Dear Editor,
Guidelines suggest an assessment-driven, analgesia/analgosedation, protocol-based approach for pain and sedation in critically ill adults [1]. While coma associated with benzodiazepine and propofol has been shown to prolong the duration of mechanical ventilation and increase mortality [2], the association between coma-related to continuous opioid therapy (e.g., fentanyl) on days of mechanical ventilation and mortality remain unclear [1]. Twelve analgosedation randomized controlled trials (RCT) have compared continuous opioids (remifentanil n = 10, morphine/fentanyl n = 2) to either an ‘as needed’ analgesic-first different opioid and ‘as needed’ benzodiazepine/propofol sedation (n = 5) OR scheduled benzodiazepine/propofol therapy and ‘as needed’ opioid therapy (n = 6) [3]. Among these latter six RCTs, only one RCT used a protocolized approach to maintain patients at light sedation [Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) = − 2 – 0] and conduct spontaneous breathing trials [4].
In this trial approved by our Institutional Review Board, we randomized 86 mechanically ventilated adults (age 65 years, male 53%, APACHE-2 score 25, medical 79%) to receive continuous fentanyl (CF) + ‘as needed’ propofol (n = 27) OR continuous midazolam (CM) + ‘as needed’ fentanyl (n = 59). Among the 59 CM patients, 28 were managed with protocolized sedation only and 31 were managed with both protocolized sedation and daily sedation interruption. Only 5 CF patients required propofol; it was weaned off in four patients in < 6 h. Daily propofol exposure in the CF patients was converted to midazolam dose equivalents.
Age, APACHE-II score, coma (RASS = − 4 or − 5) occurrence and its duration, days free of mechanical ventilation at 28 days, and 28-day mortality were not statistically different between the CF and CM groups (Table 1). Compared to the CM group, patients in the CF group received significantly more daily fentanyl (P = 0.05) and significantly less sedation (P < 0.001). On coma (vs. no coma) days, across both CF and CM groups, daily use of fentanyl (median 972.4 vs. 224.6 mcg, P = 0.02) and midazolam (median 14.2 vs. 3.3 mg, P = 0.009) were greater on coma days. Among patients who developed coma, the presence of ≥ 1 baseline neurologic condition was similar between CF (vs. no CM) [3(33.3%) vs.7(26.9%) P = 0.54) groups.
Table 1.
Comparison of baseline, ICU and post-ICU outcomes between continuous fentanyl and midazolam groups
| Variable | Continuous Fentanyl Group N = 27 | Continuous Midazolam Group N = 59 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age; mean ± SD | 65.6 ± 15.8 | 65.1 ± 17.2 | 0.89 |
| APACHE-II score; mean ± SD | 25.7 ± 8.5 | 24.7 ± 7.9 | 0.59 |
| Coma ever during ICU stay; N (%) | 9 (33.3%) | 26 (44.8%) | 0.32 |
| Time spent in coma on a day coma occurred (hours); median (IQR) | 3.8 (1.3, 6.6) | 1.9 (1, 4.2) | 0.22 |
| Daily ICU fentanyl exposure (mcg); median (IQR) | 782 (400, 1512) | 187 (65–432) | 0.02 |
| Daily ICU midazolam equivalent exposure (mg); median (IQR) | 0 (0, 2.7) | 16.4 (6–33) | < 0.001 |
| Days free of mechanical ventilation 28 days after randomization; median (IQR) | 24 (23–26) | 24 (20–26) | 0.95 |
| Mortality 28 days after randomization; N (%) | 9 (33.3%) | 10 (17%) | 0.09 |
Separate multivariable logistic regression models controlling for age, APACHE-II score, daily fentanyl, daily gabaminergic sedation exposure, CF (vs. CM) group allocation, and coma occurrence was constructed for each clinical outcome (i.e., days free of mechanical ventilation in 28-days and mortality in 28-days). We found coma was the only variable independently associated with more days of mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.43–23.1, P = 0.02) or greater mortality (OR = 5.9, 95% CI 1.4–25.5; P = 0.01) at 28-days regardless of whether patients were allocated to the CF or CM groups.
Our results suggest the effect of medication-associated coma on days spent on mechanical ventilation or 28-day mortality is similar regardless of whether the coma is related to an analgosedation or gabaminergic sedative management approach. Until future prospective research is conducted to confirm our results, clinicians should optimize strategies to maintain patient wakefulness and reduce patient-ventilator asynchrony in mechanically ventilated adults and consider alternatives to opioid and gabaminergic sedatives including non-opioid analgesics, dexmedetomidine, and inhaled anesthetics [5] (Table 1).
Declarations
Conflicts of interest
All authors declare no conficts of interest.
Footnotes
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References
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