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. 2021 May 12;593(7858):233–237. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03462-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–d, Total formic acid (HCOOH) column (colour scale) derived from IASI satellite observations (a), or simulated by the base version of the model (EMAC_(base); b) or by the model that implements the multiphase production of HCOOH (c, EMAC_(dioh); d, EMAC_(diol)). The HCOOH columns are means over 2010–2012. e, f, Probability histograms of the HCOOH column bias between EMAC simulations and satellite data. For EMAC_(base) versus IASI (purple; e, f), the mean column bias over 2010–2012 is −1.97 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻², the median is −1.59 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻² and the 1σ standard deviation is 1.64 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻². For EMAC_(dioh) versus IASI (blue; e), the mean is −0.88 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻², the median is −0.66 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻² and the 1σ standard deviation is 1.62 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻². For EMAC_(diol) versus IASI (green; f), the mean is 0.99 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻², the median is 0.97 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻² and the 1σ standard deviation is 2.16 × 10¹⁵ molecules cm⁻². A seasonal comparison is provided in Extended Data Figs. 3, 4.

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