Abstract
Background
Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a marker of platelet size and activity, and is associated with a poor prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown a relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and MPV. This study examined the relationship between admission MPV and 2-year cardiac mortality in patients with DM and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods
A total of 1389 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups according to MPV as follows: lower MPV (n = 908, MPV ≤ 10.9 fL) and higher MPV (n = 481, MPV > 10.9 fL).
Results
Body mass index, platelet distribution width, MPV/platelet and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly higher in the higher MPV group compared with the lower MPV group (all p < 0.05). The platelet count was significantly lower in the higher MPV group compared with the lower MPV group (p < 0.05). MPV was positively associated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels (r = 0.073 and 0.061, p = 0.007 and 0.023, respectively) in bivariate correlation analysis. The 2-year cardiac mortality rate was 0.7%, and was significantly lower in the lower MPV group than in the higher MPV group in Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.019). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a good diagnostic value for MPV at predicting long-term cardiac mortality (area under the curve: 0.735, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.590–0.880, p = 0.01). Elevated MPV was a significant risk factor for 2-year cardiac mortality (hazard ratio: 2.091, 95% CI: 1.075–4.070, p = 0.030) in multivariable Cox regression analysis.
Conclusions
Mean platelet volume is a strong, independent prognostic factor in PCI-treated patients with DM and SCAD.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, stable coronary artery disease, cardiac mortality, percutaneous coronary intervention
Introduction
Platelets play an important role in the onset of cardiovascular disease [1]. Platelet activation is associated with death, myocardial infarction (MI), and other cardiovascular events [2, 3]. Monitoring the function of platelets may help evaluate the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and prognosis. However, because testing platelet function is a time-consuming, costly, and technically challenging process, it is not widely used. Larger platelets contain more dense granules, express more adhesion receptors, and have higher thrombotic activity, which can reflect the degree of platelet activation [4, 5]. Therefore, platelet volume has been proposed as an indicator of platelet reactivity. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a precise measure of platelet size, and is reported during a complete blood count analysis. This index is cost-effective and accessible.
Previous studies have reported a relationship between MPV and diabetes mellitus (DM). Platelets of patients with DM are characterized by dysregulation of several signaling pathways, resulting in increased platelet reactivity [6]. Increased platelet size and activity may play a role in the observed higher risk for developing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and worse outcomes in patients with DM [7].
Previous studies have examined MPV in the development of CAD [3, 8–10]. MPV is an important factor for helping predict the prognosis of patients with CAD [6, 11–13]. Few studies have examined MPV in patients with stable CAD (SCAD) and DM. Additionally, the prognostic relevance of DM on clinical outcome is less apparent in Asian populations compared with Western populations [14, 15].
The current study aimed to examine the relationship between MPV at admission and clinical outcomes in patients with DM and SCAD undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study also aimed to evaluate whether this index can be used as a marker of long-term prognosis.
Methods
Study population
Patients enrolled were admitted to Fuwai Hospital were diagnosed with SCAD, and underwent elective PCI between January 2013 and December 2013. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles contained within the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Institutional Review Board of Fuwai Hospital approved the study protocol. All participants provided written informed consent before the intervention.
Laboratory examination and procedural details
Venous blood samples were collected at admission in standardized dipotassium EDTA tubes. Samples were tested within 2 h of collection to minimize variations due to sample aging. MPV and platelets were measured using an automated blood counter (Sysmex XN-2000 Hematology System; Sysmex Corp., Kobe, Japan). Before the procedure, if patients with elective PCI were not taking long-term acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, they received a loading dose of clopidogrel (300 mg). Coronary angiography and PCI were performed using standard protocols and guidelines.
Definitions and endpoints
Patients were divided into three groups according to the MPV value (≤ 10.1 fL, group 1; 10.1–10.9 fL, group 2; > 10.9 fL, group 3). Groups 1 and 2 were combined and defined as the lower MPV group (≤ 10.9 fL) and group 3 was defined as the higher MPV group (> 10.9 fL). DM was defined as follows: (a) Pre-existing condition diagnosed before admission (patients on insulin, oral glucose-lowering drugs, or therapeutic diet); and (b) Newly diagnosed DM based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose levels ≥ 11.1 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test [16]. SCAD was generally characterized by episodes of reversible myocardial demand/supply mismatch related to ischemia or hypoxia usually induced by exercise, emotion, or other stresses, but it may have also spontaneously occurred. Such episodes of ischemia/hypoxia were commonly associated with transient chest discomfort (angina pectoris). SCAD also included stabilized, often asymptomatic, phases that follow acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [17]. Death that could not be attributed to a noncardiac etiology was considered as cardiac mortality, such as intra-stent thrombosis, MI, and sudden death in this cohort.
Follow-up of patients
All patients were scheduled for a 2-year clinical follow-up. Patients were clinically monitored for major cardiovascular events. The primary end-point was cardiac mortality. Follow-up data were obtained at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years by telephone calls, out-patient follow-ups, or letters. Patients were advised to return for coronary angiography if clinically indicated by symptoms or documentation of myocardial ischemia.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) and were compared using the Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine whether random samples had a normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages, and were compared using the χ2 test or the Fisher exact test. In-hospital and 2-year survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Relationships between MPV and variables were estimated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were estimated for MPV. ROC analysis was used to identify possible cut-offs for predicting 2-year cardiac mortality. Clinically important variables (age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ejection fraction, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) were entered into multivariate Cox analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for identifying independent predictors of 2-year cardiac mortality, while adjusting for potential confounders. A two-tailed p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., College Station, TX).
Results
A total of 1389 consecutive patients were enrolled. Follow-up at 2 years was completed for 1380 (99.4%) patients.
Patient characteristics and outcomes according to MPV level and DM
Baseline characteristics according to MPV and DM are shown in Table 1. The higher MPV group had a higher body mass index (p = 0.003), platelet distribution width (p < 0.001), MPV/PLT (p < 0.001), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (p = 0.023), but a lower platelet count (p < 0.001), compared with the lower MPV group. Angiographic characteristics according to MPV are shown in Table 2. The higher MPV group had a higher SYNTAX score and more often had severe CAD (left main stenosis and/or 3-vessel disease) compared with the lower MPV group, but these differences were not significant. There were no significant differences in lesions of the left anterior descending, left circumflex coronary, and right coronary arteries between the groups.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population.
| MPV ≤ 10.9 (n = 908) | MPV > 10.9 (n = 481) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 59.2 ± 9.5 | 58.7 ± 9.4 | 0.409 |
| Sex (male) | 691 (76.1%) | 367 (76.3%) | 0.934 |
| Weight [kg] | 74.2 ± 11.3 | 76.2 ± 11.6 | 0.002 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 26.1 ± 3.1 | 26.7 ± 3.3 | 0.003 |
| Systolic BP [mmHg] | 129.2 ± 16.6 | 129.9 ± 17.2 | 0.475 |
| LVEF [%] | 63.4 ± 7.5 | 63.0 ± 6.9 | 0.329 |
| Past medical history: | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 698 (76.9%) | 340 (70.7%) | 0.012 |
| Smoker: | 0.615 | ||
| Active smoker | 482 (53.1%) | 267 (55.5%) | |
| Previous smoker | 15 (1.7%) | 6 (1.2%) | |
| Hypertension | 621 (68.4%) | 337 (70.1%) | 0.522 |
| Previous MI | 227 (25.0%) | 141 (29.3%) | 0.083 |
| Previous PCI | 290 (31.9%) | 135 (28.1%) | 0.136 |
| Previous CABG | 40 (4.4%) | 32 (6.7%) | 0.072 |
| Previous CVD | 114 (12.6%) | 59 (12.3%) | 0.877 |
| Laboratory finding: | |||
| Platelet count [×109/L] | 206.7 ± 50.6 | 173.5 ± 45.4 | < 0.001 |
| MPV/PLT | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin [g/L] | 142.1 ± 16.1 | 143.8 ± 14.5 | 0.049 |
| Hematocrit [%] | 41.4 ± 4.2 | 42.1 ± 3.9 | 0.004 |
| WBC [×109/L] | 6.72 ± 1.71 | 6.72 ± 1.77 | 0.949 |
| RBC [×1012/L] | 4.64 ± 0.52 | 4.69 ± 0.50 | 0.059 |
| RDW [%] | 12.8 ± 0.6 | 12.8 ± 0.7 | 0.177 |
| PDW [%] | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 14.8 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| FPG [mmol/L] | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 0.061 |
| eGFR [mL/min/1.73 m2] | 91.9 ± 14.5 | 91.2 ± 15.8 | 0.379 |
| HbA1c [%] | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 0.023 |
| hsCRP [mg/L] | 1.47 (0.77, 3.07) | 1.44 (0.73, 3.17) | 0.539 |
| BNP [pmol/L] | 444 (568, 748) | 591 (447, 791) | 0.262 |
| ET-1 [pmol/L] | 0.29 ± 0.17 | 0.30 ± 0.15 | 0.396 |
| Uric acid [mg/dL] | 5.52 ± 1.34 | 5.64 ± 1.45 | 0.128 |
| TG [mmol/L] | 1.47 (1.12, 2.05) | 1.56 (1.12, 2.23) | 0.076 |
| TC [mmol/L] | 3.86 (3.30, 4.64) | 3.90 (3.35, 4.72) | 0.556 |
| HDL-C [mmol/L] | 0.99 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.120 |
| LDL-C [mmol/L] | 2.20 (1.77, 2.83) | 2.24 (1.78, 2.81) | 0.876 |
| Concomitant medication in hospital: | |||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 901 (99.2%) | 475 (98.8%) | 0.380 |
| Clopidogrel | 896 (98.7%) | 476 (99.0%) | 0.649 |
| Beta-blocker | 849 (93.5%) | 439 (91.3%) | 0.127 |
| Statins | 860 (94.7%) | 459 (95.4%) | 0.564 |
Data are presented as number (percentage) for categorical data and mean ± standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for continuous data, depending on distribution of the data. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive medication. Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol levels > 5.98 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein levels ≥ 2.59 mmol/L, or high-density lipoprotein levels ≤ 1.59 mmol/L. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Study equation.
BMI — body mass index; BNP — B-type natriuretic peptide; BP — blood pressure; CABG — coronary artery bypass grafting; CVD — cardiovascular disease; eGFR — estimated glomerular filtration rate; ET-1 — endothelin-1; FPG — fasting plasma glucose; HbAlc — glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C — high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP — high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C — low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF — left ventricular ejection fraction; MI — myocardial infarction; MPV — mean platelet volume; PCI — percutaneous coronary intervention; PDW — platelet distribution width; RBC — red blood cells; RDW — red cell distribution width; TC — totalcholesterol; TG — triglycerides; WBC — white blood cells
Table 2.
Angiographic and procedural characteristics.
| MPV ≤ 10.9 (n = 908) | MPV > 10.9 (n = 481) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Angiographic features: | |||
| Multivessel disease | 743 (71.8%) | 410 (85.2%) | 0.266 |
| LM/trivessel disease | 483 (53.2%) | 272 (56.5%) | 0.232 |
| Artery treated: | |||
| LM | 21 (2.3%) | 16 (3.3%) | 0.264 |
| LAD | 811 (89.3%) | 420 (87.3%) | 0.264 |
| LCX | 171 (18.8%) | 86 (17.9%) | 0.663 |
| RCA | 168 (18.5%) | 117 (24.3%) | 0.011 |
| Complex type C lesions | 528 (58.1%) | 284 (59.0%) | 0.865 |
| Lesion length [mm] | 32.4 ± 18.6 | 33.2 ± 17.0 | 0.445 |
| Vessel diameter [mm] | 3.10 ± 0.51 | 3.11 ± 0.52 | 0.564 |
| Calcified lesions | 540 (59.5%) | 269 (55.9%) | 0.161 |
| Bifurcation | 132 (14.5%) | 85 (17.7%) | 0.126 |
| Intracoronary thrombus | 40 (4.5%) | 16 (3.4%) | 0.242 |
| Chronic occlusion | 179 (19.7%) | 92 (19.1%) | 0.793 |
| In-stent restenosis | 42 (4.6%) | 24 (5.0%) | 0.525 |
| PMI | 12 (1.3%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.231 |
| SYNTAX score | 13.0 ± 8.3 | 13.2 ± 7.7 | 0.541 |
| TIMI flow: | 0.807 | ||
| 3 | 872 (96.0%) | 462 (96.0%) | |
| 2 | 11 (1.2%) | 6 (1.2%) | |
| 1 | 5 (0.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| 0 | 20 (2.2%) | 12 (2.5%) | |
| Successful PCI | 856 (94.3%) | 464 (96.5%) | 0.181 |
| Stent implantation | 844 (93.0%) | 457 (95.0%) | 0.134 |
Data are presented as number (percentage) for categorical data and mean ± standard deviation for continuous data. LAD — left anterior descending artery; LCX — left circumflex coronary artery; LM — left main; MPV — mean platelet volume; RCA — right coronary artery; PMI — periprocedural myocardial infarction; TIMI — Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction
Effect of high MPV on cardiac mortality of patients with DM
Over the 2-year follow-up, 3 of 908 patients died in the lower MPV group and 7 of 481 patients died in the higher MPV group for cardiac reasons (p = 0.038) (Table 3). Among all patients, 7 died of stent thrombosis, 1 died of MI, and 2 died of sudden cardiac death. The cardiac mortality rate was 0.7%. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a higher 2-year cardiac mortality rate in the higher MPV group than in the lower MPV group (p = 0.019) (Fig. 1). Cox regression showed that MPV was significantly associated with 2-year cardiac mortality when analyzed as a continuous variable in the univariate model (HR = 2.090, 95% CI: 1.217–3.589, p = 0.008) and multivariate models. Similar findings were observed when MPV was analyzed as a binary variable (Table 4).
Table 3.
Two-year follow-up clinical outcomes.
| MPV ≤ 10.9 (n = 908) | MPV > 10.9 (n = 481) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause death | 10 (1.1%) | 9 (1.9%) | 0.237 |
| Cardiac mortality | 3 (0.3%) | 7 (1.5%) | 0.038 |
| Myocardial infarction | 21 (2.3%) | 5 (1.0%) | 0.143 |
| Revascularization | 82 (9.0%) | 47 (9.8%) | 0.651 |
| TVR | 55 (6.1%) | 30 (6.2%) | 0.894 |
| TLR | 46 (5.1%) | 22 (4.6%) | 0.686 |
| Stent thrombosis | 10 (1.1%) | 4 (0.8%) | 0.782 |
| Stroke | 15 (1.7%) | 7 (1.5%) | 0.780 |
| Bleeding | 59 (6.5%) | 32 (6.7%) | 0.912 |
| Severe bleeding | 4 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.305 |
| MACE | 116 (12.8%) | 65 (13.5%) | 0.697 |
Data are presented as number (percentage). MACE — major adverse cardiovascular events; MPV — mean platelet volume; TLR — target lesion revascularization; TVR — target vessel revascularization
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves for cardiac mortality. Cumulative Kaplan-Meier event curves for 2-year cardiac mortality were significantly higher in the higher mean platelet volume (MPV) group than in the lower MPV group.
Table 4.
Association between mean platelet volume and cardiac mortality.
| HR | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MPV (per 1 fL increment) | 2.090 | 1.217–3.589 | 0.008 |
| Model 1 | 2.063 | 1.218–3.494 | 0.007 |
| Model 2 | 2.016 | 1.051–3.870 | 0.035 |
| Model 3 | 2.091 | 1.075–4.070 | 0.030 |
| MPV (2 groups) | 4.401 | 1.138–17.017 | 0.032 |
| Model 1 | 4.577 | 1.181–17.737 | 0.028 |
| Model 2 | 5.652 | 1.270–25.146 | 0.023 |
| Model 3 | 5.773 | 1.283–25.981 | 0.022 |
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index.
Model 2: Model 1 + hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and left ventricular ejection fraction.
Model 3: Model 2 + estimated glomerular filtration rate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
CI — confidence interval; HR — hazard ratio
Patients with DM with or without requirement for insulin
Mean platelet volume was similar in patients with DM who required insulin and those who did not require insulin (p = 0.853). No significant difference in cardiac mortality was observed between patients with or without insulin (p = 0.986). Cox regression analysis showed no significant difference between patients with or without insulin (HR = 0.892, 95% CI: 0.230–3.463, p = 0.869).
ROC analysis
In patients with DM, ROC analysis showed good diagnostic value for MPV at predicting 2-year cardiac mortality (area under the curve = 0.735, 95% CI: 0.590–0.880, p = 0.01) (Fig. 2). The cut-off value was 10.65 fL.
Figure 2.
Receiver operating characteristic curve of mean platelet volume for predicting 2-year cardiac mortality; AUC — area under the curve.
Bivariate analysis of MPV, HbA1c, and FPG
Mean platelet volume was significantly positively correlated with HbA1c (r = 0.073, p = 0.007) and FPG levels (r = 0.061, p = 0.023) in bivariate analysis (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Correlation analysis. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (A) and MPV was positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (B).
Discussion
In this study, the relationship between MPV at admission and 2-year cardiac mortality in patients with DM and SCAD who underwent elective PCI was examined. The present study found that: 1) The cardiac mortality rate was significantly higher in the higher MPV group compared with the lower MPV group, 2) MPV was positively correlated with HbA1c and FPG levels, although the association was weak, and 3) MPV was not associated with the extent of CAD.
Mean platelet volume is influenced by multiple risk factors for CAD, including DM, impaired fasting glucose, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome [18–20]. In a study of 1411 patients [10], MPV was found to correlate with the frequency of DM and baseline glycemia. Shimodaira et al. [21] found that in prediabetic and normoglycemic patients, MPV was positively correlated with FPG levels. Verdoia et al. [22] also observed a similar phenomenon in their study of 3414 patients who underwent coronary angiography. In this study, it was found that MPV was positively correlated with HbA1c and FPG levels, but this association was weak. A possible reason for this finding may be that some other features, such as hypertension and other metabolic disorders, in addition to diabetes, affected platelet size.
Previous studies on the relationship between MPV and the severity of CAD in patients with DM are inconsistent. Sahin et al. [23] found that increased MPV was positively associated with the severity of CAD in patients with STEMI and DM. Abali et al. [24] reported that a high MPV may be an effective marker in determining the severity of CAD in patients with DM, and that a high MPV level may be associated with CAD pathophysiology in patients with DM. However, Lekston et al. [6] did not find a relationship between MPV and the number of diseased coronary arteries in patients with STEMI and DM who received primary PCI. In the current study, MPV in patients with DM who received elective PCI was examined. It was found that the incidence rate of left main and/or 3-vessel disease and SYNTAX score appeared to be higher in the higher MPV group, but this was not significant. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between MPV and the severity of CAD in patients with DM.
Previous studies have reported that pre-procedural elevated MPV is associated with the incidence of major adverse cardiac events following PCI [25]. Most of these studies were conducted in patients with ACS. A meta-analysis [26] reported that MPV was higher in patients who developed cardiovascular events than in non-cardiovascular event patients, particularly those with MI and death. MPV may be a predictive factor of future MI or death in patients with ACS. Lekston et al. [6] studied the association between MPV at admission and clinical outcomes in patients with DM and STEMI. They found that MPV had good prognostic value for in-hospital and late mortality. In the current study, it was found that MPV had good prognostic value for 2-year cardiac mortality in patients with DM and SCAD, which is consistent with previous studies. However, Shah et al. [27] analyzed MPV in 1512 patients who received PCI and did not find any correlation between MPV and long-term mortality. A possible reason for this lack of findings is that they enrolled diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
The possible mechanisms behind increased major cardiovascular events in patients with high MPV may be an increase in platelet activity and aggregation. Platelet turnover also increases in these patients. There is an increased release of young, large, and reactive platelets from mega-karyocytes in bone marrow, which results in an increased measurement of MPV. High platelet turnover has been reported to be associated with soluble P-selectin (a platelet activation marker), platelet aggregation [28], and inadequate responses to antiplatelet drugs [29, 30]. Platelets in people with type 2 DM adhere to the vascular endothelium and aggregate more readily than those in healthy people. Loss of sensitivity to the normal restraints exercised by prostacyclin and nitric oxide generated by the vascular endothelium is a major defect in platelet function. Insulin is a natural antagonist of platelet hyperactivity. Insulin sensitizes platelets to PGI2 and enhances endothelial generation of PGI2 and nitric oxide. Defects in the action of insulin in DM create a condition of disordered platelet activity, which is conducive to macrovascular and microvascular events [31].
Limitations of the study
This study has some limitations. First, this was an observational, single-center study and was thus prone to bias and unintentional confounding. Second, we did not assess platelet function at the same time. Finally, the cohort only included those who underwent elective PCI rather than PCI following ACS. Therefore, the rate of major cardiovascular events was lower compared with similar previous studies.
Conclusions
Mean platelet volume is a strong, independent prognostic factor in PCI-treated patients with DM and SCAD.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 13th Five-Year Plan of China (No. 2016YFC1301301); and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81770365). We thank Alexander Pishief, LLB, BBmedSc, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: None declared
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