Table 3.
Comparison of lockdown and weekend effects on objective sleep architecture for selected subgroups
| Lockdown effect | Weekend effect | Interaction term | Between subgroup effect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min (SD) | p | Min (SD) | p | Min (SD) | p | p | ||
| Morningness chronotype, N = 97 | TST | 4.2 (2.85) | 0.14 | 11.86 (3.81) | <0.01 | 12.32 (3.3) | 0.30 |
TST: 0.95 REM: 0.29 N2: 0.41 SOD: 0.70 N3: 0.81 |
| REM | 4.47 (1.61) | <0.01 | 6.73 (1.79) | <0.01 | 9.06 (1.96) | 0.29 | ||
| N2 | 0.5 (2.51) | 0.84 | 4.07 (2.69) | 0.16 | 3.47 (3.09) | 0.76 | ||
| SOD | 2.32 (0.74) | <0.01 | −0.19 (0.9) | 0.79 | 1.21 (0.92) | 0.38 | ||
| N3 | −0.8 (1.41) | 0.57 | 1.07 (1.12) | 0.24 | −0.24 (1.77) | 0.54 | ||
| Eveningness chronotype, N = 78 | TST | 5.79 (4.81) | 0.23 | 28.89 (5.91) | <0.01 | 26.12 (6.53) | 0.18 | |
| REM | 4.97 (2.37) | 0.03 | 19.88 (3.31) | <0.01 | 14.09 (3.09) | <0.01 | ||
| N2 | 1.23 (3.18) | 0.70 | 7.92 (4.06) | 0.05 | 11.71 (3.83) | 0.57 | ||
| SOD | 1.53 (1.07) | 0.15 | −0.58 (2.01) | 0.77 | −0.74 (1.41) | 0.46 | ||
| N3 | −0.38 (1.49) | 0.80 | 1.2 (1.46) | 0.41 | 0.29 (1.75) | 0.78 | ||
| ISI <10, N = 233 | TST | 8.29 (1.85) | <0.01 | 18.94 (3.13) | <0.01 | 20 (2.78) | 0.02 |
TST: <0.01 REM: 0.03 N2: 0.77 SOD: <0.01 N3: <0.01 |
| REM | 5.09 (1.19) | <0.01 | 10.99 (1.7) | <0.01 | 10.91 (1.55) | <0.01 | ||
| N2 | 2.68 (1.46) | 0.06 | 8.65 (2.16) | <0.01 | 8.3 (1.9) | 0.20 | ||
| SOD | 0.8 (0.46) | 0.08 | −1.43 (0.56) | 0.01 | −0.79 (0.6) | 0.89 | ||
| N3 | 0.52 (0.72) | 0.47 | −0.7 (0.88) | 0.58 | 0.76 (0.9) | 0.34 | ||
| ISI ≥10, N = 366 | TST | 0.99 (1.82) | 0.56 | 17.39 (2.42) | <0.01 | 14.74 (2.41) | 0.17 | |
| REM | 2.88 (1.02) | <0.01 | 11.7 (1.24) | <0.01 | 10.61 (1.28) | <0.01 | ||
| N2 | 1.33 (1.39) | 0.28 | 5.33 (1.78) | <0.01 | 6.71 (1.72) | 0.93 | ||
| SOD | 2.39 (0.48) | <0.01 | −0.62 (0.68) | 0.34 | 1.49 (0.61) | 0.61 | ||
| N3 | −3.19 (0.69) | <0.01 | 0.37 (0.71) | 0.56 | −2.52 (0.85) | 0.63 | ||
| HADS-A ≤10, N = 487 | TST | 4.27 (1.47) | <0.01 | 17.21 (2.09) | <0.01 | 17.48 (1.99) | 0.08 |
TST: 0.99 REM: 0.17 N2: 0.11 SOD: 0.13 N3: 0.40 |
| REM | 3.79 (0.85) | <0.01 | 10.74 (1.1) | <0.01 | 10.69 (1.09) | <0.01 | ||
| N2 | 2.25 (1.09) | 0.03 | 6.74 (1.5) | <0.01 | 8.23 (1.37) | 0.78 | ||
| SOD | 1.74 (0.38) | <0.01 | −0.9 (0.52) | 0.10 | 0.68 (0.5) | 0.70 | ||
| N3 | −1.76 (0.56) | <0.01 | −0.26 (0.61) | 0.89 | −1.42 (0.7) | 0.42 | ||
| HADS-A >10, N = 112 | TST | 1.93 (3.17) | 0.54 | 21.47 (4.69) | <0.01 | 13.77 (4.57) | 0.03 | |
| REM | 3.55 (1.88) | 0.06 | 14.37 (2.49) | <0.01 | 10.89 (2.35) | <0.01 | ||
| N2 | 0.16 (2.74) | 0.95 | 6.21 (3.43) | 0.06 | 3.43 (3.39) | 0.37 | ||
| SOD | 1.92 (0.79) | 0.01 | −1.13 (1.08) | 0.22 | 0.28 (0.91) | 0.72 | ||
| N3 | −1.71 (1.2) | 0.15 | 0.88 (1.33) | 0.50 | −0.47 (1.45) | 0.68 |
TST = total sleep time; SOD = sleep onset delay/latency (time from lights out to falling asleep); REM = rapid eye movement sleep; N2 = light sleep; N3 = deep sleep; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; HADS-A = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—anxiety; SD = standard deviation.