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. 2021 May 12;593(7858):233–237. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03462-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 7 — a–h, pH difference of the large-scale clouds (a, e) and associated rain (b, f), and of the convective clouds (c, g) and associated rain (d, h), between the EMAC_(diol) and EMAC_(base) simulations. The pH differences are seasonal averages over June–August (a–d) and September–November (e–h) 2010–2012. The pH decrease is due to the additional production of formic acid (HCOOH) via the multiphase chemistry of methanediol implemented in EMAC_(diol). The effect on cloud and rain pH of the EMAC_(dioh) simulation is displayed in Supplementary Fig. 8 (Supplementary Information, section 8).