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. 2020 Dec 31;27(6):780–788. doi: 10.5603/CJ.a2019.0024

Impact of mild therapeutic hypothermia on bioavailability of ticagrelor in patients with acute myocardial infarction after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Julia M Umińska 1,✉, Jakub Ratajczak 2, Katarzyna Buszko 3, Przemysław Sobczak 2, Wiktor Sroka 4, Michał P Marszałł 4, Piotr Adamski 2, Klemen Steblovnik 5, Marko Noč 5, Jacek Kubica 2
PMCID: PMC8079092  PMID: 30799546

Abstract

Background

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) frequently occurs in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Survivors require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with concomitant dual antiplatelet therapy. Target temperature management, including mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH), should be applied in comatose patients after resuscitation. However, an increased risk of stent thrombosis in patients undergoing hypothermia is observed. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of MTH on pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in cardiac arrest survivors with MI treated with MTH and PCI.

Methods

In a prospective, observational, single-center study pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor were evaluated in 41 MI patients, including 11 patients after OHCA undergoing MTH (MTH group) and 30 MI patients without OHCA and MTH (no-MTH group). Blood samples were drawn before administration of a 180 mg ticagrelor loading dose, and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after the loading dose.

Results

In patients treated with MTH total exposure to ticagrelor during the first 12 h after the loading dose and maximal plasma concentration of ticagrelor were significantly lower than in the no-MTH group (AUC(0–12): 3403 ± 2879 vs. 8746 ± 5596 ng·h/mL, difference: 61%, p = 0.01; Cmax: 475 ± 353 vs. 1568 ± 784 ng/mL, p = 0.0002). Time to achieve maximal ticagrelor plasma concentration was also delayed in the MTH group (tmax for ticagrelor: 12 [6–24] vs. 4 [2–12] h, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Bioavailability of ticagrelor was substantially decreased and delayed in MI patients treated with MTH after OHCA. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02611934

Keywords: cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, hypothermia, ticagrelor, platelets, pharmacokinetics

Introduction

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) frequently occurs in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (MI). OHCA survivors presenting symptoms of acute MI require primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with concomitant dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor [1–4]. Early administration of antiplatelet agents is necessary as the highest risk of stent thrombosis was reported within the early phase after stent implantation [5]. Ticagrelor and prasugrel are the preferred P2Y12 inhibitors in this clinical setting [6–11]. In patients remaining in a coma after resuscitation targeted temperature management should be applied with a constant core temperature between 32°C and 36°C [12].

It has been shown that plasma concentrations of ticagrelor and its active metabolite (AR-C124910XX) are diminished in patients with ST-segment elevation MI. This effect is even more pronounced with concomitant morphine administration [13–19]. In survivors of OHCA due to MI additional factors including mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) may further impede ticagrelor’s bioavailability [20–22]. The decreased antiplatelet effect of ticagrelor caused by hindered pharmacokinetics might be responsible for an increased risk of stent thrombosis in resuscitated patients undergoing MTH despite DAPT [23, 24].

Thus, the present study was designed [21] and performed using a prospective observational approach to assess pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in MI patients after OHCA treated with primary PCI and MTH.

Methods

The study was designed and performed as a phase IV, single-center, investigator-initiated, prospective, observational trial aimed to compare pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor between MI patients after OHCA treated with primary PCI and MTH (MTH group) and MI patients without OHCA treated with primary PCI (no-MTH group). The inclusion as well as exclusion criteria for both groups have been previously published [21].

Mild therapeutic hypothermia was defined as a body core temperature below 34°C, with a target temperature of 33°C. In order to reach the target temperature and maintain it over subsequent 24 h, intravascular cooling supported by cold saline (4°C) infusion and external cooling at the induction phase of MTH were used. The MTH procedure applied in this study has also been previously described [21].

All study participants received treatment according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. All patients included in the trial received a 300 mg loading dose (LD) of plain ASA and a 180 mg LD of ticagrelor in integral tablets administered through a nasogastric tube in the MTH group, and orally in the no-MTH group.

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines and was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz (approval number KB 339/2015). All MI patients without MTH provided written, informed consent to participate in the study before enrollment, as additional blood sampling was required. In patients treated with MTH due to OHCA it was not possible to obtain informed consent, however these patients did not require additional sampling outside the standard protocol of MTH monitoring. This is a sub-study of the Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cardiac Arrest Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (UNICORN) study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02611934).

Endpoints

The primary endpoint of this study was the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0–12)) for ticagrelor during the first 12 h after administration of LD. Secondary endpoints included AUC(0–12) for AR-C124910XX, AUC(0–6) for ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX, maximum concentration of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX for 12 h (Cmax12), and time to Cmax (tmax) for ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX, plasma concentrations of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX at baseline, and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after ticagrelor LD.

Evaluation of pharmacokinetics

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were drawn before administration of a 180 mg ticagrelor LD, and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after LD. Ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX plasma concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis was performed using Shimadzu UPLC Nexera X2 system consisting of LC-30AD pumps, SIL-30AC Autosampler, CTO-20AC column oven, FCV-20-AH2 valve unit, and DGU-20A5R degasser coupled with Shimadzu 8030 ESI-QqQ mass spectrometer. Lower limits of quantification were 4.69 ng/mL for both ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX [25].

Statistical analysis

All calculations were performed using Statistica 13.0 package (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviation and median with quartiles. For categorical variables, counts with percentages have been used. Due to non-normal data distribution (as verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test), comparisons between both groups at each measurement point were performed with the Mann-Whitney test. For comparison of categorical variables, the χ2 test or the Fisher exact test was applied as appropriate. In all cases p values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Overall 43 MI patients were included in the study. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between both groups, except higher left ventricular ejection fraction in the no-MTH group (Table 1). Initially, 13 patients were enrolled into the MTH group, however complete data (results from all study time-points) were available for only 7 patients, as 4 of them had died before 24 h from the beginning of the MTH procedure. Additionally, 2 patients from MTH group were excluded from the analysis of the primary end point due to hemolysis in blood samples that precluded complete pharmacokinetic evaluation. Ventricular fibrillation was the first recorded rhythm during cardiac arrest in all 13 patients. The no-MTH group consisted of 30 MI patients without OHCA treated with primary PCI.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients enrolled in the study group — mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) and control group (no-MTH).

MTH group (n = 11) No-MTH group (n = 30) P
Gender, male 73% (8) 80% (24) NS
Age [years] 62.0± 11.9 64.4± 10.3 NS
History of:
 Coronary artery disease 27% (3) 20% (6) NS
 Acute myocardial infarction 27% (3) 13% (4) NS
 PCI 27% (3) 20% (6) NS
 CABG 0% (0) 0% (0) NS
 Heart failure 9% (1) 0% (0) NS
 Arterial hypertension 54.5% (6) 47% (14) NS
 Stroke 9% (1) 0% (0) NS
 Smoking 45.5% (5) 60% (18) NS
Acute myocardial infarction:
 STEMI 54.5% (6) 60% (18) NS
 NSTEMI 45.5% (5) 40% (12)
Number of vessels diseased:
 1 36.4% (4) 27 % (8) NS
 2 18.2% (2) 43% (13)
 3 45.5% (5) 30% (9)
TIMI before PCI:
 0 45.5% (5) 40% (12) NS
 1 27% (3) 6.6% (2)
 2 9% (1) 6.6% (2)
 3 18.2% (2) 47% (14)
TIMI after PCI:
 0 0% (0) 0% (0) NS
 1 0% (0) 3.3% (1)
 2 0% (0) 0% (0)
 3 100% (11) 96.7% (29)
Number of used stents:
 0 0% (0) 3.3% (1) NS
 1 54.5% (6) 70% (21)
 2 36.4% (4) 20% (6)
 3 or more 9% (1) 6.6% (2)
Echocardiography:
 LVEF [%] 34.0± 11.6 45.5± 7.9 0.003
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CABG — coronary artery bypass grafting; LVEF — left ventricular ejection fraction; NS — non significant; NSTEMI — non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI — percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI — ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI — Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction

Analysis of bioavailability of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX revealed pronounced differences between compared groups (Fig. 1). Total exposures to both ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX within the first 12 h after LD administration, as measured by the AUC(0–12) was significantly lower in MTH group vs. no-MTH group for ticagrelor (AUC(0–12): 3403 ± 2879 vs. 8746 ± 5596 ng·h/mL, corresponding to a difference of 61%, p = 0.01), while no difference for AR-C124910XX was present (AUC(0–12): 1195 ± 1022 vs. 1963 ± 1726 ng·h/mL, difference: 40%, p = 0.3). The observed differences were more pronounced during the first 6 h after ticagrelor LD (AUC(0–6) for ticagrelor: 1012 ± 981 vs. 4487 ± 3608 ng·h/mL, difference: 77%, p = 0.01; AUC(0–6) for AR-C124910XX: 253 ± 281 vs. 922 ± 980 ng·h/mL, difference: 73%, p = 0.06). The maximal plasma concentration of ticagrelor was lower in MTH group vs. no-MTH group (Cmax for ticagrelor: 475 ± 353 vs. 1568 ± 784 ng/mL, p = 0.0002), whereas there were no differences in maximal concentration of the metabolite between the groups (Cmax for AR-C124910XX: 203 ± 121 vs. 337 ± 186 ng/mL; p = 0.1). Time to achieve maximal plasma concentrations was delayed for both ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX in MTH group vs. no-MTH group (tmax for ticagrelor: 12 [6–24] vs. 4 [2–12] h, p = 0.01; tmax for AR-C124910XX: 18 [12–24] vs. 4 [4–12] h, p = 0.01) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The exposures to ticagrelor (A) and AR-C124910XX (B) within 24 h after the administration of ticagrelor loading dose (180 mg). Only patients with complete data were included; MTH — mild therapeutic hypothermia.

Comparison of plasma concentrations of ticagrelor in consecutive time-points showed significant discrepancy between the groups with higher drug concentrations seen in no-MTH group, starting from the first hour after administration of ticagrelor LD (Fig. 2). The difference reached level of statistical significance at 2, 4 and 6 h post-LD (no-MTH group vs. MTH group, respectively: 882.45 ± 1041.77 vs. 70.36 ± 118.70 ng/mL, p = 0.049; 904.43 ± 758.31 vs. 183.41 ± 255.35 ng/mL, p = 0.005; 834.58 ± 595.51 vs. 382.09 ± 329.72 ng/mL, p = 0.036). Higher concentrations of AR-C124910XX in no-MTH group were present up to 6 h (Fig. 3), and this difference was significant at 2 and 4 h (no-MTH group vs. MTH group, respectively: 155.25 ± 223.16 vs. 7.10 ± 22.46 ng/mL, p = 0.04; 218.82 ± 219.14 vs. 41.67 ± 69.12 ng/mL, p = 0.015).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Plasma concentrations of ticagrelor over in mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) group (n = 11) vs. no-MTH group (n = 30). All available data presented.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Plasma concentrations of AR-C124910XX over in mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) group (n = 11) vs. no-MTH group (n = 30). All available data presented.

Moreover, additional analysis revealed that the proportion of plasma concentration of AR-C124910XX to concentration of ticagrelor changed during observation according to different patterns in MTH group vs. no-MTH group. This proportion was lower in MTH group in comparison to no-MTH group during the first 2 h. The similar ratios were observed 4 h after administration of ticagrelor LD (22.7% vs. 24.2%), and later this proportion was higher in MTH group up to the end of observation, achieving the highest difference at 6 h (80.1% vs. 22.7%). Of note, none of 4 patients who died (all from MTH group) during the study observation period (24 h) had detectable plasma ticagrelor or AR-C124910XX.

Discussion

According to available research, this is the first study assessing the impact of OHCA treated with MTH on pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in MI patients undergoing primary PCI.

Impaired bioavailability of ticagrelor expressed by lower total exposure, lower maximal plasma concentration and delayed maximal plasma concentration of the drug in patients undergoing MTH and PCI due to OHCA in the course of MI in comparison with patients treated with primary PCI for uncomplicated MI, advocates impaired gastrointestinal absorption of ticagrelor in critically ill patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Moreover, presence of different AR-C124910XX formation rates between compared groups suggests potential diversity in drug metabolism and/or elimination. Recently, it has been reported that the presence of STEMI and diabetes are connected with impaired metabolism of ticagrelor during the first 6 h after ticagrelor LD for acute coronary syndrome [26]. In the current trial clear differences were observed in ticagrelor’s active metabolite formation between patients with and without OHCA treated with MTH, however small the size of cardiac arrest, the survivor group did not allow formal conclusions to be drawn. This important issue requires clarification in further research.

Straub et al. [27] showed that adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plays a central role in hypothermia-induced platelet activation during hypothermia, suggesting that inhibition of ADP receptor binding has the potential to protect platelets against hypothermia-induced activation. However, in previously published studies insufficient efficacy of clopidogrel in patients undergoing MTH after OHCA was reported [28–32]. It was mostly explained by accelerated platelet turnover, increased platelet activation as well as by decreased bioavailability of clopidogrel due to its impaired absorption and diminished active metabolite generation [1, 28, 33, 34]. The effect of ticagrelor and prasugrel in this clinical setting is not clear [35].

The high rate of stent thrombosis observed in some studies in resuscitated MI patients treated with MTH and primary PCI may be caused by insufficient inhibition of P2Y12 platelet receptors [23, 24, 36–40]. In an observational study published by Gouffran et al. [24], 10.9% of OHCA survivors treated with MTH had stent thrombosis (the latter occurred in 4.2% of patients on clopidogrel, 18.2% on prasugrel, and 16.7% on ticagrelor). Jiménez-Brítez et al. [37] reported in-hospital stent thrombosis in 7.1% of patients, exclusively those treated with clopidogrel (11.4%), while no stent thrombosis occurred in patients on ticagrelor or prasugrel. Joffre et al. [23] found cardiac arrest treated with MTH to be an independent risk factor for confirmed stent thrombosis (odds ratio = 12.9; 95% confidence interval 1.3–124.6, p = 0.027) regardless of the type of P2Y12 antagonist. Penela et al. [36] reported clinical resistance to clopidogrel with an extremely high incidence of acute stent thrombosis. In a small group of 11 MTH patients enrolled in the study, stent thrombosis occurred in 5 (31.2%) cases, while 2 other patients experienced other thrombotic complications. Of note, most of the thrombotic complications occurred long after rewarming [36].

It is not clear if hypothermia itself or rather centralization of circulation in critically ill patients is responsible for impairment of ticagrelor absorption. The results of the ISAR-SHOCK registry demonstrated a weaker antiplatelet effect in shock patients receiving either clopidogrel or prasugrel without hypothermia [41]. This observation may suggest that the impaired effect of oral P2Y12 inhibitors in OHCA is related not only to hypothermia, but rather multifactorial [41, 42]. Regardless of what the exact mechanisms of ineffectiveness of these drugs are, intravenous infusion of a short-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist — cangrelor — is capable of inhibiting life-threatening platelet-mediated prothrombotic events in the setting of MTH. This innovative pharmacological strategy could significantly improve the safety of MTH [43–45]. Infusion of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is another therapeutic option allowing patients to overcome shortcomings of oral antiaggregatory agents, it is however, associated with markedly increased risk of bleedings [46–49]

Limitations of the study

The main limitation of the present study, which is similar to all previously published reports, is the low number of enrolled OHCA survivors treated with MTH and primary PCI. This did not permit the evaluation of clinical end points. Moreover, it was not possible herein, to differentiate the impact of MTH from consequences of local circulatory disorders. Also, the current trial did not evaluate pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor.

Nevertheless, careful monitoring of plasma concentrations of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX at multiple time-points allowed us to demonstrate extensive differences in drug bioavailability between OHCA patients treated with MTH and primary PCI and patients with uncomplicated MI treated with primary PCI. Observations in the present research provide important evidence which may help to elucidate causes of the higher prevalence of stent thrombosis and other thrombotic events in patients undergoing MTH.

Conclusions

Bioavailability of ticagrelor is substantially decreased and delayed in MI patients treated with MTH after OHCA compared with patients with uncomplicated MI and without OHCA requiring MTH.

Footnotes

Availability of data and material

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The study protocol was published in Medical Research Journal: Umińska MJ, et al. Platelet reactivity during mild therapeutic hypothermia in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ticagrelor: study protocol of a single-centre study. Med Res J. 2016; 1(4): 115–119, doi:10.5603/MRJ.2016.0021.

Funding: This study has been developed as part of the ‘Diamentowy Grant’ project financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland from research funds for the years 2015–2018 (DI2014009144). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest: J.M. Umińska: Beneficient of the ”Diamentory Grant” financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland from research funds for the years 2015–2018 (DI2014009144); K. Steblovnik and M. Noc: Beneficient of research grant from AstraZeneca; J. Kubica: Consulting fee from AstraZeneca.

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