Blind placement of postpyloric feeding tubes at the bedside in intensive care

Postpyloric feeding is recommended for those who cannot tolerate gastric enteral nutrition or who are at high risk of aspiration [1–3]. This approach can reduce respiratory and gastrointestinal complications and achieve nutritional goals earlier and more effectively. A large cohort study that investigated the nutritional support habits in the intensive care unit (ICU) revealed that the nasojejunal tube was only applied in 5.5% of the patients [4]. The lack of effective transpyloric placement methods may be a critical reason for the low application of nasojejunal tube. Various blind techniques for postpyloric feeding tube placement have been applied to clinical practice. Unfortunately, no unified opinion exists for these techniques. Several studies state that the success rate of blind placement ranged from 35% to 100%. Consequently, blind placements using the Corpak postpyloric feeding tube may be another alternative approach. Andrew et al. reported that the best success rate was 90% [5]. However, only 20 patients with gastric ileus were enrolled in their study. This retrospective study evaluated the safety and efficiency of blind bedside postpyloric placement and investigated the potential risk factors influencing the placement in critically ill patients.

The study protocol was approved by Zhujiang Hospital Ethical Committees (2020-KY-064-01). Patients who underwent blind bedside insertion of Corpak postpyloric feeding tube between December 2016 and January 2020 were included in Department of Critical Care Medicine. This operation was performed by experienced head nurses or nurse leaders. For patients without any contraindications, 10 mg of metoclopramide was administrated before the intubation. Upper abdominal radiography was requested to confirm the position of the tube tip within 24 h. The primary outcome was the success rate of placement. The success rates of post-third portion of the duodenum (D3), post-fourth portion of the duodenum (D4), proximal jejunum placement, insertion length, time for insertion, number of attempts, and the possible risk factors for tube placement failure were secondary outcomes. Safety endpoints were major tube-associated and metoclopramide-related adverse events.

The postpyloric placement was achieved in 83.7% (236/282) of patients, with 69.9% (197/282) of the patients completed in the first attempt. The success rates of post-D3, post-D4, and proximal jejunum placement were 68.8%, 59.2%, and 25.9%, respectively. The mean length of insertion was 101.4 cm and the median time to insertion was 30 min, with 1.0 median number of attempts. These data are summarized in Table 1. Logistic regression analysis identified the use of vasopressor, patients with neurological diseases, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score ≥ 20, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score ≥ 12, Acute Gastrointestinal (AGI) grade ≥ II, and with mechanical ventilation or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) as independent risk factors influencing the success rate of placement (Fig. 1). The presence of above factors indicated the critical condition of the patients and the impaired state of their gastrointestinal function. Therefore, these patients always showed a lower success rate. On the contrary, patients without the above risk factors were more likely to show successful outcomes. The adverse event incidence in this study was 2.8%. Fortunately, no severe adverse events occurred. Nasal mucosa bleeding was the most frequent major tube-associated adverse events with an incidence rate of 1.8%. However, the metoclopramide-related adverse event was not observed.

Table 1.

The primary outcomes and secondary efficacy outcomes

Outcomes	Value in total study sample (n = 282)
Primary outcomes
Post-pyloric placementa	236 (83.7%)
Secondary outcomes
Placed at D3 or beyondb	194 (68.8%)
Placed at D4 or beyondc	167 (59.2%)
Placed at the proximal jejunum	73 (25.9%)
Time to insertion, min	30 (20–30)
Number of attempts	1 (1–2)
Length of insertion (cm)	101.4 ± 7.5

According to whether the variables comply with the normal distribution, quantitative variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate and qualitative variables as numbers (percentage)

^aPost-pyloric placement, reaching the first portion of the duodenum or beyond

^bD3 is the third portion of the duodenum

^cD4 is the forth portion of the duodenum

Fig. 1.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors for the success of postpyloric placement. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval; P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant

In conclusion, blind placement of Corpak postpyloric feeding tubes at the bedside was considered to be safe and effective for critically ill patients, and the results of the current study further confirmed that all the aforementioned factors were independent risk factors and the findings of this may provide evidence for tailored therapy. Thus, this technique may facilitate the establishment of postpyloric feeding in the ICU.

Abbreviations

APACHE II

Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II

SOFA

Sequential organ failure assessment

AGI

Acute gastrointestinal injury

CRRT

Continuous renal replacement therapy

OR

Odds ratio

CI

Confidence interval

Authors' contributions

ZGL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to revised the manuscript. PC participated in the design of the study and revised the manuscript. QWW participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. CPL and YBX collected the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ML collected the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 81971859 and 81971883), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant 2019A1515011856), and the Clinical Research Startup Program of Southern Medical University by the High-level University Construction Funding of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education (Grant LC2019ZD014).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was reviewed and approved by Zhujiang Hospital Ethical Committees (2020-KY-064-01) with waiver of written consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.