Skip to main content
PMC home page
Brain Pathology logoLink to Brain Pathology
. 2006 Apr 5;8(2):367–376. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00160.x

Senile Dementia with Tangles (Tangle Predominant Form of Senile Dementia)

Kurt A Jellinger 1,✉, Christian Bancher 1
PMCID: PMC8098213  PMID: 9546293

Abstract

Senile dementia with tangles is a sporadic subset of very late onset dementia with preponderance in females over age 80 years. Neuropathology shows diffuse cerebral atrophy with neurofibrillary tangles, often ghost tangles, and neuropil threads almost limited to limbic areas (transentorhinal, entorhinal area, hippocampus ‐ not exclusively sector CA 1 ‐ and amygdala) with only rare and mild involvement of the neocortex, basal ganglia and brainstem (except nucleus basalis and locus ceruleus), absence of neuritic plaques and absence or scarcety of amyloid deposits. This pattern of fibrillary pathology corresponds to Braak stages III and IV or the “limbic” type of Alzheimer disease that is considered the main form in the oldest‐old but escapes the current criteria for the morphologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. It is distinct from other tau‐ or tangle‐pathology related conditions, e.g. progressive supranuclear palsy, autosomal dominant dementia with tangles, and diffuse tangles with calcification. Very low prevalence of ApoE e4 allele (0.03–0.11%) and higher frequency of ApoE e3 and/or e2 suggest a lack of promoting effect of e4 and a possible protecting effect of e2/3 on amyloidogenesis. Senile dementia with tangles is suggested to be a variant of Alzheimer disease occurring in the oldest‐old, but its nosological position within aging disorders of the brain is still controversy.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (201.8 KB).

References

  • 1. Baker M, Kwok JBJ, Kucera S, Crook R, Farrer M, Houlden H, Isaacs A, Lincoln S, Onstead L, Hardy J, Wittenberg L, Dodd P, Webb S, Hayward N, Tannenberg T, Andreadis A, Hallupp M, Scofield P, Dark F, Hutton M (1997) Localization of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism in an Australian kindred to chromosome 17q21–22. Ann Neurol 42:794–798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 1a. Bales KR, Verina T, Dodel RC, Du YS, Altstiel L, Bender M, Hyslop P, Johnstone EM, Little SP, Cummins DJ, Piccardo P, Ghetti B, Paul SM (1997) Lack of apolipoprotein E dramatically reduces amyloid beta‐peptide deposition. Nat Genet 17:263–264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Bancher C, Egensperger R, Kösel S, Jellinger K, Graeber MB (1997) Low prevalence of apolipoprotein E e4 allele in the neurofibrillary tangle predominant form of senile dementia. Acta Neuropathol 94:403–409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Bancher C, Grundke‐Iqbal K, Fried VA, Smith HT, Wisniewski HM (1991) Abnormal phosphorylation of tau precedes ubiquination of neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 539:11–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Bancher C, Jellinger KA (1994) Neurofibrillary tangle predominant form of senile dementia of Alzheimer type: a rare subtype in very old subjects. Acta Neuropathol 88:565–570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Bancher C, Leitner H, Jellinger K, Eder H, Setinek U, Fischer P, Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM (1996) On the relationship between measles virus and Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neurobiol Aging 17:527–533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Berg L, McKee DW, Miller JP, Barty J, Morris JC (1993) Neuropathological indices of Alzheimer's disease in demented and nondemented persons aged 80 years and older. Arch Neurol 50:349–358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Bergeron C, Pollanen MS, Weyer L, Lang AE (1997) Cortical degeneration in progressive supranuclear palsy. A comparison with cortical‐basal ganglionic degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 726–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Bouras C, Hof PR, Morrison JH (1993) Neurofibrillary tangle densities in the hippocampal formation in a nondemented population define subgroups of patients with differential early pathologic changes. Neurosci Lett 153:131–135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Braak H, Braak E (1987) Argyrophilic grains: characteristic pathology of cerebral cortex in cases of adult onset dementia without Alzheimer changes. Neurosci Lett 76: 124–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Braak H, Braak E (1989) Cortical and subcortical argyrophilic grains characterize a disease associated with adult onset dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 15: 13–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer‐related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82: 239–259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Braak H, Braak E (1997) Pattern of cortical lesions in Alzheimer's disease. In: Alzheimer's Disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Iqbal K, Winblad B, Nishimura T, Takeda M, Wisniewski HM, (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, pp. 229–236. [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Braak H, Braak E, Mandelkow EM (1994) A sequence of cytoskeleton changes related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Acta Neuropathol 87:554–567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Buée‐Scherrer V, Buée L, Hof PR, Leveugle‐Giolles C, Loerzel AJ, Perl DP, Delacourte A (1995) Neurofibrillary degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam: immunochemical characterization of tau proteins. Am J Pathol 68:924–932. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Cariolou MA, Kokkofitou A, Manoli P, Christou S, Karagrigoriou A, Middleton L (1995) Underexpression of the apolipoprotein E2 and E4 alleles in the Greek Cypriot population of Cyprus. Genet Epidemiol 12:489–497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Chin SS, Goldman JE (1996) Glial inclusions in CNS degenerative diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 499–508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Collins SJ, Ahlskog JE, Parisi JE, Maraganore DM: Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuropathologically based diagnostic clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:167–173, 1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Corder EH, Lannfelt L, Viitanen M, Corder LS, Manton KG, Winblad B, Basun H (1996) Apolipoprotein E genotype determines survival in the oldest old (85 years or older) who have good cognition. Arch Neurol 53:418–422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Corey‐Bloom J, Sabbagh MN, Hansen LA (1997) “Plaque‐only” Alzheimer's disease: A clinical and pathologic examination.(abst.) Neurology 48:A103. [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Daniel SE, de Bruin VMS, Lees AJ (1995) The clinical and pathological spectrum of Steele‐Richardson‐Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy). Brain 118:759–770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Davis PB, White H, Price JL, McKeel D, Robins LN (1991) Retrospective postmortem dementia assessment. Validation of a new clinical interview to assist neuropathologic study. Arch Neurol 48:613–617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Delaere P, He Y, Fayet G, Dyckaerts C, Hauw JJ (1993) ß‐A4 deposits are constant in the brain of the oldest old. Neurobiol Aging 14:191–194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Dickson DW, Crystal HA, Mattiace LA, Masur DM, Blau AD, Davies P, Yen SM, Aronson MN (1991) Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans. Neurobiol Aging 13:179–189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Dickson DW, Davies P, Bevona C, van Hoeven KH, Factor SM, Grober E, Aronson MK, Crystal HA (1994) Hippocampal sclerosis: a common pathological feature of dementia in very old (80 years of age) humans. Acta Neuropathol 88:212–221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Eidelberg D, Sotrel A, Joachim C, Selkoe D, Forman A, Pendlebury WW, Perl DP (1987) Adult onset Hallervorden‐Spatz disease with neurofibrillary pathology. Brain 110:993–1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, Myers RH, Pericak‐Vance MA, Risch N, van Duijn CM (1997) Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apoliprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta‐analysis. JAMA 278:1349–1356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Feany MB, Dickson DW (1996) Neurodegenerative disorders with extensive tau pathology: a comparative study and review. Ann Neurol 40: 139–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Feany MB, Mattiace LA, Dickson DW (1996) Neuropathologic overlap of progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, and corticobasal degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 53–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Flament S, Delacourte A, Verny M, et al. (1991) Abnormal tau proteins in progressive supranuclear palsy. Similarities and differences with the neurofibrillary degeneration of the Alzheimer type. Acta Neuropathol 81: 591–596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Foster NL, Wilmhelmsen KC, Sima AAF, et al. (1997) Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: a consensus conference. Ann Neurol 41:706–715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Gearing M, Olson DA, Watts RL, Mirra SS (1994) Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuropathologic and clinical heterogeneity. Neurology 44:1015–1024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Geddes JF, Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Daniel SE (1993) Pathological overlap in cases of parkinsonism associated with neurofibrillary tangles. A study of recent cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism and comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Guamanian parkinsonism‐dementia complex. Brain 116:281–302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Robinson SFD, Sutcliffe JC. Neurofibrillary tangles, but not Alzheimer‐type pathology, in a young boxer. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1996; 22: 12–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Ghetti B, Murrell J, Farlow MR, Crowther RA, Goedert M, Spillantini MG (1997) Molecular neuropathology of a multiple system tauopathy: a chromosome 17 linked presenile dementia. (abstr.) Neurology 48:A356. [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Ghetti B, Farlow MR (1994) Hereditary presenile dementia and multiple system degeneration with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). (abstr.) Brain Pathol. 4: 517. [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Giannakopoulos P, Hof PR, Surini M, Michel JP, Bouras C (1993) Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of nonagenarians and centenarians. Acta Neuropathol 85:602–610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Goodman L (1953) Alzheimer's disease. A clinico‐pathologic analysis of twenty‐three cases with a theory on pathogenesis. J Ment Nerv Dis 117:97–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Hansen LA, Masliah E, Galasko D, Terry RD (1993) Plaque‐only Alzheimer disease is usually the Lewy body variant and vice versa. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:648–654. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Hauw JJ, Daniel S, Dickson D, Horoupian DS, Jellinger K, Lantos PL, McKee A, Tabaton M, Litvan I (1994) Preliminary NINDS neuropathologic criteria for Steele‐Richardson‐Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy). Neurology 44:2015–2019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Hauw JJ, Vignole P, Duyckaerts C (1986) Etude neuropathologique de douze centenaires. Rev Neurol (Paris) 142:107–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Higuchi Y, Iwaki T, Tateishi J (1995) Neurodegeneration in the limbic and paralimbic system in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 21:246–254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Hilton DA, Love S, Ferguson I, Newman P (1995) Motor neuron disease with neurofibrilllary tangles in a non‐Guamanian patient. Acta Neuropathol 90:101–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Hof PR, Nimchinsky EA, Buée‐Scherrer V, Buée L, Nasrallah J, Hottinger AF, Purohit DP, Loerzel AJ, Steele JC, Delacourte A, Bouras C, Morrison JH, Perl DP (1994) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism‐demetia complex of Guam: quantitative neuropathology, immunohistochemical analysis of neuronal vulnerability, and comparison with related neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 88:397–404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Hyman BT, Trojanowski JQ (1997) Editorial on Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer disease from the National Institute on Aging and the Reagan Institute Working group on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1095–1097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Ikeda K, Akiyama H, Arai T, Mori H, Sahara N, Sakata M, Mizutani T. Senile dementia with abundant neurofibrillary tangles without accompanying senile plaques. A new disease entity separable from SDAT Neurobiol Aging 1996; Suppl 17:S150–S151. [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Ikeda K, Akiyama H, Arai T, Sahara N, Mori H, Usami M, Sakata M, Mizutani T, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H (1997) A subset of senile dementia high incidence of the ApoE e2 allele. Ann Neurol 41:693–695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Ikeda K, Akiyama H, Sahara N, Mori H, Usami M, Sakata M, Mizutani T, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H (1997) Senile dementia with abundant neurofibrillary tangles without accompanying senile plaques: A subset of senile dementia with high incidence of the ApoE e2 allele. In: Iqbal K, Winblad B, Nishimura T, Takeda M, Wisniewski HM (Eds) Alzheimer's disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Sussex , John Wiley & Sons, pp 257–265. [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Itoh Y, Yamada M, Yoshida R, Suematsu N, Oka T, Matsushita M, Otomo E (1996) Dementia characterized by abundant neurofibrillary tangles and scarce senile plaques: A quantitative pathological study. Eur Neurol 36:94–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Jellinger K, Braak H, Braak E, Fischer P (1991) Alzheimer lesions in the entorhinal region and isocortex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Ann New York Acad Sci 640:203–209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Khachaturian ZS (1985) Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 42:1097–1105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Kosaka K (1994) Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification: a new presenile dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:594–596. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Ksiezak‐Reding H, Tracz E, Yang L‐S, Dickson DW, Simon M, Walls JS (1996) Ultrastructural instability of paired helical filaments from corticobasal degeneration as examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Am J Pathol 149: 639–651. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. LaDu MJ, Lukens JR, Reardon CA, Getz GS (1997) Association of human, rat, and rabbit apolipoprotein E with ß‐amyloid. J Neurosci Res 49:9–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Litvan I, Hauw JJ, Bartko JJ, Lantos PL, Daniel SE, Horoupian DS, McKee A, Dickson D, Bancher C, Tabaton M, Jellinger K, Anderson DW. (1996) Validity and reliability of the preliminary NINDS neuropathological criteria for progressive supranuclear palsy and related disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:97–105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Love S, Bridges LR, Case CP (1995) Neurofibrillary tangles in Niemann‐Pick disease type C. Brain 118:119–129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Lowe J, Lennox G, Leigh PN (1997) Disorders of movement and system degenerations. In Greenfield's Neuropathology, 6th ed, Graham DI, Lantos PL (Eds) London : E. Arnold, pp. 280–366. [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Ma J, Yee A, Brewer BH Jr, Das S, Potter H (1994) Amyloid‐associated protein alpha1‐antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer ß‐protein into filaments. Nature 372:92–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Mandybur TL, Nagpaul AS, Pappaz Z, Niklowitz WS (1977) Alzheimer neurofibrillary change in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Ann Neurol 1:103–107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Matsumoto S, Udaka F, Kameyama M, et al. (1996) Subcortical neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and argentophilic glial inclusions in corticobasal degeneration. Clin Neuropathol 15: 209–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60. McKhann GD, Drachman DA, Folstein MF, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34:939–944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. McQuaid S, Alien IV, McMahon J, Kirk J (1994) Association of measles virus with neurofibrillary tangles in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a combined in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical investigation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20: 103–110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Mena R, Wischik CM, Novak M, Milstein C, Cuello AC (1991) A progressive deposition of paired helical filaments (PHF) in the brain characterizes the evolution of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:474–490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Mirra SS, Hart MN, Terry RD (1993) Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:132–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D, Sumi SM, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, Vogel FS, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Berg L (1991) The Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41:479–486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Mizutani T (1994) Neuropathological diagnosis of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): Proposal of diagnostic criteria and report of Japanese research meeting on neuropathological diagnosis of SDAT. Neuropathology 14:91–103. [Google Scholar]
  • 66. Mizutani T (1996) Pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer‐type dementia for old‐old and oldest‐old patients. Pathol Int 46:842–854. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67. Mizutani T, Amano N, Sasaki H (1990) Senile dementia of Alzheimer type characterized by laminar neuronal loss exclusively in the hippocampus, parahippocampus and medial occipital cortex. Acta Neuropathol 80:575–580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68. Mizutani T, Shimada H (1992) Neuropathological background of twenty‐seven centenarian brains. J Neurol Sci 108:168–177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69. Mori H, Nishimura M, Namba Y, Oda M (1994) Corticobasal degeneration. A disease with widespread appearance of abnormal tau and neurofibrillary tangles, and its relation to progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol 88: 113–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. Nishimura M, Tomimoto H, Suenaga T, Namba Y, Ikeda K, Akiguchi I, Kimura J (1995) Immunocytochemical characterization of glial fibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol 146:1052–1058. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71. Oyanagi K, Makifuchi T, Ohtoh T, Ikuta F, Chen K‐M, Chase TN, Gajdusek DC (1994) Topographic investigation of brain atrophy in parkinson‐dementia complex of Guam; a comparison with Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurodegeneration 3:301–304. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. Probst A, Langui, D , Lautenschlager C, Ulrich J, Brion JP, Anderton BH (1988) Progressive supranuclear palsy: extensive neuropil threads in addition to neurofibrillary tangles: very antigenicity of subcortical neuronal pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 77: 61–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73. Reed LA, Grabowski TJ, Schmidt ML, Morris JC, Goate A, Solodkin A, van Noesen GW, Schelper RL, Talbot CJ, Wragg MA, Trojanowski JQ (1997) Autosomal dominant dementia with widespread neurofibrillary tangles. Ann Neurol 42:564–572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, StGeorge‐Hyslop PH, Pericak‐Vance MA, Joo SH, Rosi BL, Gusella JF, Crapper‐McLachlan DR, Alberts MJ, Hulette C, Crain B, Goldgaber D, Roses AD. (1993) Association of apolipoprotein E allele e4 with late‐onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43:1467–1472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. Schmidt K, Lyons KE, Hubble JP, Schellenberg G, Golbe LI, Lang AE, Galvez Jimenez N, Hershey L, Koller WC, Anouti A. (1996) Normal distribution of apolipoprotein E alleles in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 46:1156–1157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76. Schneider JA, Gearing M, Watts R, Mirra SS (1995) Corticobasal degeneration: a neuropathological, clinical and molecular study (abstr.). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:446. [Google Scholar]
  • 77. Schnitzler JG (1911) Zur Abgrenzung der sogenannten Alzheimer'schen Krankheit. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat 7:34–37. [Google Scholar]
  • 78. Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Goedert M (1996) Comparison of the neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease and familial presenile dementia with tangles. Acta Neuropathol 92:42–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79. Strittmatter WJ, Roses AD (1996) Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Rev Neurosci 19:53–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak‐Vance MA, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. (1993) Apolipoprotein E: High‐avidity binding to ß‐amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late‐onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1977–1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81. Sumi SM, Bird TD, Nochlin D, Raskind MA (1992) Familial presenile dementia with psychosis associated with cortical neurofibrillary tangles and degeneration of the amygdala. Neurology 42:120–127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82. Tabaton M, Mandybur Tl, Perry G, Onorato M, Autilio‐Gambetti L, Gambetti P (1989) The widespread alteration of neurites in Alzheimer's disease may be unrelated to amyloid deposition. Ann Neurol 26:771–778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83. Tabaton M, Rolleri M, Masturzo P, Cammarata S, Angelini G, Hansen LA, Saitoh T, Petersen RB, Perry G, Richey P, Gambetti P, Bertolini S. (1995) Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele frequency is not increased in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 45:1764–1765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84. Takahashi T, Amano N, Hanihara T et al. (1996) Corticobasal degeneration widespread argentophilic threads and glia in addition to neurofibrillary tangles. Similarities of cytoskeletal abnormalities in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci 138: 66–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85. Terry RD (1996) Basis of structural Alzheimer disease and some pathogenic concepts. In: Becker P, Giacobini F (Eds) Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Biology to Therapy. Boston , Birkhäuser; pp. 19–23. [Google Scholar]
  • 86. Terry RD, Hansen LA, DeTeresa R, Davies P, Tobias H, Katzman R (1987) Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type without neocortical neurofibrillary tangles. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 46:262–268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87. Thompson PD, Day BL, Rothweel JC, Brown P, Britton TC, Marsden CD (1995) The myoclonus in corticobasal degeneration: evidence for two forms of cortical reflex myoclonus. Brain 117:1197–1207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88. Tierney MC, Fischer H, Lewis AJ et al (1988) The NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease: clinicopathological study of 57 cases. Neurology 38:356–364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89. Tolnay M, Schwietert M, Monsch AU, Staehelin H, Langui D, Probst A (1997) Argyrophilic grain disease: distribution of grains in patients with and without dementia. Acta Neuropathol 94: 353–358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90. Tolnay M, Spillantini MG, Goedert M, Ulrich J, Langui D, Probst A (1997) Argyrophilic grain disease: widespread hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in limbic neurons. Acta Neuropathol 93: 477–484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91. Ulrich J, Spillantini MG, Goedert M, Dukas L, Stähelin HB (1992) Abundant neurofibrillary tangles without senile plaques in a subset of patients with senle dementia. Neurodegeneration 1:257–284. [Google Scholar]
  • 92. Vermersch P, Robitaille Y, Bernier L, Wattez A, Gavreau D, Delacourte A (1994) Biochemical mapping of neurofibrillary degeneration in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy: evidence for general cortical involvement. Acta Neuropathol 87:572–577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93. Verny M, Duyckaerts C, Agid Y, Hauw JJ (1996) The significance of cortical pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Clinicopathological data in 10 cases. Brain 119:1123–1136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94. Wenning GK, Jellinger K, Litvan I (1997) Supranuclear gaze palsy and eyelid apraxia in postencephalitic parkinsonism. J Neural Transm 104: 845–865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94a. Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J, Granata R, Mangone CA, McKee A, Poewe W, Jellinger K, Ray Chaudhuri K, D'Olhaberriague L, Pearce RKB (1998) Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:184–189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95. Wisniewski HM, Wegiel J, Kotula L (1996) Some neuropathological aspects of Alzheimer's disease and its relevance to other disciplines. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 22:3–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96. Wisniewski K, Jervis GA, Moretz RC, Wisniewski HM (1979) Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles in diseases other than senile and presenile dementia. Ann Neurol 5:288–294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97. Yamada T, McGeer PL (1990) Oligodendroglial microtubular masses: an abnormality observed in some human neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Lett 120: 163–166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98. Yamaguchi H, Nakazato Y, Shoji M, Okamoto K, Ihara Y, Morimatsu M, Hirai S (1991) Secondary deposition of beta amyloid within extracellular neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer‐type dementia. Am J Pathol 138:699–705. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99. Yamazaki M, Nakano I, Imazu O, Terashi A (1995) Paired helical filaments and straight tubules in astrocytes: an electron microscopic study in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Acta Neuropathol 90: 51–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Brain Pathology are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES