Abstract
Objectives
The study aimed to assess the potential for serum neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels to predict the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in natalizumab (NTZ)-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to discriminate PML from MS relapses.
Methods
NFL levels were measured with single molecule array (Simoa) in 4 cohorts: (1) a prospective cohort of patients with MS who developed PML under NTZ therapy (pre-PML) and non-PML NTZ-treated patients (NTZ-ctr); (2) a cohort of patients whose blood was collected during PML; (3) an independent cohort of non-PML NTZ-treated patients with serum NFL determinations at 2 years (replication cohort); and (4) a cohort of patients whose blood was collected during exacerbations.
Results
Serum NFL levels were significantly increased after 2 years of NTZ treatment in pre-PML patients compared with NTZ-ctr. The prognostic performance of serum NFL levels to predict PML development at 2 years was similar in the NTZ-ctr group and replication cohort. Serum NFL levels also distinguished PML from MS relapses and were 8-fold higher during PML compared with relapses.
Conclusions
These results support the use of serum NFL levels in clinical practice to identify patients with relapsing-remitting MS at higher PML risk and to differentiate PML from clinical relapses in NTZ-treated patients.
Classification of Evidence
This study provides Class I evidence that serum NFL levels can identify NTZ-treated patients with MS who will develop PML with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 80%.
Despite its proved efficacy for patients with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS),1 the use of natalizumab (NTZ) is limited due to the increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).2 In addition to existing PML risk stratification algorithms based on NTZ treatment duration, previous immunosuppressive therapies, and JC virus index,2,3 other biomarkers may certainly contribute to estimate the risk of PML at an individual level.
Numerous studies suggest that the concentration of neurofilament light chain (NFL) in peripheral blood and CSF is a promising biomarker in MS.4,5 In a recent study, the serum NFL levels measured with an electrochemiluminescence assay were proposed as a biomarker for early identification of PML in patients with MS under NTZ treatment.6 In the present study, we aimed to expand on the potential for serum NFL levels measured with single molecule array (Simoa) to predict the risk of PML in a prospective cohort of NTZ-treated patients. We also aimed to discriminate PML from MS relapses based on serum NFL levels.
Methods
Patient Cohorts
Four different cohorts of patients with RRMS were included in the study:
A multicentric prospective cohort of patients treated with NTZ (BIONAT cohort; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00942214)7 was used to evaluate the association between serum NFL levels at baseline and at 1 and 2 years of NTZ treatment and PML development. Patients belonging to this cohort were classified into 2 groups: patients who did not develop PML after a follow-up longer than 5 years (NTZ controls; NTZ-ctr) and patients who developed PML (pre-PML) under NTZ treatment.
A cohort of patients whose blood was drawn during the PML condition was included for comparison of NFL levels with the pre-PML group after 2 years of treatment (during PML cohort).
An independent cohort of patients treated with NTZ who did not develop PML after more than 5 years of follow-up was included to assess the reproducibility between centers of serum NFL measurements after 2 years of NTZ treatment (replication cohort).
A cohort of patients whose blood was collected at the time of an acute relapse was included to investigate the potential for serum NFL levels to discriminate between the PML condition and MS relapses (relapsing cohort). Twenty-seven percent of these patients were receiving treatment with interferon-beta at the time of exacerbations.
The table summarizes the main demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients included in the study.
Table.
Demographic and Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients With RRMS Treated With NTZ
Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents
Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the local hospital ethics committees, BIONAT cohort; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00942214, and Vall d’Hebron Hospital (EPA(AG)57/2013(3834)).
Quantification of Serum NFL Levels
Peripheral blood was collected by standard venipuncture and allowed to clot spontaneously for 30 minutes. Serum was obtained by centrifugation and stored frozen at −80°C until used. Levels of NFL were measured in serum samples using commercially available NFL immunoassay kits (Quanterix, cat#103186) run on the fully automated ultrasensitive Simoa HD-1 Analyzer (Quanterix). Samples were run in duplicate in accordance with manufacturers' instructions with appropriate standards and internal controls. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5% and 9%, respectively.
Classification of Evidence
Our primary research question was to ascertain whether serum NFL levels can identify NTZ-treated patients with MS who will develop PML. The classification of evidence assigned to this question is Class I.
Statistical Analyses
Statistical analysis was performed by using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The distribution of serum NFL levels was tested for normality with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Afterward, paired and unpaired nonparametric tests were applied for comparisons of mean NFL levels among groups. When needed, analysis was adjusted by age and disease duration. Quantitative data are presented as mean values ± SD unless otherwise stated. Differences were considered statistically significant when p values were below 0.05. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine the best cutoff values based on serum NFL levels and the respective sensitivities and specificities.
Data Availability
All data analyzed during this study will be shared anonymized by request of a qualified investigator to the corresponding author.
Results
Serum NFL Levels Are Elevated After 2 Years of NTZ Treatment in Pre-PML Patients and During PML
At baseline, no significant differences were observed in serum NFL levels between pre-PML and NTZ-ctr patients. At 1 and 2 years, serum NFL levels were significantly reduced by the effect of NTZ treatment both in the pre-PML and NTZ-ctr groups (figure 1). Comparisons of serum NFL levels at 1 and 2 years between pre-PML and NTZ-ctr patients revealed higher NFL levels only in those patients with MS who will develop PML after 2 years of NTZ treatment with mean values of 10.1 ± 5.9 pg/mL and 7.1 ± 2.5 pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.03 both unadjusted and after adjusting for age and disease duration; figure 1).
Figure 1. Increased NFL Levels in Serum After 2 Years of NTZ Treatment in Pre-PML Patients Compared With NTZ-ctr.
Graphs comparing serum NFL levels between pre-PML and NTZ-ctr patients at baseline (T0; n = 16 for pre-PML and n = 36 for NTZ-ctr), after 1 (T1; n = 12 for pre-PML and n = 36 for NTZ-ctr) and 2 years (T2; n = 12 for pre-PML and n = 34 for NTZ-ctr) of treatment and during PML (n = 13). Each symbol represents an individual, and horizontal bars indicate the median values and interquartile ranges. A y-axis segmentation was performed to represent better high and low serum NFL levels. *Refers to p values <0.05. **Refers to p values <0.01. ***Refers to p values <0.001 in Mann-Whitney U tests (unpaired data) and Wilcoxon matched-paired test (paired data). NFL = neurofilament light chain; NTZ = natalizumab; PML = progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
In the during PML cohort, blood was collected at a mean time from PML onset of 8.1 ± 16.3 days. Serum NFL levels during PML were higher compared with pre-PML patients after 2 years of NTZ treatment with mean values of 163.6 ± 153.8 pg/mL and 10.1 ± 5.9 pg/mL, respectively (unadjusted, p = 7 × 10−5; after adjusting for age and disease duration, p = 0.02; figure 1), which represents a 16-fold increase in serum NFL levels.
Serum NFL Levels Discriminate Between Pre-PML and NTZ-ctr Patients After 2 Years of NTZ Treatment
Figure 2A shows the prognostic performance of serum NFL levels to predict PML development at 2 years. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 71% (p = 0.03), and a serum NFL value of 8.4 pg/mL resulted in the best cutoff to classify pre-PML and NTZ-ctr patients after 2 years of NTZ treatment, with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 80%.
Figure 2. Serum NFL Levels Differentiate Between Pre-PML and NTZ-ctr Patients After 2 Years of NTZ Treatment.
(A) Performance of serum NFL levels to discriminate between pre-PML and NTZ-ctr patients after 2 years of treatment. (B) Distribution of serum NFL levels in the NTZ-ctr cohort at 2 years of treatment (n = 34), and in an independent cohort of patients with MS treated with NTZ for 2 years (replication cohort; n = 29). (C) Performance of the serum NFL levels to discriminate between pre-PML patients at 2 years and patients from the replication cohort after 2 years of treatment. NFL = neurofilament light chain; NTZ = natalizumab; PML = progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
As shown in figure 2B, the distribution of serum NFL values in the replication cohort was similar to the NTZ-ctr group at 2 years of treatment, with mean NFL values of 6.9 ± 2.5 pg/mL and 7.1 ± 2.5 pg/mL, respectively. Performance of NFL levels in the replication cohort to predict PML was comparable to the NTZ-ctr cohort at 2 years, with an AUC of 71% (p = 0.03), and a serum NFL level of 8.1 pg/ml as the best cutoff to classify pre-PML patients at 2 years and patients from the replication cohort, with a sensitivity and specificity of 67% and 76%, respectively (figure 2C).
Serum NFL Levels Distinguish PML From MS Relapses
Serum NFL levels in the relapsing cohort did not significantly differ between untreated and interferon-beta–treated patients, and hence, this cohort was first analyzed as a whole. Comparison of serum NFL levels between PML and MS relapses revealed significantly higher NFL levels in patients during the PML condition (p = 3 × 10−6; figure 3A), which represents a 8-fold increase in serum NFL levels compared with the relapsing cohort (mean levels: 163.6 ± 153.8 pg/mL vs 20.8 ± 28.0 pg/mL, respectively). Performance of serum NFL levels to differentiate between PML and MS relapses showed an AUC of 91% (p = 2 × 10−5), with an NFL value of 52.7 pg/mL as the best cutoff to classify PML and MS relapses (figure 3B). Sensitivity and specificity associated with this cutoff were 85% and 93%, respectively.
Figure 3. NFL Levels in Serum Identify PML From MS Relapses.
(A) Distribution of serum NFL levels in the relapsing cohort (n = 30) and during PML (n = 13). A y-axis segmentation was performed to represent better high and low serum NFL levels. *p = 3 × 10−6 In the relapsing cohort: untreated patients are represented in solid squares and interferon-beta–treated patients in solid triangles. (B) Performance of the serum NFL levels to discriminate between MS relapses and PML. Numbers in parentheses represent 95% CIs of the AUC. AUC = area under the ROC curve; MS = multiple sclerosis; NFL = neurofilament light chain; PML = progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Se = sensitivity; Sp = specificity.
A subanalysis in the untreated relapsing patients revealed similar results to the whole cohort, with an AUC of 90% (p = 9 × 10−5) and the same NFL value of 52.7 pg/mL as the best cutoff to classify patients. Sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 91%, respectively.
Discussion
Few molecular biomarker studies have aimed to identify patients with MS at increased risk for PML under NTZ treatment.8-10 However, none of the proposed biomarkers are at present routinely measured in clinical practice to estimate PML risk in patients with RRMS receiving NTZ. In a recent study, serum NFL levels measured with an electrochemiluminescence assay were found to be 10-fold higher at PML onset compared with the pre-PML condition.6 Furthermore, serum NFL levels also demonstrated high performance to discriminate between patients with MS at PML onset and NTZ-treated patients who did not develop PML and treated patients with clinical or neuroradiologic evidence of disease activity 4 weeks before sample collection.6
In our study, serum NFL levels measured in a prospective cohort of NTZ-treated patients with the more sensitive Simoa assay11 were not predictive of PML development at baseline or after 1 year of treatment. However, despite a general significant decrease by the effect of treatment, serum NFL levels at 2 years were significantly increased in patients who will develop PML compared with NTZ-ctr patients, and NFL levels had good potential to discriminate between these 2 groups of patients in terms of PML development. Of interest, performance of serum NFL levels to predict PML in an independent cohort of NTZ-treated patients for 2 years was remarkably similar to the original cohort, results that support the use of similar cutoff values between MS centers to estimate PML risk in different cohorts of patients with MS after 2 years of NTZ treatment.
In agreement with Dalla Costa et al.,6 serum NFL levels were far more elevated during PML compared with earlier stages of the disease. In our study, NFL levels were 16-fold higher during PML compared with pre-PML patients at 2 years of NTZ treatment and 8-fold higher compared with a relapsing cohort. The latter may have implications in clinical practice to set a cutoff value of serum NFL levels that distinguish the PML condition from clinical relapses in patients receiving NTZ treatment. A limitation in our study was the inclusion of a relapsing cohort either untreated or receiving interferon-beta, a treatment that was not associated with significant reductions in serum NFL levels. In this context, the inclusion of a relapsing cohort of NTZ-treated patients would probably have been associated with greater differences in serum NFL levels between relapsing and PML patients, considering the effect of NTZ reducing significantly serum NTL levels, as shown in our study.
Based on our findings, in patients receiving NTZ treatment, we recommend to measure NFL levels longitudinally, and those patients having protein levels above the cut-offs calculated in the study after 2 years of treatment should be monitored more closely for neurologic symptoms with additional NFL and MRI measures to rule out PML.
In conclusion, our results support the use of serum NFL levels in clinical practice to identify patients with RRMS at higher risk for PML based on protein levels at 2 years of NTZ treatment and to differentiate PML from clinical relapses in patients receiving NTZ.
Glossary
- AUC
area under the ROC curve
- MS
multiple sclerosis
- NFL
neurofilament light chain
- NTZ
natalizumab
- PML
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- RRMS
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Appendix. Authors
Study Funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data analyzed during this study will be shared anonymized by request of a qualified investigator to the corresponding author.