Assessment of satisfaction and associated factors of parturients underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia at the General Hospital, Ethiopia; 2019

Abstract

Background and aim

Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is now a day a popular plan of anesthesia because of its rapid onset and high frequency of successful blockade. It is a vital monitor to the quality of care in anesthesia. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of maternal satisfaction and associated factors after cesarean section under spinal.

Methods

Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on mothers who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were employed. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to measure the association of factors with the level of satisfaction. A p-value of ≤0.25 and ≤ 0.05 was used to decide statistical significance for bivariable and multivariable logistic regression respectively.

Findings

The overall satisfaction level of parturients after spinal anesthesia was 97(80.2%). The satisfaction level was 83.3% with PONV treatment, 98.3% with intraoperative analgesia, between 52.5% and 64.2% to preoperative activities, and 72.5% for postoperative patient care by the anesthetist. Having previous anesthesia was the independent factor that has a significant association with the level of satisfaction with AOR, 3.94; 95%CI, 1.24–12.45; P- 0.01.

Conclusion

In general, the overall satisfaction of the mothers towards spinal anesthesia was fair with a satisfaction score of 80.2%. Parturients were highly dissatisfied with the preoperative visit and information subscale as compared to the other subscales.

Highlights

• •Maternal satisfaction is vital monitor to the quality of care in anesthesia.
• •Knowing the level of maternal satisfaction helps to plan for management.
• •The overall level of satisfaction in this work was 80.2%.
• •Previous anesthesia exposure was the independent associated factor.

1. Introduction

Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is an old and well-established method. It became popular for cesarean delivery because of its rapid onset and a high frequency of successful blockade [1]. The development of thinner spinal needles and better local anesthetic agents like bupivacaine for intrathecal use and more knowledge of the path physiology of hypotension may have contributed to the rising popularity of spinal anesthesia [2]. The advantages of regional anesthesia include an awake mother, minimal depression of the newborn, and avoidance of the risks of general anesthesia complications (especially failed intubation and aspiration); with its simplicity, small drug dose, low failure rate, and rapid onset [3]. The choice of anesthesia for any cesarean section depends on multiple factors like the indication of surgery, the urgency of the operation, and patient's as well as surgeon's desire [2,4,5]. Anesthetists always choose the method that is believed to be safest and most comfortable for the mother, least depressant to the newborn and provides the optimal working conditions for the obstetrician [6,7]. Despite these, patient satisfaction is one of the meaningful indicators of patient experience of health care services.

Patient satisfaction is a subjective and complex concept involving physical, emotional, mental, social, and cultural factors [8]. Patient satisfaction and experience of the quality of care is a difficult outcome to measure, mainly because it is a subjective multidimensional concept, based on patient expectations [9]. Asking patients what they think about the care they have received is an important action to improve the quality of care and to ensure the local health services to meet patients’ needs. Satisfaction is measured by parturient thorough evaluation and assessment of the experience after consuming a good service of care by health providers [10,11]. It is determined by the quality of the provided care and expectations of that care. Measuring factors that influence patient satisfaction is vital to monitor the quality of care in anesthesia.

According to the World Bank report in Ethiopia indicates that about 52% of respondents perceived the quality of care they received as good whereas about 30% of households who visited government health facilities consider the quality of care they received to be below the average [12]. Patient satisfaction has gained greater attention in recent years because of the emphasis on patient-centered care and the increasing number of family physicians leaving small group practices and entering large organizations, many of which use patient surveys to measure patient satisfaction with multiple aspects of their health care. Valid and appropriately used patient satisfaction scores help to improve the quality of care and service, but they can have unintended consequences as well, such as diminished physician satisfaction. According to a study, 78% of clinicians reported patient satisfaction scores moderately or severely affected their job satisfaction negatively, and 28% of the scores made them consider quitting [13].

Different possible factors can affect maternal satisfaction. Mothers come across various personnel understandings regarding to the care; the urgency of surgery as well as busy schedule lead to lack of communication; complications and side effects of spinal anesthesia are most commonly suspected risk factors [14,15].

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) patient satisfaction guideline stated that in the future, it is likely that payment for anesthesia depends in part on measures of patient satisfaction [16]. Measuring the level of satisfaction and factors that influence parturient satisfaction is vital to monitor the quality of care in anesthesia. The satisfaction level and possible factors of it are highly variable across different setups due to caregivers, maternal sociodemographic, and setup variation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction and its associated factors of parturients who gave birth with the cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.

2. Methods

2.1. Study design, area, and period

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 01- May 30/2019 on parturients who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia at X General Hospital. This research was reported according to the STROCSS criteria [17]. and was registered at www.researchregistry.com with a research registry number of 6608.

2.2. Population

All parturient who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were the source population while parturients who underwent C/S with spinal anesthesia during the study period were the study population.

2.3. Inclusion criteria

All ASA-I and ASA-II parturients who underwent both elective and emergency cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were included.

2.4. Exclusion criteria

Parturient those who are unable to communicate due to serious illness; failed or complicated spinal anesthesia; parturient with chronic pain.

2.5. Sample size and sampling technique

The sample size was determined by taking the assumption; the overall satisfaction of parturient who gave birth by C/S from a study conducted in Addis Ababa, at Gandhi Memorial hospital in 2015 was 62% [18]. With a confidence level of 95% and margin of error to be tolerated 0.05 sample size was calculated by a single proportion formula as 362. The total number of parturients who underwent cesarean delivery at the study area in three months was 180. By applying a reduction formula for the assumption the final sample size was 120. These 120 parturients were included by the non-probability convenience sampling technique.

2.6. Study variables

Parturient satisfaction towards spinal anesthesia (satisfied/dissatisfied) was the dependent variable of this study. Whereas, the independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, parturition and past medical history, quality, attention, pain, and preoperative visit, previous experience of surgery and anesthesia, anesthesia technique and attempt, intraoperative and post-operative compliant like pain, nausea/vomiting, and headache.

2.7. Data collection tool and technique

After getting ethical clearance and permission from the responsible bodies of the university and the hospital, pre-operative, intra-operative, and postoperative data were collected from the participants at the postoperative period by using a constructed data collection tool. The data collection tool was adopted from the previous work done in Eritrea on a similar topic and “Patient's satisfaction with perioperative care: development, validation, and application of a questionnaire” with slight modifications according to our setup [[18], [19], [20]]. Two data collectors after adequate training were involved to collect the data. A six-point Likert scale was used with very dissatisfied (1), dissatisfied (2), slightly dissatisfied (3), slightly satisfied (4), satisfied (5), and very satisfied (6). The tool has four components including the information and preoperative visit (4items), pain therapy and intraoperative care (4items), postoperative and quality care (3items), and patient-anesthetist relationship (6 items) with a total of 17 items. The data collection tool was filled at the time when the parturients discharge to their home. The data was collected by two data collectors who were trained about the technique of data collection for this specific research.

2.8. Data quality assurance

To ensure the quality of data training was given for data collectors and pretest was done. Daily checkup for the collected data was done whether it was properly filled in the prepared format or not.

2.9. Data analysis and process

After checking the completeness of the data collection tool, data were entered into SPSS version 20 software. A descriptive analysis was done using frequency and percentage which were summarized and interpreted with tables. Independent variables were analyzed using binary and multivariate logistic regression with the dependent variable level of satisfaction. Variables with a p-value of ≤0.2 from the bivariable analysis were fitted to a multivariable logistic regression to check their association with the level of satisfaction. Adjusted Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to determine factors which had associated to the level of satisfaction.

2.10. Operational definitions

Quality- It is balanced expectation between the parturient and what the anesthetist delivered quality services in all aspect of the parturient perspective.

Satisfaction level: maternal satisfaction in this study was classified according to the demarcation threshold formula. The formula we used was;

$$\text{Cut point total score}=\frac{\text{maximum total score}-\text{minimum total score}}{2}+\text{minimum total score}$$

• ❖
  Based on the data

  • ➢
    Maximum total score = 91/102
  • ➢
    Minimum total score = 47/102
• ❖Cut point score = $\frac{91-47}{2}+47$ = 69 out of 102.

Therefore;

• ✓Parturients with a total satisfaction score of greater than or equal to 69 were considered satisfied.
• ✓Parturients having a total score of less than 69 were considered dissatisfied.

Educational level: In this study, the educational level was classified as literate and illiterate based on the UNESCO: International Standard Classification of Education/ISCED and different works of literature that used this classification [21,22].

• ✓Literate: is defined as parturients who had the skills to read and write a simple sentence about everyday life.
• ✓Illiterate: parturients who hadn't the skills to read and write a simple sentence about everyday life.

3. Result

3.1. Sociodemographic and background characteristics

A total of 120 parturients were included in the study with around 96(80%) of them were aged ≤30 years. Only 14.2% of the participants who gave birth were unmarried. All the parturients were from the X region with the majority (87.5%) of them were orthodox Christian (Table 1). Of all participants, about 23(19.2%) were dissatisfied with the overall anesthesia service in the perioperative period care (Table 2).

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of parturient who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia at the General Hospital, 2019.

Variable	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Age	>30	24	20
	≤30	96	80
BMI	<18.5	54	45
	18.5–24.9	57	47.5
	≥25	9	7.5
Educational level	Illiterate	66	55
	Literate	54	45
Marital status	Married	103	85.8
	Single	17	14.2
Residency	Urban	68	56.7
	Rural	52	43.3
Religion	Orthodox	105	87.5
	Muslim	6	5
	Protestant	9	7.5
Employment	Employed	42	35
	Unemployed	78	65

BMI: body mass index.

Table 2.

Parturition and clinical characteristics of parturients who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia at the General Hospital, 2019.

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
ASA	II	120	100
Parity	Nulliparous	53	44.2
	Multiparous	67	55.8
Medical history	Yes	26	21.7
	No	94	78.3
Indication	Maternal	44	36.7
	Fetal	76	63.3
Type of surgery	Elective	19	15.8
	Emergency	101	84.2
Previous anesthesia	Yes (anesthesia before)	48	40
	No	72	60
Number of attempts	Once	59	49.2
	Repeated	61	50.8
Intraoperative pain	Yes	24	20
	No	96	80
PONV	Yes	55	45.8
	No	65	54.2
Satisfaction level	Satisfied	97	80.2
	Dissatisfied	23	19.8

3.2. Parturition and clinical finding

Most of the respondents (84.2%) had undergone emergency surgery with 63.3% of fetal indications. More than half of the respondents (55.8%) were multiparous. The majority of the respondents (78.3%) had no known medical conditions (Table 2). From the participants, 48 of the mothers (40%) had been exposed to anesthesia for prior surgery and about 75% of them were done with spinal anesthesia and 12.5% of them developed complications like PDPH, back pain, and PONV. Among the participants of this research, around 24 (20%) and 55(45.8%) parturients develop intraoperative pain and PONV respectively (Table 2).

3.3. Satisfaction of parturients towards anesthesia service

Preoperative visit and information: About 64.2% of the participants were satisfied with the amount of information given about the anesthesia plan and preoperative visit. 52.5% and 58.3% of the participants were satisfied with the information about postoperative complication and explanation about the operation respectively (Table 3).

Table 3.

Responses of parturients to satisfaction statements about Anesthesia care.

Variables	Satisfied (score ≥ 69); N (%)	Dissatisfied (score < 69); N (%)
Preoperative visit and information
To What degree you satisfied with the amount of information given about the anesthesia plan?	77 (64.2%)	43 (35.8%)
To what degree you satisfied with the explanation about the operation?	70 (58.3%)	50 (41.7%)
To what degree you satisfied with preoperative Visit	77 (64.2%)	43 (35.8%)
To what degree you satisfied with the information about postoperative complication	63 (52.5%)	57 (47.5%)
Pain therapy and intraoperative care
To what degree did you have confidence in the staff of the operating theatre?	106 (88.3%)	14 (11.7%)
To what degree you were satisfied with pain therapy after surgery	92 (76.7%)	28 (23.3%)
How you satisfied with the absence of pain at the puncture site	98 (81.7%)	22 (18.3%)
How you satisfied with the absence of pain during the operation	118 (98.3%)	2 (1.7%)
Post-operative and quality care
How would you rate the quality of your overall care at the facility?	100 (83.3%)	20 (16.7%)
How satisfied were you with the treatment of nausea and vomiting after the operation	100 (83.3%)	20 (16.7%)
How would you rate the quality of your overall care by the anesthetist?	87 (72.5%)	33 (27.5%)
Patient – anesthetist relationship
Did the staff of the operating theatre show understanding for your situation?	56 (46.7%)	64 (53.3%)
Are you comfortable positioning when SA being given	73 (60.8%)	47 (39.2%)
Were staff in the operating theatre respectful?	81 (67.5%)	39 (32.5%)
Did the staff of the operating theatre pay attention to you as an individual?	95 (79.2%)	25 (20.8%)
To what degree did your anesthesia practitioners pay attention to your complaints like pain and nausea	119 (99.2%)	1 (0.8%)
To what degree was the anesthesia team willing to listen to your questions	111 (92.5%)	9 (7.5%)

Pain therapy and intraoperative care: 88.3% and 81.7% of parturients were confident with the staff in the operating theater and were satisfied with the absence of pain at the puncture site respectively (Table 3).

Post-operative and quality care: 83.3% of parturients were satisfied with the overall quality of care and treatment of PONV, 72.5% of the participants satisfied with the quality of the anesthetist's care (Table 3).

Patient – anesthetist relationship: 99.2% of participants were satisfied with the anesthesia professional's attention to the complaints like pain and nausea. 92.5% of parturients were satisfied with the anesthesia team willing to listen to the participant's questions (Table 3).

3.4. Distribution of satisfaction level among the independent variables

The total score of satisfaction level above and equal to 69 was considered as satisfied. Most of the participants had age ≤30 were more satisfied than being the age of >30 years. Parturients being literate and came from the rural area were more dissatisfied. Repeated spinal anesthesia needle insertion attempt was risk factors for dissatisfaction (Table 4).

Table 4.

Level of maternal satisfaction in related with different risk factors of participants (n = 120; with chi-square test), 2019.

Variable	Categories	Satisfied (score ≥ 69); N (%)	Dissatisfied (score < 69); N (%)
Age	>30	19 (79.2)	5 (20.8)
	≤30	78 (81.2)	18 (18.8)
BMI	<18.5	45 (83.3)	9 (16.7)
	18.5–24.9	44 (77.2)	13 (22.8)
	≥25	8 (88.9)	1 (11.1)
Educational level	Illiterate	57 (13.6)	9 (86.4)
	Literate	40 (74.1)	14 (25.9)
Marital status	Married	86 (83.5)	17 (16.5)
	Single	11 (64.7)	6 (35.3)
Residency	Urban	52 (76.5)	16 (23.5)
	Rural	45 (86.5)	7 (13.5)
Religion	Orthodox	87 (82.9)	18 (17.1)
	Muslim	3 (50)	3 (50)
	Protestant	7 (77.8)	2 (22.2)
Employment	Employed	34 (81)	8 (19)
	Unemployed	63 (80.8)	15 (19.2)
Any medical history	Yes	20 (76.9)	6 (23.1)
	No	77 (81.9)	17 (18.1)
Parity	Primipara	43 (81.1)	10 (18.9)
	Multipara	54 (80.6)	13 (19.4)
Previous anesthesia	Yes	44 (91.7)	4 (8.3)
	No	53 (73.6)	19 (26.4)
Intraoperative pain	Yes	19 (79.2)	5 (20.8)
	No	78 (81.2)	18 (18.8)
Number of attempts	Once	50 (84.7)	9 (15.3)
	Twice and above	47 (77)	14 (23)
PONV	Yes	45 (82.8)	10 (18.2)
	No	52 (80)	13 (20)
Type of surgery	Emergency	80 (80)	20 (20)
	Elective	17 (85)	3 (15)

PONV: postoperative Nausea Vomiting; BMI: Body Mass Index.

3.5. Factor analysis

Factor analysis was done by bivariable and multivariable logestic regression. Based on the result of the regression, five factors were detected with bivariable analysis and only having previous anesthesia was significantly associated with the level of satisfaction (Table 5).

Table 5.

Factors associated with the level of satisfaction for parturients who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia at the General Hospital (Bivariable and Multivariable logistic regression), 2019.

Variables	Categories	COR, 95% CI & P-value	AOR, 95% CI & P- value
Residency	Urban	1.98, 0.75–5.24, 0.12
	Rural	1
Previous anesthesia	Yes	0.25, 0.08–0.8, 0.01	3.94, 1.25–12.45, 0.02
	No	1	1
Education	Illiterate	0.45, 0.18–1.14, 0.07
	Literate	1
Number of attempts	Once	0.6, 0.24–1.54, 0.2
	Repeated	1
Marital status	Single	1
	Married	0.36, 0.12–1.11,0.07

COR: crude odds ratio; CI: confidence Interval; AOR: adjusted odds ratio.

4. Discussion

Researches aimed to assess patient satisfaction in the perioperative period is important as it helps us in improving the quality of overall patient care and anesthesia-related quality cares as well [18,19]. Multidimensional perspectives were considered for predictors of maternal satisfaction [23]. Having different complications and side effects of spinal anesthesia in addition to sociodemographic factors might be the predictors of satisfaction level [15]. Possible reasons for the satisfaction/dissatisfaction might be interpersonal variation based on expectations, resources, socioeconomic variation, poor communication between the parturients and staffs, lack of adequate anesthesia, and ignored postoperative patient follow up by the anesthetist.

Several aspects of perioperative care that were thought to likely influence maternal satisfaction were assessed. The satisfaction was assessed based on different perspectives in the preoperative visit and information communication between the mothers and the anesthesia provider, intraoperative patient care and quality of management, postoperative management approach, and overall interaction between the staffs and the parturients.

Although most studies report high satisfaction levels for spinal anesthesia, the satisfaction rate can be overestimated because patients like to please service providers by replying ‘satisfied’. To overcome this limitation, the current study was conducted by trained personal who are not directly involved in that patient's care and by using the Likert scale.

The overall satisfaction rate of mothers who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia in this study was 97(80.2%) with 33.3% of refusal for spinal anesthesia in the future. In our study, the satisfaction level of parturients was vary based on each activity. The satisfaction level was 83.3% with PONV treatment, it was 98.3% with intraoperative analgesia which is satisfactory. Regarding preoperative activities, the satisfaction level was between 52.5% and 64.2% which needs improvement to scale up the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Satisfaction for postoperative patient care by the anesthetist was 72.5% which is still low and improvement might be required.

The result of a study done in Bahawalpur is approachable with the overall satisfaction of parturients was 81.4%. The satisfaction score with PONV was 98.17%, with intraoperative pain and discomfort was 74.09% and with postoperative backache was 76.83% [3].

According to a study done in Tunisia to assess the satisfaction of participants towards spinal anesthesia; 16.4% of them were dissatisfied with the care. The dissatisfaction was provoked by complications and side effects of spinal anesthesia [15].

The dissatisfaction level of mothers who gave birth in Korea was 3.7% with spinal anesthesia. This is much less than the current study since it is 19.8%, possibly due to different factors like sociodemographic factors, lifestyle of the participants, setup variation of the clinical care [24].

By considering the marital status and intraoperative pain as a factor; the satisfaction level of parturients who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in Eritrea hospital was 87.9%. This is higher than our result which might be due to setup difference, socioeconomic difference, expectation difference among the participants [19]. According to another study done in Gondar and Iran to assess the level of satisfaction; the overall satisfaction of the parturients was 82.3% and 83.8% respectively. The predictors of the former level were a single spinal attempt, successful block, less level of PDPH, and prophylactic antiemetic. The type of surgery for the latter was only elective cesarean section [25,26].

Studies having higher satisfaction level than the current study was revealed that the overall satisfaction level of participants based on two studies were 90.1% and 96.2% with an increased number of attempt, pain during block, inadequate intraoperative analgesia, and postoperative urinary retention as a predictor of the left dissatisfaction [27,28].

Although satisfaction level of our study was affected by the number of attempt of spinal block, residency of the parturients, previous anesthesia, educational status, and marital status, having previous anesthesia was the independent factors which have a significant association with the dependent factor with AOR, 3.94; 95%CI, 1.24–12.45; P- 0.01. Having an increased educational level have less satisfaction level which might be due to high expectations. Having previous anesthesia is 3.94 times more satisfied. This is due to parturients who were exposed to anesthesia before might be familiar with the environment and the activities with the possible coping mechanisms. Therefore these participants were satisfied than those of have no previous exposure.

5. Conclusion

In general, the overall satisfaction of the mothers towards spinal anesthesia was fair with a satisfaction score of 80.2%. Relatively, the parturients were highly dissatisfied on preoperative visit and information subscale as compared to the other subscales. Therefore in the preoperative period, adequate information regarding to the anesthesia and the surgery with possible complications and side effects is better to address for the parturients. All care providers better to give attention to the concerns and issues raised by the client. By doing such activities in the perioperative period, quality of care and satisfaction might be improved.

5.1. Limitation

The total rate of cesarean section was limited to include a large sample size and apply the probability sampling technique. Therefore, we used a reduction formula to get the sample size and incorporate all parturients who gave birth with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia within the study period.

Sources of funding

None.

Availability of data

All the necessary data will be provided for reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

Basazinew Chekol Demilew developed the proposal, collected the data, analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. Dagninet Getu, Desalegn Tesfaw and Moges Gelaw Taye revised the proposal, involved in data collection, data analysis and manuscript preparation.

Ethical approval

Ethical clearance and permission was obtained from Debre Tabor University, Collage of Health Science, and research and community service coordinator office. Confidentiality of the information were assured by using code numbers than personal identification like names and keeping questionnaires locked in a secured place.

Trial registry number

Registered at https://www.researchregistry.com with researchregistry6608.

Guarantor

Basazinew Chekol Demilew (B.C. Demilew).

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors have no conflict interest.

Abbreviations

AOR

Adjusted Odds Ratio

BMI

Body Mass Index

CI

Confidence Interval

COR

Crudes Odds Ratio

C/S

Cesarean section

PDPH

Post-Dural Puncture Headache

PONV

Postoperative Nausea Vomiting

SA

spinal Anesthesia

SPSS

Statistical Package for Social Science

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article: