Abstract
Objective
To characterize healthcare workers’ (HCWs) intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine by the beginning of the vaccine campaign in France.
Methods
Data were collected on a self-administered questionnaire through the website of a tertiary care center (February 9–18, 2021).
Results
Among 1,965 respondents, 1,436 (73.1%), 453 (23.1%), and 76 (3.9%) declared themselves in favor, hesitant, or against the COVID-19 vaccine: < 60% of auxiliary nurses and technicians intended to be vaccinated, as compared to 60–79% of nurses and support staff, and > 80% of medical staff. On multivariate analysis, age, occupation, flu vaccine history, and controversy over the AstraZeneca vaccine tolerability were independently associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention.
Conclusions
Patterns of vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines are similar among HCWs. Media communication on vaccine side effects have a dramatic effect on vaccine hesitancy. Efforts are requested to inform HCWs about the risk/benefit balance of COVID-19 vaccines.
Keywords: COVID-19, VACCINE, Healthcare workers, Vaccine hesitancy, Influenza
1. Introduction
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been on the front line in caring for COVID-19 patients, and consequently are at high risk of infection. According to the European center for disease prevention and control (eCDC), the proportion of HCWs among COVID-19 cases varied from 2.2% to 29% in countries with available data [1]. In France, 81,032 HCWs have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 between March 2020 and April 2021, of whom 19 died from COVID-19 [2]. At the same time, opposition to control measures such as lockdown or wearing mask is growing. In this context, the availability of several vaccines is a major step forward to protect HCWs. However, progress in HCW immunization may be compromised by vaccine hesitancy, characterized by the lack of confidence in or the fear of vaccines [3].
In France, striking heterogeneities have been reported in the proportion of HCWs who receive seasonal influenza vaccines, with a socio-occupational gradient from physicians (67%) to auxiliary nurses (27%) [4]. However, vaccine hesitancy may vary dramatically over time, from one location to another, and according to vaccines. To date, only a few studies focused on COVID-19 vaccination intention in HCWs. A study in Hong-Kong found that young age, confidence in the vaccine, and a sense of collective responsibility were associated with intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine [5]. In France, a survey among 2,047 HCWs reported that 76.9% of them (95% CI: 75.1–78.9%) intended to get the COVID-19 vaccine, with discrepancies according to age, gender, occupation, and influenza vaccination during the previous campaign (2019–2020) [6]. Of note, these two studies were conducted before COVID-19 vaccines became available. We aimed to assess COVID-19 vaccine intention among HCWs at the beginning of the French campaign, when three vaccines were available (i.e. Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca).
2. Methods
The Rennes University Hospital is a 1,500-bed tertiary care center in western France. For one week, between February 9 and February 18, an anonymous self-administered questionnaire was proposed on the website of our institution for non-vaccinated HCWs, on a voluntary basis. We collected demographic characteristics, occupation, chronic medical conditions at risk of serious COVID-19 (obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension), influenza vaccination, and COVID-19 history. HCWs were invited to categorize their intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 as ‘in favor’, ‘hesitant’, or ‘against’.
During our survey, a large controversy emerged on February 14 following reports of flu-like symptoms with high-grade fever and pain, with inability to work during the first 24 h following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine first shot. The controversy received broad media coverage, and the vaccine was temporarily discontinued in several hospitals. We analyzed COVID-19 vaccine intention of HCWs in relation with their age, occupation, chronic medical conditions at risk of serious COVID-19, history of influenza vaccination, and the timing of questionnaire according to the February 14 controversy, thereafter considered as a cut-off. We conducted a univariate analysis, followed by a multivariate analysis based on logistic regression model, including all precedent variables. The outcome ‘to be hesitant or against the COVID-19 vaccine’ was modelled in a binary approach. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS® package, v9.4. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals. A P-value below 0.05 was considered significant.
3. Results
The number of HCWs in our hospital during the study period was 8375 not including students. As 647 had previously tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and 2063 had already received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, the eligible population was 5655. Of them, 1965 (34.7%) completed the questionnaire: 453 HCWs (23.1%) categorized themselves as ‘hesitant’, and 76 (3.9%) as ‘against’ the COVID-19 vaccine (Table 1 ). Strong differences among COVID-19 vaccine profiles were observed according to occupations, with < 60% of administrative staff, cleaners, auxiliary nurses, workers, and technicians intending to be vaccinated, as compared to 60–79% for nurses, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, and support staff, and > 80% for health executives, residents, students, and medical staff. Conversely, no relation was observed between COVID-19 vaccine profiles and allergy, COVID-19 history, and at-risk conditions. The controversy over the adverse effects of the AstraZeneca vaccine was followed by a dramatic decrease in intention to get the COVID-19 vaccine, from 74.8% before to 58.3% after February 14. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that age, occupation, flu vaccine profiles, and the controversy of February 14 were independently associated with the intention to get the COVID-19 vaccine.
Table 1.
Characteristics of healthcare workers depending on COVID-19 vaccine intention (n = 1.965).
| Variables | COVID-19 vaccine intention |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In favor |
Hesitant |
Against |
Multivariate analysis Odds ratio |
|
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
||
| P-value* | P-value** | |||
| Age, years | 0.002 | 0.004 | ||
| < 30 | 319 (70.7) | 107 (23.7) | 25 (5.5) | 1.00 |
| 30–39 | 499 (73.6) | 155 (22.9) | 24 (3.5) | 0.91 [0.65–1.26] |
| 40–49 | 473 (77.7) | 122 (20.0) | 14 (2.3) | 0.56 [0.40–0.79] |
| 50–64 | 138 (63.0) | 68 (31.1) | 13 (6.0) | 0.99 [0.64–1.52] |
| 65+ | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1.25 [0.14–10.8] |
| Occupation | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Administrative staff | 138 (51.3) | 115 (42.8) | 16 (6.0) | 4.41 [2.78–6.97] |
| Cleaners, auxiliary nurses, stretcher-bearers | 119 (54.8) | 78 (35.9) | 20 (9.2) | 3.37 [2.06–5.50] |
| Health executives | 58 (89.2) | 6 (9.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0.78 [0.32–1.94] |
| Nurses/other care staff | 429 (76.2) | 117 (20.8) | 17 (3.0) | 2.14 [1.42–3.22] |
| Medical staff, residents, students | 437 (90.9) | 37 (7.7) | 7 (1.5) | 1.00 |
| Pharmacy/laboratory staff | 100 (69.9) | 40 (28.0) | 3 (2.1) | 2.26 [1.32–3.90] |
| Workers, technicians | 21 (56.8) | 11 (29.7) | 5 (13.5) | 3.42 [1.48–7.93] |
| Support staff | 94 (79.7) | 22 (18.6) | 2 (1.7) | 1.51 [0.81–2.81] |
| Other staff | 40 (55.6) | 27 (37.5) | 5 (6.9) | 4.30 [2.26–8.20] |
| Comorbidities | 0.14 | 0.80 | ||
| Yes | 78 (71.6) | 23 (21.1) | 8 (7.3) | 0.93 [0.55–1.60] |
| No | 1358 (73.2) | 430 (23.2) | 68 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Allergy history | > 0.20 | 0.83 | ||
| Yes | 143 (70.8) | 53 (26.2) | 6 (3.0) | 1.04 [0.71–1.52] |
| No | 1293 (73.3) | 400 (22.6) | 70 (4.0) | 1.00 |
| COVID-19 history | 0.96 | |||
| Yes | 155 (76.0) | 42 (20.6) | 7 (3.4) | 0.99 [0.66–1.49] |
| No | 1281 (72.7) | 411 (23.3) | 69 (3.9) | 1.00 |
| Flu vaccine | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Never | 228 (46.4) | 212 (43.2) | 51 (10.4) | 6.17 [4.55–8.37] |
| Sometimes, but not this winter | 70 (59.8) | 41 (35.0) | 6 (5.1) | 4.00 [2.55–6.23] |
| Sometimes, including this winter | 179 (74.3) | 57 (23.6) | 5 (2.1) | 2.43 [1.67–3.54] |
| Regularly | 802 (89.3) | 86 (9.6) | 10 (1.1) | 1.00 |
| Impact of the controversy over the AstraZeneca vaccine tolerability | <0.0001 | 0.0025 | ||
| Before Feb 14, 2021 | 1316 (74.8) | 375 (21.3) | 68 (3.9) | 1.00 |
| After Feb 14, 2021 | 120 (58.3) | 78 (37.9) | 8 (3.9) | 1.77 [1.22–2.56] |
P-value, univariate analysis.
P-value, Multivariate analysis, Logistic regression model.
Administrative staff (OR = 4.41 [95% CI: 2.78–6.97]), cleaners, auxiliary nurses, and stretcher-bearers (OR = 3.37 [95% CI: 2.06–5.50]), nurses (OR = 2.14 [95% CI: 1.42–3.22]), pharmacy and laboratory staff (OR = 2.26 [95% CI: 1.32–3.90]), as well as workers or technicians (OR = 3.42 [95% CI: 1.48–7.93]) were more likely to be hesitant or against the COVID-19 vaccine, as compared to medical staff. A strong correlation was also reported across influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine profiles, with a proportion of HCWs intending to get the COVID-19 vaccine at 46.4% in never-flu vaccinated HCWs, to 89.3% in those regularly vaccinated. HCWs never vaccinated against influenza were much more likely to be hesitant or against COVID-19 vaccine (OR 6.17 [95% CI: 4.55–8.37]).
The distribution of influenza and COVID-19 vaccine profiles was similar among the various occupations (Table 2 ). Interestingly, the proportion of HCWs intending to get a COVID-19 vaccine (mean, 73.2%) was superior to the proportion of HCWs regularly vaccinated against influenza (mean, 51.4%). Finally, the controversy over the severity of common adverse effects of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine was also associated with hesitancy or opposition against COVID-19 vaccine (OR 1.77 [95% CI: 1.22–2.56]). This negative impact was observed across all occupations, but was only significant in administrative staff, nurses, and support staff (Table 3 ).
Table 2.
Associations between influenza and COVID-19 vaccine intention among healthcare workers (n = 1,965).
| Flu vaccine profiles |
COVID-19 vaccine profiles |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupations | Never n (%) |
Sometimes, but not this winter n (%) |
Sometimes, including this winter n (%) |
Regularly n (%) |
Hesitant or against n (%) |
In favor n (%) |
| Medical staff, residents, students | 21 (4.5) | 18 (3.9) | 42 (9.0) | 385 (82.6) | 44 (9.2) | 437 (90.1) |
| Administrative staff | 123 (53.0) | 23 (9.9) | 32 (13.8) | 54 (23.3) | 131 (48.7) | 138 (51.3) |
| Cleaners, auxiliary nurses, stretcher-bearers | 91 (50.8) | 12 (6.7) | 26 (14.5) | 50 (27.9) | 98 (45.2) | 119 (54.8) |
| Nurses/other care staff | 107 (21.8) | 36 (7.4) | 88 (18.0) | 259 (52.9) | 134 (23.8) | 429 (76.2) |
| Health executives | 15 (24.2) | 4 (6.5) | 11 (17.7) | 32 (51.6) | 7 (10.8) | 58 (89.2) |
| Pharmacy/laboratory staff | 47 (39.2) | 10 (8.3) | 20 (16.7) | 43 (35.8) | 43 (30.1) | 100 (69.9) |
| Support staff | 34 (34.3) | 6 (6.1) | 15 (15.2) | 44 (44.4) | 24 (20.3) | 94 (79.7) |
| Workers, technicians | 18 (54.5) | 3 (9.1) | 2 (6.1) | 10 (30.3) | 16 (43.2) | 21 (56.8) |
| Other | 35 (53.0) | 5 (7.6) | 5 (7.6) | 21 (31.8) | 32 (44.4) | 40 (55.6) |
Table 3.
Effects of the controversy over the AstraZeneca vaccine tolerability on COVID-19 vaccine intention by occupations (n = 1,965).
| Hesitant or ‘against’ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Before Feb. 14 |
After Feb. 14 |
P-value |
|
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Medical staff, residents, students | 40 (8.9) | 4 (12.5) | 0.49 |
| Administrative staff | 118 (47.0) | 13 (72.2) | 0.04 |
| Cleaners, auxiliary nurses, stretcher-bearers | 75 (42.9) | 23 (54.8) | 0.16 |
| Nurses/other care staff | 109 (22.2) | 25 (34.7) | 0.01 |
| Health executives | 5 (8.5) | 2 (33.3) | 0.10a |
| Pharmacy/laboratory staff | 32 (26.9) | 11 (45.8) | 0.06 |
| Support staff | 20 (17.9) | 4 (66.7) | 0.01a |
| Workers, technicians | 12 (38.7) | 4 (66.7) | 0.16a |
| Other | 32 (44.4) | – | NA |
Fisher's exact test.
4. Discussion
This study confirms the strong differences in COVID-19 vaccine intention among HCWs, mainly according to occupations, and the high correlation with influenza vaccine profiles. Of note, the proportion of HCWs declaring that they would receive the COVID-19 vaccine was higher than the proportion of HCWs who regularly receive the influenza vaccine. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study performed after COVID-19 vaccines became available in France. This study also documents the dramatic decrease in the proportion of HCWs intending to get the COVID-19 vaccine immediately after the first controversy over the AstraZeneca vaccine tolerability arose. This should be kept in mind by colleagues, institutions, and media: premature communication about suspected side effects carries its own risk of adverse event, namely the progression of vaccine hesitancy.
Discrepancies concerning vaccine hesitancy according to socio-economic characteristics (income, education level, occupations) have been previously reported [7], [8], [9], including among HCWs [5], [10]. We found that striking differences across occupations were also valid for COVID-19 vaccine. The linear gradient across HCWs according to their qualification level (blue collars, auxiliary nurses, nurses to medical staff) [4] was not always retrieved in the literature, and some authors suggested the existence of an inverse U curve across qualification levels [11]. Our findings confirm such interpretation, as for instance administrative staff had higher rate of vaccine hesitancy and opposition than blue collars or cleaners. These differences are probably the expression of vaccine hesitancy [12] and of the complexity of the multiple determinants of vaccine hesitant behaviors, both at the individual and collective levels [13]. Several large categories of determinants have been described, such as individual or collective influences, contextual influences, and specific issues on vaccination [14]. Each of these groups contains several factors such as influential leaders, religion or cultural issues, knowledge/awareness ratio, perception of risk-benefit balance, role of healthcare providers, etc. Accordingly, different health behavior models (such as Health Belief Model or the Protection Motivation Theory) [5], [15] were developed to better explain vaccine hesitancy, and as a goal to reduce this behavioral pattern. Applications of these models to fight the COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health challenge.
Among the determinants of vaccine hesitancy, communication and media environment are of paramount importance. To date, the long-term negative effect of such communication is poorly characterized. However, Raude et al. highlighted that it requires only a few media events to observe a durable effect on vaccine hesitancy in France, as documented by the controversy over the association between the measles vaccine and autism, or between the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis [16]. As a result, considerable efforts are needed from stakeholders and health providers [10], [17] to positively communicate on the risk/benefit balance of vaccines to a broad scope of media, including social networks [18]. Indeed, information is demonstrated to be an effective tool, rather than a determinant to address vaccine hesitancy [19]. Finally, we observed a strong correlation between influenza and COVID-19 vaccine profiles, as previously reported [4], [5].
Our study has limitations. First, the recruitment of subjects on a voluntary basis implies that representability may not be guaranteed. However, we were able to collect COVID-19 vaccine intention on approximately the third of the unvaccinated population during the study period. Moreover, characteristics of our sample were comparable to the whole structure of our hospital staff in terms of occupation and age (data not shown). Second, our study was performed in a single center over one week, and its findings may not apply to any setting. This limitation is particularly salient given the variability of vaccine hesitancy over time, and from one country to another. Lastly, we only collected declarative data, and no control of answer accuracy could be performed.
5. Conclusion
We found that the patterns of vaccine hesitancy or opposition among HCWs are quite similar between COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccine. Although the proportion of HCWs intending to get the COVID-19 vaccine was higher than that related to the influenza vaccine, any controversy over vaccine tolerability may dramatically boost vaccine hesitancy. A few weeks after our study, the worldwide documentation of severe vaccine-related thrombosis events following the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine has further complicated the situation, despite the low incidence (i.e. around one case per one million doses), and the highly beneficial risk-benefit ratio [20]. Considerable efforts, particularly in terms of information and communication to HCWs, other hospital staff, and in fine the public are requested to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Failure to do so may jeopardize our capacity to finally control the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human partic-pants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.
Contribution of authors
CP, FB, RG and PT participated in the study design.
CP, EP, MB, ET, EP, FB, and PT were involved in the implementation of the vaccine campaign and communication to healthcare workers.
CP performed primary analyses and wrote the first draft of the article.
CP, EP, MB, VT, RG, MG, ET, EP, FB, and PT critically reviewed primary analyses and contributed to final article.
Disclosure of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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