR adnephrine OR "adrenal hydrochloride" OR adrenalina OR adrenamine OR adrenapax OR adrenazin OR adrenine OR adrin OR adrine OR advaradin OR balmadren OR biorenine OR bosmin OR chelafrin OR dylephrin OR epiglaufrin OR epimephrine OR epinefrina OR epinephran OR epinephrin OR epirenamine OR epirenan OR exadrin OR glaucon OR glaucosan OR glaufrin OR "glin epin" OR glycirenan OR haemostatin OR hemisine OR hemostasin OR hemostatin OR hypernephrin OR "isopto epinal" OR levoadrenalin OR levoadrenaline OR levoepinephrine OR levorenin OR levorenine OR methylaminoethanolcatechol OR methylarterenol OR mucidrina OR myosthenine OR "n methylnoradrenalin" OR nephridine OR nieraline OR paranephrin OR posumin OR renaglandin OR renaglandulin OR renaleptine OR renalina OR renaline OR renoform OR renostypticin OR renostyptin OR scurenaline OR simplene OR soladren OR sphygmogenin OR styptirenal OR supracapsulin OR supranephrane OR supranephrin OR supranol OR suprarenaline OR suprarenin OR suprarenine OR suprel OR surenine OR surrenine OR "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free" OR susphrine OR "sympathin I" OR takamina OR tonogen OR vasoconstrictine OR vasodrine OR vasotonin OR weradren OR "51‐43‐4" OR "55‐31‐2" OR "6912‐68‐1"):ab,ti,tn
#49 (Ethylmorphine OR Ethomorphine OR Trachyl OR codethyline OR diolan OR dionine OR "ethyl morphine" OR ethylmorfine OR ethylmorphin OR "morphine ethyl ether" OR "125‐30‐4" OR "76‐58‐4"):ab,ti,tn
#50 (Eucatropine OR euphthalmine OR "100‐91‐4" OR "536‐93‐6"):ab,ti,tn
#51 (Homatropine OR homatro OR homatrocil OR homatropaire OR homatropin OR homatropina OR isoptoHomatropine OR "I Homatrine" OR "mandelyl tropeine" OR mandelyltropeine OR "mydryn eye" OR "omatropina lux" OR "tropine mandelate" OR "51‐56‐9" OR "87‐00‐3"):ab,ti,tn
#52 'hyoscyamine'/exp
#53 (Hyoscyamine OR anaspaz OR cystospaz OR cytospaz OR daturine OR donnamar OR duboisine OR egacen OR hyoscamine OR hyosciamine OR hyoscyanin OR hyosyne OR "ib‐stat" OR levbid OR levsin OR "levsinex sr" OR neosol OR nulev OR spasdel OR "symax sl" OR "symax sr" OR "tropine l tropate" OR "101‐31‐5" OR "306‐03‐6"):ab,ti,tn
#54 'ibopamine'/exp
#55 (Ibopamine OR "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate" OR "SB 7505" OR "SB7505" OR Escandine OR Inopamil OR "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester" OR scandine OR "skf 100168" OR "skf 100168 a" OR "66195‐31‐1" OR "75011‐65‐3"):ti,ab,tn
#56 (Methylatropine OR "8‐methylatropinium nitrate" OR "31610‐87‐4"):ti,ab,tn
#57 (Naphazoline OR "Afazol Grin" OR "AK Con" OR AKCon OR Albalon OR albasol OR "All Clear" OR allersol OR antan OR benil OR cefasan OR "Clear Eyes" OR coldan OR "Colirio Alfa" OR "comfort eye drops" OR dazolin OR "degest 2" OR derinox OR Idril OR imidin OR minha OR Miraclar OR mirafrin OR Nafazair OR nafazoline OR naftazolina OR "naphacel ofteno" OR naphasal OR naphazolin OR Naphcon OR "naphozoline hydrochloride" OR naphtears OR naphthazoline OR naphthizine OR naphthyzin OR nastizol OR "nazil ofteno" OR niazol OR "ocu‐zoline" OR opcon OR Optazine OR Privin OR privina OR Privine OR privine OR Proculin OR rhinantin OR rhinazin OR rhinoperd OR rimidol OR sanorin OR sanotin OR Siozwo OR strictylon OR "Tele Stulln" OR TeleStulln OR Vasoclear OR Vasocon OR "Vasoconstrictor Pensa" OR VasoNit OR vistalbalon OR vistobalon OR "5144‐52‐5" OR "550‐99‐2" OR "835‐31‐4"):ti,ab,tn
#58 (Oxedrine OR Synephrine OR Sympaethamin OR Synephrin OR aetaphen OR pentedrine OR vasoton OR "94‐07‐5"):ti,ab,tn
#59 'oxyphenonium bromide'/exp
#60 (Oxyphenonium OR Methacin OR Oxyphenon OR Atrenyl OR Spastrex OR antrenyl OR "ba 5473" OR ba5473 OR "c 5473" OR c5473 OR helkamon OR metacin OR metacinum OR oxyphenium OR "oxyphenomium bromide" OR spasmofen OR spasmophen OR "14214‐84‐7" OR "50‐10‐2"):ab,ti,tn
#61 (Phenylephrine OR adrianol OR "af‐taf" OR "ak‐dilate" OR "albalon relief" OR alconefrin OR almefrin OR altafrin OR biomidrin OR biomydrin OR derizene OR "despec‐sf" OR drosin OR "efrin‐10" OR efrisel OR fenylephrine OR idrianol OR isonefrine OR isophrin OR isophrine OR "isopto frin" OR isoptofrin OR lexatol OR "m synephrine" OR mesaton OR "meta sympathol" OR "meta synephrine" OR Metaoxedrin OR metaoxedrine OR Metasympatol OR metasynephrine OR Mezaton OR "murucoll 2" OR mydfrin OR "n 105 to" OR "nefrin‐ofteno" OR "Neo Synephrine" OR neofrin OR neooxedrine OR neophryn OR neosynephrin OR Neosynephrine OR "neosynephrin‐pos" OR neosynesin OR neosynesine OR "ocu‐phrin" OR "oftan‐metaoksedrin" OR optistin OR phenoptic OR phenylefrine OR phenylephedrine OR prefrin OR "pupiletto forte" OR rectasol OR "rhinall 10" OR "slv 325" OR slv325 OR sucraphen OR vazculep OR visadron OR vistafrin OR vistosan OR "532‐38‐7" OR "59‐42‐7" OR "61‐76‐7"):ti,ab,tn
#62 (Pholedrine OR "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine" OR "4 hydroxymethamphetamine" OR adyston OR "para hydroxymethamphetamine" OR "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine" OR paredrinol OR "Pholedrin liquidum" OR "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis" OR pulsotyl OR venosan OR veritol OR "370‐14‐9"):ti,ab,tn
#63 'hydroxyamphetamine'/exp
#64 (p‐Hydroxyamphetamine OR "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" OR "alpha methyl para tyramine" OR "alpha methyl tyramine" OR "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" OR "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" OR "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" OR "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" OR "h 66 37" OR "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" OR Hydroxyamfetamine OR Hydroxyamphetamin OR Hydroxyamphetamine OR Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine OR Methyltyramine OR Norpholedrin OR norpholedrine OR oxamphetamine OR Oxyamphetamine OR paradrine OR parahydroxyamphetamine OR Paredrine OR paredrinea OR paredrinex OR pedrolone OR pulsoton OR "103‐86‐6" OR "1518‐86‐1" OR "306‐21‐8"):ab,ti,tn
#65 'racepinefrine'/exp
#66 (Racepinephrine OR Micronefrin OR micronefrine OR Micronephrine OR mikronephrin OR racadrenalin OR "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride" OR racinephrine OR Vaponefrin OR vaponefrine OR vaponephrin OR "329‐65‐7"):ti,ab,tn
#67 'scopolamine bromide'/exp
#68 (Scopolamine OR "Boro Scopol" OR BoroScopol OR Hyoscine OR Kwells OR "levo hyoscinehydrobromide" OR Scoburen OR Scopace OR scopos OR "Travacalm HO" OR Vorigeno OR "114‐49‐8" OR atrochin OR atroquin OR atroscine OR hyosceine OR hysco OR "l epoxytropine tropate" OR "n methylhyoscine" OR oscine OR scopalamine OR "scopine tropate" OR scopolamin OR transcop OR "tropic acid ester with scopine" OR "138‐12‐5" OR "51‐34‐3" OR "55‐16‐3"):ab,ti,tn
#69 (Tropicamide OR "alcon‐mydril" OR bistropamide OR "cendo mydriatyl" OR "Colircusi Tropicamida" OR midriaticum OR mydiacyl OR mydral OR mydramide OR mydriacyl OR Mydriafair OR Mydriaticum OR "mydrin m" OR "mydrin p" OR Mydrum OR "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide" OR "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide" OR "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide" OR "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide" OR "Ocu‐Tropic" OR OcuTropic OR opticyl OR sandol OR sintropic OR "tropamid forte" OR "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide" OR Tropicacyl OR tropicamid OR "tropico eye" OR tropicol OR tropikamid OR tropimil OR visumidriatic OR "1508‐75‐4"):ab,ti,tn
#70 (Tyramine OR "4 hydroxyphenethylamine" OR lyramine OR mydrial OR "para hydroxyphenethylamine" OR paratyramine OR systogene OR tiramine OR tocosine OR tyramin OR tyrosamine OR uteramine OR "51‐67‐2" OR "60‐19‐5"):ti,ab,tn
#71 (Vibrocil OR "8059‐14‐1"):ti,ab,tn
#72 'yohimbine'/exp
#73 (Yohimbine OR actibine OR aphrodine OR aphrodyne OR Corynanthine OR "corynine hydrochloride" OR "dayto‐himbin" OR "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate" OR "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate" OR Pluriviron OR quebrachin OR "quebrachine hydrochloride" OR Rauhimbine OR Rauwolscine OR urobine OR yobin OR yobinol OR yocan OR yocaral OR Yocon OR yocon OR yohimbe OR "yohimbic acid methyl ester" OR yohimbin OR Yohimex OR yohimex OR yohimibin OR yovital OR "146‐48‐5" OR "65‐19‐0"):ti,ab,tn
#74 #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48 OR #49 OR #50 OR #51 OR #52 OR #53 OR #54 OR #55 OR #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65 OR #66 OR #67 OR #68 OR #69 OR #70 OR #71 OR #72 OR #73
#75 #40 AND #74
#76 #32 AND #75

Appendix 4. CINAHL search strategy

S1 (MH "Uveitis+")
S2 TI Iridocycliti* OR AB Iridocycliti*
S3 TI ( iritis* or iritide* ) OR AB ( iritis* or iritide*)
S4 TI Cycliti* OR AB Cycliti*
S5 TI scleriti* OR AB scleriti*
S6 TI uveiti* OR AB uveiti*
S7 TI ( (sclera or iris or ciliary) and (inflam*) ) OR AB ( (sclera or iris or ciliary) and (inflam*) )
S8 S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S7
S9 (MH "Mydriatics+")
S10 TI mydriatic* OR AB mydriatic*
S11 TI cycloplegic* OR AB cycloplegic*
S12 TI ( Atropine or atrinal or "atro‐polygyl" or atrop or atropen or atropin or atropina or "atropini sulfas" or atropinol or atropisol or atropt or atroptol or atrospan or "atrosulf‐1" or "bar bropin" or "bellpino‐artin" or "cendo tropine" or "dextro levo hyosciamine" or "ichtho bellol" or "isopto" or isoptoAtropine or "ocu‐tropine" or "sal‐tropine" or skiatropine or "tropine dextro levo tropate" or ximex or "51‐55‐8" or "55‐48‐1" ) OR AB ( Atropine or atrinal or "atro‐polygyl" or atrop or atropen or atropin or atropina or "atropini sulfas" or atropinol or atropisol or atropt or atroptol or atrospan or "atrosulf‐1" or "bar bropin" or "bellpino‐artin" or "cendo tropine" or "dextro levo hyosciamine" or "ichtho bellol" or "isopto" or isoptoAtropine or "ocu‐tropine" or "sal‐tropine" or skiatropine or "tropine dextro levo tropate" or ximex or "51‐55‐8" or "55‐48‐1" )
S13 TI (berefrine or POPD or "105567‐83‐7") OR AB (berefrine or POPD or "105567‐83‐7")
S14 TI (Cyclopentolate or "ak‐pentolate" or akpentolate or "bell pentolate" or ciclolux or cyclogyl or cyclomydri or cyclopentol or cyclopentolat or cylate or cyplegin or diopentolate or midriodavi or mydrilate or "ocu‐pentolate" or ocucyclo or "oftan‐syklo" or pentolair or "refractyl ofeno" or skiacol or zyklolat or "512‐15‐2" or "5870‐29‐1") OR AB (Cyclopentolate or "ak‐pentolate" or akpentolate or "bell pentolate" or ciclolux or cyclogyl or cyclomydri or cyclopentol or cyclopentolat or cylate or cyplegin or diopentolate or midriodavi or mydrilate or "ocu‐pentolate" or ocucyclo or "oftan‐syklo" or pentolair or "refractyl ofeno" or skiacol or zyklolat or "512‐15‐2" or "5870‐29‐1")
S15 TI (Epinephrine or Adrenaline or adrenalin or Epitrate or Lyophrin or Epifrin or adnephrin or adnephrine or "adrenal hydrochloride" or adrenalina or adrenamine or adrenapax or adrenazin or adrenine or adrin or adrine or advaradin or balmadren or biorenine or bosmin or chelafrin or dylephrin or epiglaufrin or epimephrine or epinefrina or epinephran or epinephrin or epirenamine or epirenan or exadrin or glaucon or glaucosan or glaufrin or "glin epin" or glycirenan or haemostatin or hemisine or hemostasin or hemostatin or hypernephrin or "isopto epinal" or levoadrenalin or levoadrenaline or levoepinephrine or levorenin or levorenine or methylaminoethanolcatechol or methylarterenol or mucidrina or myosthenine or "n methylnoradrenalin" or nephridine or nieraline or paranephrin or posumin or renaglandin or renaglandulin or renaleptine or renalina or renaline or renoform or renostypticin or renostyptin or scurenaline or simplene or soladren or sphygmogenin or styptirenal or supracapsulin or supranephrane or supranephrin or supranol or suprarenaline or suprarenin or suprarenine or suprel or surenine or surrenine or "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free" or susphrine or "sympathin I" or takamina or tonogen or vasoconstrictine or vasodrine or vasotonin or weradren or "51‐43‐4" or "55‐31‐2" or "6912‐68‐1") OR AB (Epinephrine or Adrenaline or adrenalin or Epitrate or Lyophrin or Epifrin or adnephrin or adnephrine or "adrenal hydrochloride" or adrenalina or adrenamine or adrenapax or adrenazin or adrenine or adrin or adrine or advaradin or balmadren or biorenine or bosmin or chelafrin or dylephrin or epiglaufrin or epimephrine or epinefrina or epinephran or epinephrin or epirenamine or epirenan or exadrin or glaucon or glaucosan or glaufrin or "glin epin" or glycirenan or haemostatin or hemisine or hemostasin or hemostatin or hypernephrin or "isopto epinal" or levoadrenalin or levoadrenaline or levoepinephrine or levorenin or levorenine or methylaminoethanolcatechol or methylarterenol or mucidrina or myosthenine or "n methylnoradrenalin" or nephridine or nieraline or paranephrin or posumin or renaglandin or renaglandulin or renaleptine or renalina or renaline or renoform or renostypticin or renostyptin or scurenaline or simplene or soladren or sphygmogenin or styptirenal or supracapsulin or supranephrane or supranephrin or supranol or suprarenaline or suprarenin or suprarenine or suprel or surenine or surrenine or "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free" or susphrine or "sympathin I" or takamina or tonogen or vasoconstrictine or vasodrine or vasotonin or weradren or "51‐43‐4" or "55‐31‐2" or "6912‐68‐1")
S16 TI (Ethylmorphine or Ethomorphine or Trachyl or codethyline or diolan or dionine or "ethyl morphine" or ethylmorfine or ethylmorphin or "morphine ethyl ether" or "125‐30‐4" or "76‐58‐4") OR AB (Ethylmorphine or Ethomorphine or Trachyl or codethyline or diolan or dionine or "ethyl morphine" or ethylmorfine or ethylmorphin or "morphine ethyl ether" or "125‐30‐4" or "76‐58‐4")
S17 TI (Eucatropine or euphthalmine or "100‐91‐4" or "536‐93‐6") OR AB (Eucatropine or euphthalmine or "100‐91‐4" or "536‐93‐6")
S18 TI (Homatropine or homatro or homatrocil or homatropaire or homatropin or homatropina or isoptoHomatropine or "I Homatrine" or "mandelyl tropeine" or mandelyltropeine or "mydryn eye" or "omatropina lux" or "tropine mandelate" or "51‐56‐9" or "87‐00‐3) OR AB (Homatropine or homatro or homatrocil or homatropaire or homatropin or homatropina or isoptoHomatropine or "I Homatrine" or "mandelyl tropeine" or mandelyltropeine or "mydryn eye" or "omatropina lux" or "tropine mandelate" or "51‐56‐9" or "87‐00‐3)
S19 TI (Hyoscyamine or anaspaz or cystospaz or cytospaz or daturine or donnamar or duboisine or egacen or hyoscamine or hyosciamine or hyoscyanin or hyosyne or "ib‐stat" or levbid or levsin or "levsinex sr" or neosol or nulev or spasdel or "symax sl" or "symax sr" or "tropine l tropate" or "101‐31‐5" or "306‐03‐6") OR AB (Hyoscyamine or anaspaz or cystospaz or cytospaz or daturine or donnamar or duboisine or egacen or hyoscamine or hyosciamine or hyoscyanin or hyosyne or "ib‐stat" or levbid or levsin or "levsinex sr" or neosol or nulev or spasdel or "symax sl" or "symax sr" or "tropine l tropate" or "101‐31‐5" or "306‐03‐6")
S20 TI (Ibopamine or "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate" or "SB 7505" or "SB7505" or Escandine or Inopamil or "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester" or scandine or "skf 100168" or "skf 100168 a" or "66195‐31‐1" or "75011‐65‐3") OR AB (Ibopamine or "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate" or "SB 7505" or "SB7505" or Escandine or Inopamil or "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester" or scandine or "skf 100168" or "skf 100168 a" or "66195‐31‐1" or "75011‐65‐3")
S21 TI (Methylatropine or "8‐methylatropinium nitrate" or "31610‐87‐4") OR AB (Methylatropine or "8‐methylatropinium nitrate" or "31610‐87‐4")
S22 TI (Naphazoline or "Afazol Grin" or "AK Con" or AKCon or Albalon or albasol or "All Clear" or allersol or antan or benil or cefasan or "Clear Eyes" or coldan or "Colirio Alfa" or "comfort eye drops" or dazolin or "degest 2" or derinox or Idril or imidin or minha or Miraclar or mirafrin or Nafazair or nafazoline or naftazolina or "naphacel ofteno" or naphasal or naphazolin or Naphcon or "naphozoline hydrochloride" or naphtears or naphthazoline or naphthizine or naphthyzin or nastizol or "nazil ofteno" or niazol or "ocu‐zoline" or opcon or Optazine or Privin or privina or Privine or privine or Proculin or rhinantin or rhinazin or rhinoperd or rimidol or sanorin or sanotin or Siozwo or strictylon or "Tele Stulln" or TeleStulln or Vasoclear or Vasocon or "Vasoconstrictor Pensa" or VasoNit or vistalbalon or vistobalon or "5144‐52‐5" or "550‐99‐2" or "835‐31‐4") OR AB (Naphazoline or "Afazol Grin" or "AK Con" or AKCon or Albalon or albasol or "All Clear" or allersol or antan or benil or cefasan or "Clear Eyes" or coldan or "Colirio Alfa" or "comfort eye drops" or dazolin or "degest 2" or derinox or Idril or imidin or minha or Miraclar or mirafrin or Nafazair or nafazoline or naftazolina or "naphacel ofteno" or naphasal or naphazolin or Naphcon or "naphozoline hydrochloride" or naphtears or naphthazoline or naphthizine or naphthyzin or nastizol or "nazil ofteno" or niazol or "ocu‐zoline" or opcon or Optazine or Privin or privina or Privine or privine or Proculin or rhinantin or rhinazin or rhinoperd or rimidol or sanorin or sanotin or Siozwo or strictylon or "Tele Stulln" or TeleStulln or Vasoclear or Vasocon or "Vasoconstrictor Pensa" or VasoNit or vistalbalon or vistobalon or "5144‐52‐5" or "550‐99‐2" or "835‐31‐4")
S23 TI (Oxedrine or Synephrine or Sympaethamin or Synephrin or aetaphen or pentedrine or vasoton or "94‐07‐5") OR AB (Oxedrine or Synephrine or Sympaethamin or Synephrin or aetaphen or pentedrine or vasoton or "94‐07‐5")
S24 TI (Oxyphenonium or Methacin or Oxyphenon or Atrenyl or Spastrex or antrenyl or "ba 5473" or ba5473 or "c 5473" or c5473 or helkamon or metacin or metacinum or oxyphenium or "oxyphenomium bromide" or spasmofen or spasmophen or "14214‐84‐7" or "50‐10‐2") OR AB (Oxyphenonium or Methacin or Oxyphenon or Atrenyl or Spastrex or antrenyl or "ba 5473" or ba5473 or "c 5473" or c5473 or helkamon or metacin or metacinum or oxyphenium or "oxyphenomium bromide" or spasmofen or spasmophen or "14214‐84‐7" or "50‐10‐2")
S25 TI (Phenylephrine or adrianol or "af‐taf" or "ak‐dilate" or "albalon relief" or alconefrin or almefrin or altafrin or biomidrin or biomydrin or derizene or "despec‐sf" or drosin or "efrin‐10" or efrisel or fenylephrine or idrianol or isonefrine or isophrin or isophrine or "isopto frin" or isoptofrin or lexatol or "m synephrine" or mesaton or "meta sympathol" or "meta synephrine" or Metaoxedrin or metaoxedrine or Metasympatol or metasynephrine or Mezaton or "murucoll 2" or mydfrin or "n 105 to" or "nefrin‐ofteno" or "Neo Synephrine" or neofrin or neooxedrine or neophryn or neosynephrin or Neosynephrine or "neosynephrin‐pos" or neosynesin or neosynesine or "ocu‐phrin" or "oftan‐metaoksedrin" or optistin or phenoptic or phenylefrine or phenylephedrine or prefrin or "pupiletto forte" or rectasol or "rhinall 10" or "slv 325" or slv325 or sucraphen or vazculep or visadron or vistafrin or vistosan or "532‐38‐7" or "59‐42‐7" or "61‐76‐7") OR AB (Phenylephrine or adrianol or "af‐taf" or "ak‐dilate" or "albalon relief" or alconefrin or almefrin or altafrin or biomidrin or biomydrin or derizene or "despec‐sf" or drosin or "efrin‐10" or efrisel or fenylephrine or idrianol or isonefrine or isophrin or isophrine or "isopto frin" or isoptofrin or lexatol or "m synephrine" or mesaton or "meta sympathol" or "meta synephrine" or Metaoxedrin or metaoxedrine or Metasympatol or metasynephrine or Mezaton or "murucoll 2" or mydfrin or "n 105 to" or "nefrin‐ofteno" or "Neo Synephrine" or neofrin or neooxedrine or neophryn or neosynephrin or Neosynephrine or "neosynephrin‐pos" or neosynesin or neosynesine or "ocu‐phrin" or "oftan‐metaoksedrin" or optistin or phenoptic or phenylefrine or phenylephedrine or prefrin or "pupiletto forte" or rectasol or "rhinall 10" or "slv 325" or slv325 or sucraphen or vazculep or visadron or vistafrin or vistosan or "532‐38‐7" or "59‐42‐7" or "61‐76‐7")
S26 TI (Pholedrine or "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine" or "4 hydroxymethamphetamine" or adyston or "para hydroxymethamphetamine" or "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine" or paredrinol or "Pholedrin liquidum" or "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis" or pulsotyl or venosan or veritol or "370‐14‐9") OR AB (Pholedrine or "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine" or "4 hydroxymethamphetamine" or adyston or "para hydroxymethamphetamine" or "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine" or paredrinol or "Pholedrin liquidum" or "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis" or pulsotyl or venosan or veritol or "370‐14‐9")
S27 TI (p‐Hydroxyamphetamine or "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "alpha methyl para tyramine" or "alpha methyl tyramine" or "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "h 66 37" or "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or Hydroxyamfetamine or Hydroxyamphetamin or Hydroxyamphetamine or Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine or Methyltyramine or Norpholedrin or norpholedrine or oxamphetamine or Oxyamphetamine or paradrine or parahydroxyamphetamine or Paredrine or paredrinea or paredrinex or pedrolone or pulsoton or "103‐86‐6" or "1518‐86‐1" or "306‐21‐8") OR AB (p‐Hydroxyamphetamine or "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "alpha methyl para tyramine" or "alpha methyl tyramine" or "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine" or "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or "h 66 37" or "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine" or Hydroxyamfetamine or Hydroxyamphetamin or Hydroxyamphetamine or Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine or Methyltyramine or Norpholedrin or norpholedrine or oxamphetamine or Oxyamphetamine or paradrine or parahydroxyamphetamine or Paredrine or paredrinea or paredrinex or pedrolone or pulsoton or "103‐86‐6" or "1518‐86‐1" or "306‐21‐8")
S28 TI (Racepinephrine or Micronefrin or micronefrine or Micronephrine or mikronephrin or racadrenalin or "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride" or racinephrine or Vaponefrin or vaponefrine or vaponephrin or "329‐65‐7") OR AB (Racepinephrine or Micronefrin or micronefrine or Micronephrine or mikronephrin or racadrenalin or "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride" or racinephrine or Vaponefrin or vaponefrine or vaponephrin or "329‐65‐7")
S29 TI (Scopolamine or "Boro Scopol" or BoroScopol or Hyoscine or Kwells or "levo hyoscinehydrobromide" or Scoburen or Scopace or scopos or "Travacalm HO" or Vorigeno or "114‐49‐8" or atrochin or atroquin or atroscine or hyosceine or hysco or "l epoxytropine tropate" or "n methylhyoscine" or oscine or scopalamine or "scopine tropate" or scopolamin or transcop or "tropic acid ester with scopine" or "138‐12‐5" or "51‐34‐3" or "55‐16‐3") OR AB (Scopolamine or "Boro Scopol" or BoroScopol or Hyoscine or Kwells or "levo hyoscinehydrobromide" or Scoburen or Scopace or scopos or "Travacalm HO" or Vorigeno or "114‐49‐8" or atrochin or atroquin or atroscine or hyosceine or hysco or "l epoxytropine tropate" or "n methylhyoscine" or oscine or scopalamine or "scopine tropate" or scopolamin or transcop or "tropic acid ester with scopine" or "138‐12‐5" or "51‐34‐3" or "55‐16‐3")
S30 TI (Tropicamide or "alcon‐mydril" or bistropamide or "cendo mydriatyl" or "Colircusi Tropicamida" or midriaticum or mydiacyl or mydral or mydramide or mydriacyl or Mydriafair or Mydriaticum or "mydrin m" or "mydrin p" or Mydrum or "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide" or "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide" or "Ocu‐Tropic" or OcuTropic or opticyl or sandol or sintropic or "tropamid forte" or "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide" or Tropicacyl or tropicamid or "tropico eye" or tropicol or tropikamid or tropimil or visumidriatic or "1508‐75‐4") OR AB (Tropicamide or "alcon‐mydril" or bistropamide or "cendo mydriatyl" or "Colircusi Tropicamida" or midriaticum or mydiacyl or mydral or mydramide or mydriacyl or Mydriafair or Mydriaticum or "mydrin m" or "mydrin p" or Mydrum or "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide" or "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide" or "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide" or "Ocu‐Tropic" or OcuTropic or opticyl or sandol or sintropic or "tropamid forte" or "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide" or Tropicacyl or tropicamid or "tropico eye" or tropicol or tropikamid or tropimil or visumidriatic or "1508‐75‐4")
S31 TI (Tyramine or "4 hydroxyphenethylamine" or lyramine or mydrial or "para hydroxyphenethylamine" or paratyramine or systogene or tiramine or tocosine or tyramin or tyrosamine or uteramine or "51‐67‐2" or "60‐19‐5") OR AB (Tyramine or "4 hydroxyphenethylamine" or lyramine or mydrial or "para hydroxyphenethylamine" or paratyramine or systogene or tiramine or tocosine or tyramin or tyrosamine or uteramine or "51‐67‐2" or "60‐19‐5")
S32 TI (Vibrocil or "8059‐14‐1") OR AB (Vibrocil or "8059‐14‐1")
S33 (MH "Yohimbine")
S34 TI (Yohimbine or actibine or aphrodine or aphrodyne or Corynanthine or "corynine hydrochloride" or "dayto‐himbin" or "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate" or "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate" or Pluriviron or quebrachin or "quebrachine hydrochloride" or Rauhimbine or Rauwolscine or urobine or yobin or yobinol or yocan or yocaral or Yocon or yocon or yohimbe or "yohimbic acid methyl ester" or yohimbin or Yohimex or yohimex or yohimibin or yovital or "146‐48‐5" or "65‐19‐0") OR AB (Yohimbine or actibine or aphrodine or aphrodyne or Corynanthine or "corynine hydrochloride" or "dayto‐himbin" or "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate" or "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate" or Pluriviron or quebrachin or "quebrachine hydrochloride" or Rauhimbine or Rauwolscine or urobine or yobin or yobinol or yocan or yocaral or Yocon or yocon or yohimbe or "yohimbic acid methyl ester" or yohimbin or Yohimex or yohimex or yohimibin or yovital or "146‐48‐5" or "65‐19‐0")
S35 (S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23 OR S24 OR S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28 OR S29 OR S30 OR S31 OR S32 OR S33 OR S34)
S36 S8 AND S35

Appendix 5. PubMed search strategy

#1 ((randomized controlled trial[pt]) OR (controlled clinical trial[pt]) OR (randomised[tiab] OR randomized[tiab]) OR (placebo[tiab]) OR (drug therapy[sh]) OR (randomly[tiab]) OR (trial[tiab]) OR (groups[tiab])) NOT (animals[mh] NOT humans[mh])
#2 Iridocycliti*[tw]
#3 (iritis*[tw] OR iritide*[tw])
#4 Cycliti*[tw]
#5 scleriti*[tw]
#6 uveiti*[tw]
#7 ((sclera[tw] OR iris[tw] OR ciliary[tw]) AND inflam*[tw])
#8 #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7
#9 mydriatic*[tw]
#10 cycloplegic*[tw]
#11 (Atropine[tw] OR atrinal[tw] OR "atro‐polygyl"[tw] OR atrop[tw] OR atropen[tw] OR atropin[tw] OR atropina[tw] OR "atropini sulfas"[tw] OR atropinol[tw] OR atropisol[tw] OR atropt[tw] OR atroptol[tw] OR atrospan[tw] OR "atrosulf‐1"[tw] OR "bar bropin"[tw] OR "bellpino‐artin"[tw] OR "cendo tropine"[tw] OR "dextro levo hyosciamine"[tw] OR "ichtho bellol"[tw] OR "isopto"[tw] OR isoptoAtropine[tw] OR "ocu‐tropine"[tw] OR "sal‐tropine"[tw] OR skiatropine[tw] OR "tropine dextro levo tropate"[tw] OR ximex[tw] OR "51‐55‐8"[tw] OR "55‐48‐1"[tw])
#12 (berefrine[tw] OR POPD[tw] OR "105567‐83‐7"[tw])
#13 (Cyclopentolate[tw] OR "ak‐pentolate"[tw] OR akpentolate[tw] OR "bell pentolate"[tw] OR ciclolux[tw] OR cyclogyl[tw] OR cyclomydri[tw] OR cyclopentol[tw] OR cyclopentolat[tw] OR cylate[tw] OR cyplegin[tw] OR diopentolate[tw] OR midriodavi[tw] OR mydrilate[tw] OR "ocu‐pentolate"[tw] OR ocucyclo[tw] OR "oftan‐syklo"[tw] OR pentolair[tw] OR "refractyl ofeno"[tw] OR skiacol[tw] OR zyklolat[tw] OR "512‐15‐2"[tw] OR "5870‐29‐1"[tw])
#14 (Epinephrine[tw] OR Adrenaline[tw] OR adrenalin[tw] OR Epitrate[tw] OR Lyophrin[tw] OR Epifrin[tw] OR adnephrin[tw] OR adnephrine[tw] OR "adrenal hydrochloride"[tw] OR adrenalina[tw] OR adrenamine[tw] OR adrenapax[tw] OR adrenazin[tw] OR adrenine[tw] OR adrin[tw] OR adrine[tw] OR advaradin[tw] OR balmadren[tw] OR biorenine[tw] OR bosmin[tw] OR chelafrin[tw] OR dylephrin[tw] OR epiglaufrin[tw] OR epimephrine[tw] OR epinefrina[tw] OR epinephran[tw] OR epinephrin[tw] OR epirenamine[tw] OR epirenan[tw] OR exadrin[tw] OR glaucon[tw] OR glaucosan[tw] OR glaufrin[tw] OR "glin epin"[tw] OR glycirenan[tw] OR haemostatin[tw] OR hemisine[tw] OR hemostasin[tw] OR hemostatin[tw] OR hypernephrin[tw] OR "isopto epinal"[tw] OR levoadrenalin[tw] OR levoadrenaline[tw] OR levoepinephrine[tw] OR levorenin[tw] OR levorenine[tw] OR methylaminoethanolcatechol[tw] OR methylarterenol[tw] OR mucidrina[tw] OR myosthenine[tw] OR "n methylnoradrenalin"[tw] OR nephridine[tw] OR nieraline[tw] OR paranephrin[tw] OR posumin[tw] OR renaglandin[tw] OR renaglandulin[tw] OR renaleptine[tw] OR renalina[tw] OR renaline[tw] OR renoform[tw] OR renostypticin[tw] OR renostyptin[tw] OR scurenaline[tw] OR simplene[tw] OR soladren[tw] OR sphygmogenin[tw] OR styptirenal[tw] OR supracapsulin[tw] OR supranephrane[tw] OR supranephrin[tw] OR supranol[tw] OR suprarenaline[tw] OR suprarenin[tw] OR suprarenine[tw] OR suprel[tw] OR surenine[tw] OR surrenine[tw] OR "sus‐phrine sulfite‐free"[tw] OR susphrine[tw] OR "sympathin I"[tw] OR takamina[tw] OR tonogen[tw] OR vasoconstrictine[tw] OR vasodrine[tw] OR vasotonin[tw] OR weradren[tw] OR "51‐43‐4"[tw] OR "55‐31‐2"[tw] OR "6912‐68‐1"[tw])
#15 (Ethylmorphine[tw] OR Ethomorphine[tw] OR Trachyl[tw] OR codethyline[tw] OR diolan[tw] OR dionine[tw] OR "ethyl morphine"[tw] OR ethylmorfine[tw] OR ethylmorphin[tw] OR "morphine ethyl ether"[tw] OR "125‐30‐4"[tw] OR "76‐58‐4"[tw])
#16 (Eucatropine[tw] OR euphthalmine[tw] OR "100‐91‐4"[tw] OR "536‐93‐6"[tw])
#17 (Homatropine[tw] OR homatro[tw] OR homatrocil[tw] OR homatropaire[tw] OR homatropin[tw] OR homatropina[tw] OR isoptoHomatropine[tw] OR "I Homatrine"[tw] OR "mandelyl tropeine"[tw] OR mandelyltropeine[tw] OR "mydryn eye"[tw] OR "omatropina lux"[tw] OR "tropine mandelate"[tw] OR "51‐56‐9"[tw] OR "87‐00‐3"[tw])
#18 (Hyoscyamine[tw] OR anaspaz[tw] OR cystospaz[tw] OR cytospaz[tw] OR daturine[tw] OR donnamar[tw] OR duboisine[tw] OR egacen[tw] OR hyoscamine[tw] OR hyosciamine[tw] OR hyoscyanin[tw] OR hyosyne[tw] OR "ib‐stat"[tw] OR levbid[tw] OR levsin[tw] OR "levsinex sr"[tw] OR neosol[tw] OR nulev[tw] OR spasdel[tw] OR "symax sl"[tw] OR "symax sr"[tw] OR "tropine l tropate"[tw] OR "101‐31‐5"[tw] OR "306‐03‐6"[tw])
#19 (Ibopamine[tw] OR "N‐methyldopamine diisobutyrate"[tw] OR "SB 7505"[tw] OR "SB7505"[tw] OR Escandine[tw] OR Inopamil[tw] OR "diisobutyric n methyldopamine ester"[tw] OR scandine[tw] OR "skf 100168"[tw] OR "skf 100168 a"[tw] OR "66195‐31‐1"[tw] OR "75011‐65‐3"[tw])
#20 (Methylatropine[tw] OR "8‐methylatropinium nitrate"[tw] OR "31610‐87‐4"[tw])
#21 (Naphazoline[tw] OR "Afazol Grin"[tw] OR "AK Con"[tw] OR AKCon[tw] OR Albalon[tw] OR albasol[tw] OR "All Clear"[tw] OR allersol[tw] OR antan[tw] OR benil[tw] OR cefasan[tw] OR "Clear Eyes"[tw] OR coldan[tw] OR "Colirio Alfa"[tw] OR "comfort eye drops"[tw] OR dazolin[tw] OR "degest 2"[tw] OR derinox[tw] OR Idril[tw] OR imidin[tw] OR minha[tw] OR Miraclar[tw] OR mirafrin[tw] OR Nafazair[tw] OR nafazoline[tw] OR naftazolina[tw] OR "naphacel ofteno"[tw] OR naphasal[tw] OR naphazolin[tw] OR Naphcon[tw] OR "naphozoline hydrochloride"[tw] OR naphtears[tw] OR naphthazoline[tw] OR naphthizine[tw] OR naphthyzin[tw] OR nastizol[tw] OR "nazil ofteno"[tw] OR niazol[tw] OR "ocu‐zoline"[tw] OR opcon[tw] OR Optazine[tw] OR Privin[tw] OR privina[tw] OR Privine[tw] OR privine[tw] OR Proculin[tw] OR rhinantin[tw] OR rhinazin[tw] OR rhinoperd[tw] OR rimidol[tw] OR sanorin[tw] OR sanotin[tw] OR Siozwo[tw] OR strictylon[tw] OR "Tele Stulln"[tw] OR TeleStulln[tw] OR Vasoclear[tw] OR Vasocon[tw] OR "Vasoconstrictor Pensa"[tw] OR VasoNit[tw] OR vistalbalon[tw] OR vistobalon[tw] OR "5144‐52‐5"[tw] OR "550‐99‐2"[tw] OR "835‐31‐4"[tw])
#22 (Oxedrine[tw] OR Synephrine[tw] OR Sympaethamin[tw] OR Synephrin[tw] OR aetaphen[tw] OR pentedrine[tw] OR vasoton[tw] OR "94‐07‐5"[tw])
#23 (Oxyphenonium[tw] OR Methacin[tw] OR Oxyphenon[tw] OR Atrenyl[tw] OR Spastrex[tw] OR antrenyl[tw] OR "ba 5473"[tw] OR ba5473[tw] OR "c 5473"[tw] OR c5473[tw] OR helkamon[tw] OR metacin[tw] OR metacinum[tw] OR oxyphenium[tw] OR "oxyphenomium bromide"[tw] OR spasmofen[tw] OR spasmophen[tw] OR "14214‐84‐7"[tw] OR "50‐10‐2"[tw])
#24 (Phenylephrine[tw] OR adrianol[tw] OR "af‐taf"[tw] OR "ak‐dilate"[tw] OR "albalon relief"[tw] OR alconefrin[tw] OR almefrin[tw] OR altafrin[tw] OR biomidrin[tw] OR biomydrin[tw] OR derizene[tw] OR "despec‐sf"[tw] OR drosin[tw] OR "efrin‐10"[tw] OR efrisel[tw] OR fenylephrine[tw] OR idrianol[tw] OR isonefrine[tw] OR isophrin[tw] OR isophrine[tw] OR "isopto frin"[tw] OR isoptofrin[tw] OR lexatol[tw] OR "m synephrine"[tw] OR mesaton[tw] OR "meta sympathol"[tw] OR "meta synephrine"[tw] OR Metaoxedrin[tw] OR metaoxedrine[tw] OR Metasympatol[tw] OR metasynephrine[tw] OR Mezaton[tw] OR "murucoll 2"[tw] OR mydfrin[tw] OR "n 105[tw] to" OR "nefrin‐ofteno"[tw] OR "Neo Synephrine"[tw] OR neofrin[tw] OR neooxedrine[tw] OR neophryn[tw] OR neosynephrin[tw] OR Neosynephrine[tw] OR "neosynephrin‐pos"[tw] OR neosynesin[tw] OR neosynesine[tw] OR "ocu‐phrin"[tw] OR "oftan‐metaoksedrin"[tw] OR optistin[tw] OR phenoptic[tw] OR phenylefrine[tw] OR phenylephedrine[tw] OR prefrin[tw] OR "pupiletto forte"[tw] OR rectasol[tw] OR "rhinall 10"[tw] OR "slv 325"[tw] OR slv325[tw] OR sucraphen[tw] OR vazculep[tw] OR visadron[tw] OR vistafrin[tw] OR vistosan[tw] OR "532‐38‐7"[tw] OR "59‐42‐7"[tw] OR "61‐76‐7"[tw])
#25 (Pholedrine[tw] OR "4 hydroxy n methylamphetamine"[tw] OR "4 hydroxymethamphetamine"[tw] OR adyston[tw] OR "para hydroxymethamphetamine"[tw] OR "p‐hydroxymethamphetamine"[tw] OR paredrinol[tw] OR "Pholedrin liquidum"[tw] OR "Pholedrin‐longo‐Isis"[tw] OR pulsotyl[tw] OR venosan[tw] OR veritol[tw] OR "370‐14‐9"[tw])
#26 (p‐Hydroxyamphetamine[tw] OR "1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine"[tw] OR "alpha methyl para tyramine"[tw] OR "alpha methyl tyramine"[tw] OR "dl 1 p hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine"[tw] OR "dl 1 para hydroxyphenyl 2 propylamine"[tw] OR "dl p hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine"[tw] OR "dl para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine"[tw] OR "h 66 37"[tw] OR "para hydroxy alpha methylphenethylamine"[tw] OR Hydroxyamfetamine[tw] OR Hydroxyamphetamin[tw] OR Hydroxyamphetamine[tw] OR Hydroxyphenylisopropylamine[tw] OR Methyltyramine[tw] OR Norpholedrin[tw] OR norpholedrine[tw] OR oxamphetamine[tw] OR Oxyamphetamine[tw] OR paradrine[tw] OR parahydroxyamphetamine[tw] OR Paredrine[tw] OR paredrinea[tw] OR paredrinex[tw] OR pedrolone[tw] OR pulsoton[tw] OR "103‐86‐6"[tw] OR "1518‐86‐1"[tw] OR "306‐21‐8"[tw])
#27 (Racepinephrine[tw] OR Micronefrin[tw] OR micronefrine[tw] OR Micronephrine[tw] OR mikronephrin[tw] OR racadrenalin[tw] OR "Racepinefrine Hydrochloride"[tw] OR racinephrine[tw] OR Vaponefrin[tw] OR vaponefrine[tw] OR vaponephrin[tw] OR "329‐65‐7"[tw])
#28 (Scopolamine[tw] OR "Boro Scopol"[tw] OR BoroScopol[tw] OR Hyoscine[tw] OR Kwells[tw] OR "levo hyoscinehydrobromide"[tw] OR Scoburen[tw] OR Scopace[tw] OR scopos[tw] OR "Travacalm HO"[tw] OR Vorigeno[tw] OR "114‐49‐8"[tw] OR atrochin[tw] OR atroquin[tw] OR atroscine[tw] OR hyosceine[tw] OR hysco[tw] OR "l epoxytropine tropate"[tw] OR "n methylhyoscine"[tw] OR oscine[tw] OR scopalamine[tw] OR "scopine tropate"[tw] OR scopolamin[tw] OR transcop[tw] OR "tropic acid ester with scopine"[tw] OR "138‐12‐5"[tw] OR "51‐34‐3"[tw] OR "55‐16‐3"[tw])
#29 (Tropicamide[tw] OR "alcon‐mydril"[tw] OR bistropamide[tw] OR "cendo mydriatyl"[tw] OR "Colircusi Tropicamida"[tw] OR midriaticum[tw] OR mydiacyl[tw] OR mydral[tw] OR mydramide[tw] OR mydriacyl[tw] OR Mydriafair[tw] OR Mydriaticum[tw] OR "mydrin m"[tw] OR "mydrin p"[tw] OR Mydrum[tw] OR "n ethyl 2 phenyl n pyrid 4 ylmethylhydracrylamide"[tw] OR "n ethyl n 4 picolyltropamide"[tw] OR "n ethyl n gamma picolyltropamide"[tw] OR "n ethyl n pyrid 4 ylmethyltropamide"[tw] OR "Ocu‐Tropic"[tw] OR OcuTropic[tw] OR opticyl[tw] OR sandol[tw] OR sintropic[tw] OR "tropamid forte"[tw] OR "tropic acid n ethyl n gamma picolyl amide"[tw] OR Tropicacyl[tw] OR tropicamid[tw] OR "tropico eye"[tw] OR tropicol[tw] OR tropikamid[tw] OR tropimil[tw] OR visumidriatic[tw] OR "1508‐75‐4"[tw])
#30 (Tyramine[tw] OR "4 hydroxyphenethylamine"[tw] OR lyramine[tw] OR mydrial[tw] OR "para hydroxyphenethylamine"[tw] OR paratyramine[tw] OR systogene[tw] OR tiramine[tw] OR tocosine[tw] OR tyramin[tw] OR tyrosamine[tw] OR uteramine[tw] OR "51‐67‐2"[tw] OR "60‐19‐5"[tw])
#31 (Vibrocil[tw] OR "8059‐14‐1"[tw])
#32 (Yohimbine[tw] OR actibine[tw] OR aphrodine[tw] OR aphrodyne[tw] OR Corynanthine[tw] OR "corynine hydrochloride"[tw] OR "dayto‐himbin"[tw] OR "methyl yohimbine 16alpha carboxylate"[tw] OR "methylyohimbane 16alpha carboxylate"[tw] OR Pluriviron[tw] OR quebrachin[tw] OR "quebrachine hydrochloride"[tw] OR Rauhimbine[tw] OR Rauwolscine[tw] OR urobine[tw] OR yobin[tw] OR yobinol[tw] OR yocan[tw] OR yocaral[tw] OR Yocon[tw] OR yocon[tw] OR yohimbe[tw] OR "yohimbic acid methyl ester"[tw] OR yohimbin[tw] OR Yohimex[tw] OR yohimex[tw] OR yohimibin[tw] OR yovital[tw] OR "146‐48‐5"[tw] OR "65‐19‐0"[tw])
#33 #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32
#34 #8 AND #33
#35 #1 AND #34
#36 Medline[sb]
#37 #35 NOT #36

Appendix 6. ClinicalTrials.gov search strategy

(uveitis OR iridocyclitis OR iritis OR iritides OR cyclitis OR scleritis) AND (mydriatics OR atropine OR berefrine OR cyclopentolate OR epinephrine OR ethylmorphine OR eucatropine OR homatropine OR hyoscyamine OR ibopamine OR oxyphenonium)

(uveitis OR iridocyclitis OR iritis OR iritides OR cyclitis OR scleritis) AND (methylatropine OR naphazoline OR oxedrine OR p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR phenylephrine OR pholedrine OR scopolamine OR tropicamide OR tyramine OR vibrocil OR yohimbine)

Appendix 7. WHO ICTRP search strategy

uveitis AND mydriatics OR uveitis AND cycloplegics OR uveitis AND atropine OR uveitis AND berefrine OR uveitis AND cyclopentolate OR uveitis AND epinephrine OR uveitis AND ethylmorphine OR uveitis AND eucatropine OR uveitis AND homatropine OR uveitis AND hyoscyamine OR uveitis AND ibopamine OR uveitis AND oxyphenonium OR uveitis AND methylatropine OR uveitis AND naphazoline OR uveitis AND oxedrine OR uveitis AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR uveitis AND phenylephrine OR uveitis AND pholedrine OR uveitis AND racepinephrine OR uveitis AND scopolamine OR uveitis AND tropicamide OR uveitis AND tyramine OR uveitis AND vibrocil OR uveitis AND yohimbine

iridocyclitis AND mydriatics OR iridocyclitis AND cycloplegics OR iridocyclitis AND atropine OR iridocyclitis AND berefrine OR iridocyclitis AND cyclopentolate OR iridocyclitis AND epinephrine OR iridocyclitis AND ethylmorphine OR iridocyclitis AND eucatropine OR iridocyclitis AND homatropine OR iridocyclitis AND hyoscyamine OR iridocyclitis AND ibopamine OR iridocyclitis AND oxyphenonium OR iridocyclitis AND methylatropine OR iridocyclitis AND naphazoline OR iridocyclitis AND oxedrine OR iridocyclitis AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR iridocyclitis AND phenylephrine OR iridocyclitis AND pholedrine OR iridocyclitis AND racepinephrine OR iridocyclitis AND scopolamine OR iridocyclitis AND tropicamide OR iridocyclitis AND tyramine OR iridocyclitis AND vibrocil OR iridocyclitis AND yohimbine

iritis AND mydriatics OR iritis AND cycloplegics OR iritis AND atropine OR iritis AND berefrine OR iritis AND cyclopentolate OR iritis AND epinephrine OR iritis AND ethylmorphine OR iritis AND eucatropine OR iritis AND homatropine OR iritis AND hyoscyamine OR iritis AND ibopamine OR iritis AND oxyphenonium OR iritis AND methylatropine OR iritis AND naphazoline OR iritis AND oxedrine OR iritis AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR iritis AND phenylephrine OR iritis AND pholedrine OR iritis AND racepinephrine OR iritis AND scopolamine OR iritis AND tropicamide OR iritis AND tyramine OR iritis AND vibrocil OR iritis AND yohimbine

iritides AND mydriatics OR iritides AND cycloplegics OR iritides AND atropine OR iritides AND berefrine OR iritides AND cyclopentolate OR iritides AND epinephrine OR iritides AND ethylmorphine OR iritides AND eucatropine OR iritides AND homatropine OR iritides AND hyoscyamine OR iritides AND ibopamine OR iritides AND oxyphenonium OR iritides AND methylatropine OR iritides AND naphazoline OR iritides AND oxedrine OR iritides AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR iritides AND phenylephrine OR iritides AND pholedrine OR iritides AND racepinephrine OR iritides AND scopolamine OR iritides AND tropicamide OR iritides AND tyramine OR iritides AND vibrocil OR iritides AND yohimbine

cyclitis AND mydriatics OR cyclitis AND cycloplegics OR cyclitis AND atropine OR cyclitis AND berefrine OR cyclitis AND cyclopentolate OR cyclitis AND epinephrine OR cyclitis AND ethylmorphine OR cyclitis AND eucatropine OR cyclitis AND homatropine OR cyclitis AND hyoscyamine OR cyclitis AND ibopamine OR cyclitis AND oxyphenonium OR cyclitis AND methylatropine OR cyclitis AND naphazoline OR cyclitis AND oxedrine OR cyclitis AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR cyclitis AND phenylephrine OR cyclitis AND pholedrine OR cyclitis AND racepinephrine OR cyclitis AND scopolamine OR cyclitis AND tropicamide OR cyclitis AND tyramine OR cyclitis AND vibrocil OR cyclitis AND yohimbine

scleritis AND mydriatics OR scleritis AND cycloplegics OR scleritis AND atropine OR scleritis AND berefrine OR scleritis AND cyclopentolate OR scleritis AND epinephrine OR scleritis AND ethylmorphine OR scleritis AND eucatropine OR scleritis AND homatropine OR scleritis AND hyoscyamine OR scleritis AND ibopamine OR scleritis AND oxyphenonium OR scleritis AND methylatropine OR scleritis AND naphazoline OR scleritis AND oxedrine OR scleritis AND p‐hydroxyamphetamine OR scleritis AND phenylephrine OR scleritis AND pholedrine OR scleritis AND racepinephrine OR scleritis AND scopolamine OR scleritis AND tropicamide OR scleritis AND tyramine OR scleritis AND vibrocil OR scleritis AND yohimbine

Appendix 8. Data on study characteristics

Mandatory items		Optional items
Methods
Study design	Parallel‐group randomized controlled trial (RCT) i.e. people randomized to treatment Within‐person RCT i.e. eyes randomized to treatment Cluster‐RCT i.e. communities randomized to treatment Cross‐over RCT Other, specify	Exclusions after randomization Losses to follow‐up Number randomized/analyzed How were missing data handled? e.g. available case analysis, imputation methods Reported power calculation (Y/N), if yes, sample size and power Unusual study design/issues
Eyes or Unit of randomization/ unit of analysis	One eye included in study, specify how eye selected Two eyes included in study, both eyes received same treatment, briefly specify how analyzed (best/worst/average/both and adjusted for within‐ person correlation/both and not adjusted for within person correlation) and specify if mixture of one eye and two eyes Two eyes included in study, eyes received different treatments, specify if correct pair‐matched analysis done
Participants
Country		Setting Ethnic group Equivalence of baseline characteristics (Y/N)
Total number of participants	This information should be collected for total study population recruited into the study. If these data are reported only for the people who were followed up, please indicate
Number (%) of men and women
Average age and age range
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Interventions
Intervention (n = ) Comparator (n = )	Number of people randomized to this group Drug (or intervention) name Dose Frequency Route of administration
Outcomes
Primary and secondary outcomes, as defined in study reports	List outcomes Adverse events reported (Y/N) Length of follow‐up and intervals at which outcomes assessed	Planned/actual length of follow‐up

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study	Reason for exclusion
Dunne 1979	Not the population of interest
Islam 2010	Not an RCT
Melton 1991	Not an RCT

RCT = randomized controlled trial

Differences between protocol and review

The title of the review has been amended from Topical mydriatics as adjunctive therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis and iritis to Topical mydriatics as adjunctive therapy for traumatic iridocyclitis. 
One new author Samuel A Abariga joined the review team.

Contributions of authors

JH: conception and design of study, drafting the review, final approval of the document published.
SS: design of study, drafting the review, final approval of the document published.
MK; CM; SA; QN: design of study, commenting on the review, final approval of the document published.

Sources of support

Internal sources

• None, Other

External sources

• Methodological support provided by the Cochrane Eyes and Vision (CEV) US Project, supported by grant 5 UG1 EY020522, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA

• National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), UK

  • Richard Wormald, Co‐ordinating Editor for CEV acknowledges financial support for his CEV research sessions from the Department of Health through the award made by the NIHR to Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology for a Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology.

  • This review was supported by the NIHR, via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to the CEV UK editorial base.

  The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS, or the Department of Health.

Declarations of interest

JH: none known.
SS: none known.
MK: none known.
CM: none known.
SA: none known.
QN: has received grants and other financial support from Genentech, Regeneron, AbbVie, Psivida, XOMA, Santen, Allergan, and Heidelberg. However, none of these are relevant to the current Cochrane Review.

New