EDITOR IN CHIEF (2021)
Harold L. Drake
University of Bayreuth
EDITORS
Gladys Alexandre, Editor (2024)
University of Tennessee
Haruyuki Atomi, Editor (2021)
Kyoto University
Johanna Björkroth, Editor (2023)
University of Helsinki
Isaac Cann, Editor (2022)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Charles M. Dozois, Editor (2025)
INRS—Institut Armand-Frappier
Irina S. Druzhinina, Editor (2023)
Nanjing Agricultural University
Edward G. Dudley, Editor (2025)
The Pennsylvania State University
Christopher A. Elkins, Editor (2023)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Danilo Ercolini, Editor (2024)
University of Naples Federico II
Karyn N. Johnson, Editor (2023)
University of Queensland
Robert M. Kelly, Editor (2022)
North Carolina State University
Maia Kivisaar, Editor (2022)
Tartu University
Shuang-Jiang Liu, Editor (2021)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Emma Master, Editor (2021)
University of Toronto
Andrew J. McBain, Editor and Cover Editor (2021)
University of Manchester
Hideaki Nojiri, Editor (2022)
The University of Tokyo
Rebecca E. Parales, Editor (2021)
University of California—Davis
M. Julia Pettinari, Editor (2021)
University of Buenos Aires
Knut Rudi, Editor (2025)
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Jeremy D. Semrau, Editor (2025)
University of Michigan
Eric V. Stabb, Editor (2021)
University of Illinois at Chicago
Alfons J. M. Stams, Editor (2025)
Wageningen University
Ning-Yi Zhou, Editor (2021)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Patrick D. Schloss, Chairman, Journals Board
Stefano Bertuzzi, Chief Executive Officer
Melissa Junior, Director, Journals
Barbara S. Slinker, Production Editor
Stephanie L. D'Agostino, Assistant Production Editor
Michael E. Lerman, Assistant Production Editor
EDITORIAL BOARD
Adly M. M. Abd-Alla (2021)
Maher Abou Hachem (2023)
Lorenz Adrian (2023)
Warish Ahmed (2022)
Denise M. Akob (2023)
Birgit E. Alber (2022)
Michael S. Allen (2023)
Matthew J. Arduino (2022)
Arthur I. Aronson (2021)
Fred O. Asiegbu (2022)
Shota Atsumi (2021)
Reha O. Azizoglu (2021)
Charles W. Bacon (2021)
Matthew G. Bakker (2022)
David A. Baltrus (2021)
Jeffrey A. Banas (2021)
Ravi D. Barabote (2021)
Jeri D. Barak (2022)
Brett M. Barney (2021)
Rodolphe Barrangou (2023)
Josefina Barrera-Cortés (2021)
Mirko Basen (2021)
Dennis A. Bazylinski (2021)
Teresa M. Bergholz (2021)
Stefan Bertilsson (2021)
Jennifer F. Biddle (2021)
Kelly A. Bidle (2022)
Gabriele Bierbaum (2023)
Linda F. Bisson (2023)
Sara E. Blumer-Schuette (2021)
Christopher N. Boddy (2021)
Paul L. Bodelier (2021)
Nicholas Bokulich (2023)
E. Fidelma Boyd (2021)
Eric S. Boyd (2021)
Alejandra Bravo (2021)
Frederick Breidt (2023)
Nichole A. Broderick (2021)
Harald Bruessow (2022)
Andreas Brune (2021)
Alison Buchan (2021)
Wolfgang Buckel (2022)
Bruno Büdhler (2022)
Lindsey P. Burbank (2021)
William Burkhardt (2021)
Helen Y. Buse (2022)
Feng Cai (2023)
Douglas R. Call (2022)
Cinzia Calvio (2021)
Barbara J. Campbell (2022)
Yiping Cao (2023)
Santiago Castillo-Ramírez (2021)
Stéphane Chaillou (2021)
Woo-Suk Chang (2021)
John M. Chaston (2021)
Wilfred Chen (2021)
Yi Chen (2023)
Yuhuan Chen (2021)
Michael L. Chikindas (2022)
Ludmila Chistoserdova (2021)
Clifford G. Clark (2023)
Luca Cocolin (2023)
Nicholas V. Coleman (2023)
Don A. Cowan (2021)
Hongyue Dang (2021)
Alexandre J. da Silva (2021)
Gabriele Deckers-Hebestreit (2021)
Svetlana N. Dedysh (2021)
Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán (2023)
Xiangyu Deng (2021)
Tom Desmet (2021)
Eduardo Díaz (2022)
Alan A. DiSpirito (2022)
Jayna L. Ditty (2022)
Dylan Dodd (2021)
Jan Dolfing (2021)
Rodney M. Donlan (2022)
James S. G. Dooley (2021)
Doris D'Souza (2023)
Alain C. Dufour (2022)
Anne K. Dunn (2021)
Julie Dunning Hotopp (2023)
Jonathan Dworkin (2023)
Elizabeth A. Edwards (2022)
Armin Ehrenreich (2022)
Patrick Y. Eichenberger (2021)
Vincent Eijsink (2021)
Mark A. Eiteman (2021)
James Elkins (2022)
Kathryn T. Elliott (2021)
Mostafa S. Elshahed (2021)
David Emerson (2021)
Philipp Engel (2022)
Leonardo Erijman (2022)
Manuel Espinosa-Urgel (2021)
Oystein Evensen (2023)
Joseph O. Falkinham (2023)
Babu Z. Fathepure (2022)
J. Christopher Fenno (2022)
J. Gregory Ferry (2021)
Martin Filion (2021)
Steven E. Finkel (2022)
Jeffrey T. Foster (2021)
Philipp Franken (2021)
Michael W. Friedrich (2021)
Jonathan G. Frye (2021)
Barbara E. Funnell (2021)
Vincenzina Fusco (2021)
Shinya Fushinobu (2021)
Victor P. J. Gannon (2022)
Michael G. Gänzle (2022)
Francisco Garcia-del Portillo (2023)
Jeffrey G. Gardner (2022)
Purushottam V. Gawande (2023)
Johannes Gescher (2021)
Kristen E. Gibson (2023)
Lisa M. Gieg (2022)
Jennifer B. Glass (2023)
Emanuel Goldman (2022)
Carlos Goller (2021)
Lisa A. Gorski (2021)
Yuval Gottlieb (2021)
David E. Graham (2023)
Jeffrey A. Gralnick (2021)
Stefan J. Green (2023)
John F. Griffith (2022)
Amy M. Grunden (2021)
Ji-Dong Gu (2023)
Timothy J. Hackmann (2023)
Alison L. Halpin (2021)
Larry Halverson (2022)
Brian Hammer (2023)
Yejun Han (2023)
Thomas E. Hanson (2021)
Eiji Haramoto (2021)
Mark E. Hart (2023)
Annele I. Hatakka (2022)
Henry S. Heine (2021)
Thorsten Heinekamp (2021)
Hermann J. Heipieper (2021)
Niels B. Hendriksen (2021)
Emily B. Hollister (2021)
Devin Holman (2022)
Peiying Hong (2021)
Marcus A. Horn (2023)
Hor-Gil Hur (2022)
Michael R. Hyman (2022)
Michael F. Hynes (2022)
Kiyohiko Igarashi (2022)
Michele M. Igo (2021)
Sanja Ilic (2022)
Suzanne L. Ishaq (2021)
Satoshi Ishii (2021)
Yoshizumi Ishino (2021)
Masahiro Ito (2023)
Javier A. Izquierdo (2021)
Mohamed A. Jamal (2021)
Dieter Jendrossek (2021)
Francis E. Jenney (2022)
Ian Jenson (2023)
Zhongjun Jia (2023)
Jiandong Jiang (2023)
Weihong Jiang (2021)
Nianzhi Jiao (2023)
Jeremiah G. Johnson (2022)
Zackary I. Johnson (2021)
Jessica L. Jones (2021)
Kou-San Ju (2023)
Juan L. Jurat-Fuentes (2022)
Klaus Jürgens (2021)
Martin Kaltenpoth (2022)
Yoichi Kamagata (2021)
Sophia Kathariou (2023)
William R. Kenealy (2021)
Eungbin Kim (2021)
David H. Kingsley (2022)
Martin G. Klotz (2021)
Kalmia E. Kniel (2023)
Ryuichi Koga (2021)
Steffen Kolb (2023)
Shige Koseki (2021)
Balasubrahmanyam Kottapalli (2023)
Karin Kram (2022)
László Kredics (2023)
Christian P. Kubicek (2021)
Sergei V. Kuchin (2021)
Michael Kulka (2023)
Andrew S. Lang (2021)
Timothy M. LaPara (2021)
Giségele LaPointe (2023)
Robert A. LaRossa (2021)
Ray A. Larsen (2021)
Peter C. K. Lau (2021)
Jared R. Leadbetter (2021)
Sarah Lebeis (2023)
Paulo C. Lemos (2021)
Daniel J. Lessner (2021)
Mark A. Lever (2022)
Chunhao Li (2023)
Jianrong Li (2022)
Meng Li (2022)
Wenli Li (2022)
Xian-Zhi Li (2021)
Steven Lindow (2022)
Jian-Hua Liu (2023)
Xingyu Liu (2021)
Karen G. Lloyd (2021)
John C. Londesborough (2021)
Shi-En Lu (2023)
Xiaonan Lu (2022)
Yahai Lu (2022)
Peter Lund (2022)
Taina K. Lundell (2021)
Marciane Magnani (2021)
Mark J. Mandel (2023)
Maria L. Marco (2021)
Julia A. Maresca (2021)
Cecilia Martinez-Gomez (2022)
Ann G. Matthysse (2021)
Timothy R. McDermott (2021)
Quinn S. McFrederick (2021)
Michael J. McInerney (2022)
James B. McKinlay (2021)
Robert J. C. McLean (2021)
Aubrey F. Mendonca (2021)
J. Scott Meschke (2023)
Shirley A. Micallef (2021)
Joshua Michener (2022)
Chris H. Miller (2021)
Kathryn Milligan-Myhre (2022)
David Mills (2022)
Debra L. Milton (2022)
Matthew Moore (2023)
Robert J. Moore (2021)
Carmen I. Moraru (2021)
Rodney A. Moxley (2022)
Jochen A. M|Aduller (2021)
T. G. Nagaraja (2021)
Yuji Nagata (2021)
Brett A. Neilan (2023)
Irene L. G. Newton (2021)
Nancy N. Nichols (2021)
Jens Nielsen (2021)
Brendan A. Niemira (2021)
Dietrich H. Nies (2021)
Kendra K. Nightingale (2021)
Pablo I. Nikel (2022)
Takuro Nunoura (2021)
Andrew V. Ogram (2021)
Anil Ojha (2021)
Kerry M. Oliver (2021)
Elizabeth A. Ottesen (2023)
Kelli L. Palmer (2021)
Robert J. Palmer (2023)
Konstantinos Papadimitriou (2022)
Efstathia Papafragkou (2023)
E. Terry Papoutsakis (2023)
Hee-Deung Park (2023)
Ilenys M. Perez-Diaz (2021)
Steve J. Perlman (2023)
Gregg S. Pettis (2023)
Bodo Philipp (2023)
Laurent Philippot (2023)
Carmen Pin (2021)
Antonio G. Pisabarro (2023)
Istvan Pocsi (2021)
Monica A. Ponder (2023)
David L. Popham (2021)
Rachel Poretsky (2023)
Amy Pruden (2022)
Qingsheng Qi (2021)
Wei Qian (2021)
Ralf Rabus (2023)
Vipin Rastogi (2023)
Sylvie Rebuffat (2022)
Gemma Reguera (2021)
Gregor Reid (2021)
Christopher Rensing (2023)
Markus W. Ribbe (2021)
Peter Richard (2021)
Gary P. Richards (2023)
Jason M. Ridlon (2021)
Christian U. Riedel (2021)
Courtney J. Robinson (2021)
Daniel D. Rockey (2022)
Jorge L. M. Rodrigues (2022)
Fernando Rojo (2022)
Michael Rother (2021)
Denis Roy (2023)
Joelle K. Salazar (2022)
Irene Salinas (2022)
Robert A. Sanford (2021)
Daisuke Sano (2021)
Anderson S. Sant'Ana (2021)
R. Gary Sawers (2023)
Donald Schaffner (2023)
Birgit E. Scharf (2023)
Herb E. Schellhorn (2022)
Bernhard H. Schink (2021)
John W. Schmidt (2022)
Michael G. Schmidt (2021)
Monika Schmoll (2023)
Kathleen Scott (2022)
Yuji Sekiguchi (2021)
John M. Senko (2021)
Peter Setlow (2021)
Luca Settanni (2022)
Robert M. Q. Shanks (2021)
Manan Sharma (2021)
Umender Sharma (2021)
Thomas J. Sharpton (2022)
Xihui Shen (2023)
Masaki Shintani (2023)
Joshua D. Shrout (2021)
Mark W. Silby (2021)
Mitchell H. Singer (2023)
Steven W. Singer (2021)
Matthias Sipiczki (2022)
Panos N. Skandamis (2022)
Evan W. Skowronski (2021)
J. Leif Smith (2022)
Mario Soberon (2021)
Helena M. Solo-Gabriele (2021)
Greg A. Somerville (2023)
Stephen Spiro (2022)
Lisa Y. Stein (2022)
Alexander Steinbüchel (2023)
Roger Stephan (2023)
Ann M. Stevens (2022)
Brian Stevenson (2022)
George C. Stewart (2021)
Jill R. Stewart (2021)
Michael R. Strand (2022)
Wolfgang R. Streit (2021)
Garret Suen (2022)
Xingmin Sun (2021)
Matt D. Sweeney (2022)
Teruhiro Takabe (2022)
Hiroshi Takagi (2023)
Ben D. Tall (2023)
Takuji Tanaka (2021)
Bing Tang (2021)
Hongzhi Tang (2023)
Gerald W. Tannock (2023)
Miguel C. Teixeira (2023)
Sam R. Telford (2021)
Michael G. Thomas (2021)
Linda S. Thomashow (2021)
Kai M. Thormann (2023)
Thomas Thurnheer (2021)
Ming Tien (2021)
Nicolas Toro Garcia (2023)
C|fesar I. Torres (2021)
Effie Tsakalidou (2022)
Masataka Tsuda (2021)
Takeharu Tsuge (2021)
Hidetoshi Urakawa (2023)
Jan Roelof van der Meer (2022)
Jan-Peter van Pijkeren (2021)
Cristian Varela (2021)
Marco Ventura (2021)
Boris Vinatzer (2022)
Karen L. Visick (2022)
Dmitriy V. Volokhov (2021)
Julia A. Vorholt (2021)
Stéphane Vuilleumier (2021)
Judy D. Wall (2021)
Fengping Wang (2022)
Gejiao Wang (2021)
Luxin Wang (2023)
Keith Warriner (2023)
J. Scott Weese (2021)
David M. Weller (2021)
Derek H. Wells (2021)
Cornelia Welte (2023)
Tingyi Wen (2021)
Volker F. Wendisch (2021)
Steven W. Wilhelm (2021)
Kurt E. Williamson (2023)
Benjamin E. Wolfe (2023)
Qinglong Wu (2021)
Yi Xiao (2021)
Luying Xun (2021)
S. Steve Yan (2022)
Liang Yang (2022)
X. Frank Yang (2021)
Bo Yu (2021)
Joseph Zackular (2022)
Daniel R. Zeigler (2021)
Wei Zhang (2021)
Yu-Zhong Zhang (2023)
Jiangchao Zhao (2022)
Erik R. Zinser (2022)
Erwin G. Zoetendal (2022)
Sergey B. Zotchev (2021)
Peter A. Zuber (2023)
Applied and Environmental Microbiology (ISSN 1098-5536), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of applied knowledge as well as ecological knowledge, both applied and fundamental, concerning microorganisms.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology became an online-only journal with volume 82, issue 1 (January 2016). The final print version was volume 81, issue 24 (December 2015). Previous print ISSN: 0099-2240.
Instructions to Authors are updated throughout the year. The current version is available on the journal website. Applied and Environmental Microbiology is published twice monthly, one volume per year. For subscription prices, contact the Subscriptions Unit, ASM (asmjournals@subscriptionoffice.com). Correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to ASM Author Services (ASM.AuthorServicesSupport@cenveo.com), and correspondence relating to disposition of submitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Department, American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904. Phone: (202) 737-3600 (see https://journals.asm.org/content/contact-us). ASM policies for permissions, commercial reprints, and ePrints can be found at https://journals.asm.org/content/permissions.
CODEN: AEMIDF
doi:10.1128/AEM.masthead.87-5